Electrical Properties Of Tissues Research Articles

Flexible 3D printed microwires and 3D microelectrodes for heart-on-a-chip engineering

We developed a heart-on-a-chip platform that integrates highly flexible, vertical, 3D micropillar electrodes for electrophysiological recording and elastic microwires for the tissue’s contractile force assessment. The high aspect ratio microelectrodes were 3D-printed into the device using a conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). A pair of flexible, quantum dots/thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite microwires were 3D printed to anchor the tissue and enable continuous contractile force assessment. The 3D microelectrodes and flexible microwires enabled unobstructed human iPSC-based cardiac tissue formation and contraction, suspended above the device surface, under both spontaneous beating and upon pacing with a separate set of integrated carbon electrodes. Recording of extracellular field potentials using the PEDOT:PSS micropillars was demonstrated with and without epinephrine as a model drug, non-invasively, along with in situ monitoring of tissue contractile properties and calcium transients. Uniquely, the platform provides integrated profiling of electrical and contractile tissue properties, which is critical for proper evaluation of complex, mechanically and electrically active tissues, such as the heart muscle under both physiological and pathological conditions.

RF Analysis of Fruit and Vegetables using Equivalent Circuits Deduced from S-parameters

We deduced equivalent circuits of the electrical properties of five fruit and eight vegetable samples from the S-parameters. The S-parameters were measured at a frequency range from 1 MHz to 100 MHz using a portable VNA and a tiny three-pin SMA probe. Admittance values calculated from the S-parameters were plotted on the admittance Smith chart, and the equivalent circuits with four parallel sub-circuits were synthesized by curve fitting. The admittance curves for the fruit and vegetable samples have two parts with different lengths split at a frequency of about 30 MHz. The admittance in the low-frequency range was determined mainly by two large capacitive and two small resistive elements of the equivalent circuit related to the plant cell wall and membrane. When the plant cell wall and membrane were decomposed by grating and 30µm-filtering, the specific part of the admittance curve was eliminated, and the admittance value increased. The measured and calculated admittance curves were in good agreement. About 30 samples of plant cultivars were classified as fruit and vegetables according to four criteria deduced from the RF analysis. S-parameter spectroscopy (SPS) is an effective analytical method for evaluating the electrical properties of plant tissues.

Characteristics of Сhanges in the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Weed Plant Tissues under Electropulse Damage

Characteristics of Сhanges in the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Weed Plant Tissues under Electropulse Damage

Electrical properties of tissues from a microscopic model of confined electrolytes

Objective. In the presence of oscillatory electric fields, the motion of electrolyte ions in biological tissues is often limited by the confinement created by cell and organelle walls. This confinement induces the organization of the ions into dynamic double layers. This work determines the contribution of these double layers to the bulk conductivity and permittivity of tissues. Approach. Tissues are modeled as repeated units of electrolyte regions separated by dielectric walls. Within the electrolyte regions, a coarse-grained model is used to describe the associated ionic charge distribution. The model emphasizes the role of the displacement current in addition to the ionic current and enables the evaluation of macroscopic conductivities and permittivities. Main results. We obtain analytical expressions for the bulk conductivity and permittivity as a function of the frequency of the oscillatory electric field. These expressions explicitly include the geometric information of the repeated structure and the contribution of the dynamic double layers. The low-frequency limit of the conductivity expression yields a result predicted by the Debye permittivity form. The model also provides a microscopic interpretation of the Maxwell–Wagner effect. Significance. The results obtained contribute to the interpretation of the macroscopic measurements of electrical properties of tissues in terms of their microscopic structure. The model enables a critical assessment of the justification for the use of macroscopic models to analyze the transmission of electrical signals through tissues.

PO-03-063 A POLYACRYLAMIDE (PAA) GEL PHANTOM FOR STUDYING CATHETER ABLATION

Benchtop studies are often used to evaluate cardiac ablation techniques, and commonly utilize ex-vivo animal tissues. While widely available, ex-vivo animal tissues do not consistently replicate live atrial tissue physical properties, adding variability. Tissue mimicking phantoms have been used in non-cardiac ablation studies, but their mechanical and electrical properties may not mimic cardiac tissue. Furthermore, analysis of ablation lesions ex-vivo has been limited to 2D measurements of lesion cross-sections, precluding lesion volume measurement and limiting accuracy. Polyacrylamide (PAA) gels, which have modifiable elasticity, and similar thermal and electrical properties to live human tissues, have been used to study liver ablation. The addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) – a protein that coagulates when heated beyond a set temperature – has also been shown to provide optical and MRI contrast in ablated gels. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible atrial tissue phantom with realistic elasticity, friction, and electrical impedance, enabling in-vitro replication of cardiac ablation lesions and 3D quantification using high resolution MRI scans. Gels were mixed with acrylamide concentrations from 3% to 12% (g/mL) and 2% BSA. Resulting Young's moduli and coefficients of friction were measured with a custom tester. Reference frictional properties of ex-vivo porcine aortic specimens were measured using the same methods. Reference elasticity values were derived from the literature. Gels were ablated in saline with 20-40W of power, for 20-40s, with 10-20g of contact force. Baseline impedances were set to 125Ω by titrating the salinity of the bath. Finally, gels were imaged using a 3D T2-weighted sequence on a 3T MRI scanner. The elasticity and friction of the fabricated gels are reported in Table 1, along with reference values. 10.5-12% acrylamide PAA gel phantoms matched live contractile tissue elasticity, and simulated realistic atrial tissue frictional and electrical properties. Ablations were made optically visible by the coagulation of coagulated BSA (Fig 1a) and appeared hypointense on T2-MRI (Fig 1b), enabling automated 3D analysis by thresholding. Measured lesion dimensions were comparable to those reported in prior literature. PAA gel phantoms enabled in-vitro replication of cardiac lesions with realistic mechanical and electrical properties. The addition of BSA facilitated optical verification of lesions and 3D quantification using MRI.Tabled 1Table 1: Reference and measured physical properties of gel phantoms and ex-vivo aortae as compared to literature valuesPhysical PropertyReferenceMeasured ValueMaterialValueMaterialValueYoung's Modulus (kPa)Ex-vivo porcine left atrium28.0% PAA gel32.6In-vivo human left ventricle20-200.210.5% PAA gel68.1In-vivo skeletal muscle6.2-108.612.0% PAA gel108.0Coefficient of FrictionEx-vivo porcine aorta0.02-0.046Ex-vivo porcine aorta0.058±0.024Agarose gel0.03510.5% PAA gel0.023±0.0014 Open table in a new tab

3D printable phantom for mimicking electrical properties of dermal tissue.

Skin cancer is one of the most ubiquitous forms of cancer that is often overdiagnosed or missed by traditional diagnostic techniques. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a technology that aims to take advantage of the variations in electrical properties of tissue to identify ectopic formations. It is difficult to develop BIS technologies without obtaining tumor tissue samples. One solution is to use a "tissue phantom," a synthetic structure that mimics the properties of tissue. Current solutions using natural biomaterials, such as gelatin, have not been able to create complex tissue geometries that are vital to honing BIS diagnostics. However, semi-synthetic polymers, such has gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), offer the benefits of possessing similar electrical properties to their respective source biomaterial while being 3D printable. In this work, we first measured the impedance of porcine dermal tissue. We then applied these impedance measurements to create an electrically accurate tissue phantom using a photocurable hydrogel, GelMA, and varying concentrations of NaCl, aluminum powder, and titanium dioxide powder.

The use of phase angle in patients with digestive and liver diseases.

Diseases of the liver and the digestive system can lead to malnutrition through an action of reduced food intake or nutrient use, inflammation and impaired metabolism, which result in substantial changes in body composition. Frequently, malnutrition manifests itself with weight loss and reduced muscle mass. However, weight loss and body mass index lack sensitivity to detect the loss of muscle mass and are not informative in distinguishing body water compartments and in characterizing their distribution. This issue is particularly relevant to these two disease models, which are frequently associated with fluid volume imbalances. Phase angle is a useful indicator for cell membrane integrity, water distribution between the intracellular and extracellular spaces and prediction of body cell mass as it is described by measured components of electrical impedance. Malnutrition, inflammation and oxidative stress impair electric tissue properties leading to lower values of PhA. In patients with inflammatory bowel and liver diseases, PhA was consistently found to be related to nutritional status and body composition, particularly the depletion of lean body mass and sarcopenia. It has been associated with prognosis, disease stage and severity and found to be helpful in monitoring fluid shifts and response to interventions.

Coronary Artery Disease and Inflammatory Activation Interfere with Peripheral Tissue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Characteristics-Initial Report.

The electrical properties of cells and tissues in relation to energy exposure have been investigated, presenting their resistance and capacitance characteristics. The dielectric response to radiofrequency fields exhibits polarization heterogeneity under pathological conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze the differences in changes in resistance and capacitance measurements in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, combined with an assessment of the correlation between the results of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and inflammatory activation. In the prospective study, EIS was performed on the non-dominant arm in 29 male patients (median (Q1-Q3) age of 69 (65-72)) with complex coronary artery disease and 10 male patients (median (Q1-Q3) age of 66 (62-69)) of the control group. Blood samples were collected for inflammatory index analysis. The logistic regression analysis revealed a negative correlation with inflammatory indexes, including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the CAD group in the frequency of 30 kHz (p = 0.038, r = -0.317) regarding EIS resistance measurements and a positive correlation in CAD group in the frequency of 10 kHz (p = 0.029, r = -0.354) regarding EIS capacitance. The bioelectric characteristics of peripheral tissues measured by resistance and capacitance in EIS differ in patients with coronary artery disease and in the control group. Electrical impedance spectroscopy reveals a statistically significant correlation with inflammatory markers in patients with CAD.

Acute exposure to low-dose bisphenol A delays cardiac repolarization in female canine heart - Implication for proarrhythmic toxicity in large animals.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common environmental chemical with a range of potential adverse health effects. The impact of environmentally-relevant low dose of BPA on the electrical properties of the hearts of large animals (e.g., dog, human) is poorly defined. Perturbation of cardiac electrical properties is a key arrhythmogenic mechanism. In particular, delay of ventricular repolarization and prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram is a marker for the risk of malignant arrhythmias. We examined the acute effect of 10-9M BPA on the electrical properties of female canine ventricular myocytes and tissues. BPA rapidly delayed action potential repolarization and prolonged action potential duration (APD). The dose response curve of BPA on APD was nonmonotonic. BPA rapidly inhibited the IKr K+ current and ICaL Ca2+ current. Computational modeling indicated that the effect of BPA on APD can be accounted for by its suppression of IKr. At the tissue level, BPA acutely prolonged the QT interval in 4 left ventricular wedges. ERβ signaling contributed to the acute effects of BPA on ventricular repolarization. Our results demonstrate that BPA has QT prolongation liability in female canine hearts. These findings have implication for the potential proarrhythmic cardiac toxicity of BPA in large animals.

Biomedical microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging

Microwave thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) is an exciting imaging technique rooted from the underlying principle of exploiting the distinct electrical properties of biological tissues. By using short-pulsed microwaves as a stimulation source and their interaction with the human body, MTAI has paved the way for revolutionary advancements in medical imaging. When microwaves are absorbed by polar molecules and ions within the tissues, an ingenious thermoelastic effect gives rise to ultrasound waves. These ultrasound waves, brimming with invaluable pathological and physiological insights, propagate outward, carrying the essence of the composition and functionality of biological tissue. Through a meticulous collection of ultrasound signals from all directions surrounding the tissue, it becomes possible to reconstruct intricate internal structures and visualize the tissue's functional dynamics. The MTAI excels in non-invasiveness, capable of delving several centimeters beneath the surface with a microscopic resolution on the order of micrometers. The magic lies in converting microwave energy into ultrasound waves, entering into the hidden depths of tissues without causing harm. This groundbreaking imaging modality unlocks a realm of possibilities for acquiring profound insights into the intricate structures and functionality of deep-seated tissues. Furthermore, the inherent polarization characteristics of microwaves empower MTAI to capture additional dimensions of information, unraveling the intricate polarization properties and illuminating a richer understanding of the tissue's complexity. The great potential of MTAI extends far and wide within the medicine field. It has made remarkable achievements in non-invasive imaging of brain structures, screening breast tumors, visualizing human arthritis, and detecting liver fat content. These accomplishments have laid a solid foundation, firmly establishing MTAI as a trailblazing medical imaging technique. The present study offers a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the physical principles underpinning MTAI, the sophisticated system devices involved, and the recent groundbreaking research breakthroughs. Moreover, it delves into the exciting prospects and challenges that lie ahead in the future development of MTAI. As the technology continues to progress by leaps and bounds, MTAI is ready to break down barriers, and usher in a new era of unmatched imaging quality and performance. This, in turn, will open the floodgates for transformative innovations and applications in medical diagnosis and treatment. The anticipation is palpable as MTAI strives to make substantial contributions to the ever-developing medical imaging field, bestowing upon humanity more accurate, reliable, and life-enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

Determination of intracellular electrical parameters in bioelectrical impedance analysis

Creating a frequency characteristic curve for bioelectrical impedance analysis involves analyzing electrical resistance (impedance) values at different frequencies. This curve is used to evaluate the electrical properties of biological tissues or fluids. In the article, the impedance of the intracellular environment was evaluated and frequency dependence was established based on the electrical circuit model of the biological system. Xc = f(f), Z = f(f), φ= f(f) tgδ= f(f), dependencies were created for different frequency values of the intracellular environment in the Matlab program through a series-connected RC circuit. Regression and general statistical analyzes were performed. The most appropriate frequency range was determined to evaluate the impedance of the intracellular environment. The correlation relationship of electrical and dielectric parameters of the intracellular environment was also taken into account. Purpose: The main goal of the research is the selection of the optimal frequency range for bioimpedance analysis. In particular, the selection of the most optimal frequency was carried out in the assessment of intracellular electrical activity. The frequency range is determined depending on the electrical and dielectric parameters of the cell. Materials and Methods: Using the Matlab program, the equivalent circuit model of the cell was assembled. Frequency dependence of electrical and dielectric parameters characterizing intracellular processes was performed by model-based measurements. Conclusion: According to the obtained value, regression and general statistical analyzes were performed for the dependencies Xc=f(f), Z=f(f), φ=f(f), tgδ=f(f). Based on analysis of variance (Analysis of Variance-ANOVA) of the output variables, statistical parameters were determined for each dependency.

Revisiting the concept of constant tissue conductivities for volume estimation in dialysis patients using bioimpedance spectroscopy

Current estimation of body fluid volumes in hemodialysis patients using bioimpedance analysis assumes constant specific electrical characteristics of biological tissues despite a large variation in plasma Na+ concentrations [Na+], ranging from 130 to 150 mmol/L. Here, we examined the potential effect of variable [Na+] on bioimpedance-derived volume overload. Volumes were calculated from published whole-body extra- and intracellular resistance data and relationships using either "standard" or "revised" specific electrical characteristics modeled as functions of [Na+]. With "standard" assumptions, volumes increased with increasing [Na+]. The increase in volume overload was about 0.5 dm3 and 3% of extracellular volume per 10 mmol/dm3 of [Na+] in a 75 kg patient. This increase was abolished when the same bioimpedance data were analyzed under "revised" conditions. The overestimation in extracellular volume overload in the range of 0.5 dm3 per 10 mmol/dm3 [Na+] perfectly matches the positive relationship determined in a large cohort of hemodialysis patients. The bias may be considered moderate when interpreting data of individual patients, but may become important when comparing data of larger patient groups. The bias disappears when analysis of bioimpedance data accounts for differences in tissue electrical properties, using individual [Na+].

An Out-of-Phase Wireless Power Transfer System for Implantable Medical Devices to Reduce Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Field and Increase Power Transfer Efficiency.

For the wireless power transfer (WPT) system in implantable medical devices (IMDs), human tissue is positioned between the transmitting and receiving coils which are different from general WPT systems. Because this space is where the strongest electromagnetic field (EMF) occurs, it is essential to reduce the EMF at the interspace to reduce human exposure to the EMF. In this paper, an out-of-phase coupled WPT system for IMDs is proposed to reduce human exposure to EMF. Considering the EMF exposure and power transfer efficiency (PTE) of the proposed system, a design procedure for determining the phase difference of each capacitor is analyzed and presented. Based on the equivalent circuit model analysis of the proposed system, the EMF and PTE characteristics of the WPT system depending on the design variables are comprehensively analyzed. The proposed system is compared with conventional systems through simulation and measurements. It is verified that the proposed system can reduce the EMF by 41.05% and increase the PTE by 9.62% compared to the conventional system. In addition, through simulation, human exposure to EMFs is assessed considering the exposure environment and electrical properties of human tissues. As a result, the current density, induced electric field, and specific absorption rate were reduced by 44.10%, 38.90%, and 63.82%, respectively.

Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) for Low Snr Magnetic Resonance Electrical Properties Tomography (MREPT).

Electrical properties (EPs) of tissues facilitate early detection of cancerous tissues. Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) is a technique to non-invasively probe the EPs of tissues from MRI measurements. Most MREPT methods rely on numerical differentiation (ND) to solve partial differential Equations (PDEs) to reconstruct the EPs. However, they are not practical for clinical data because ND is noise sensitive and the MRI measurements for MREPT are noisy in nature. Recently, Physics informed neural networks (PINNs) have been introduced to solve PDEs by substituting ND with automatic differentiation (AD). To the best of our knowledge, it has not been applied to MREPT due to the challenges in using PINN on MREPT as (i) a PINN requires part of ground-truth EPs as collocation points to optimize the network's AD, (ii) the noisy input data disrupts the optimization of PINNs despite the noise-filtering nature of NNs and additional denoising processes. In this work, we propose a PINN-MREPT model based on a canonical analytic MREPT model. A reference padding layer with known EPs was added to surround the region of interest for providing additive collocation points. Moreover, an optimizable diffusion coefficient was embedded in the analytic MREPT model used in the PINN-MREPT. The noise robustness of the proposed PINN-MREPT for single-sample reconstruction was tested by using numerical phantoms of human brain with extra tumor-like tissues at different noise levels. The results of numerical experiments show that PINN-MREPT outperforms two typical numerical MREPT methods in terms of reconstruction accuracy, sensitivity to the extra tissues, and the correlations of line profiles in the regions of interest. The advantage of the PINN-MREPT is shown by the results of an experiment on phantom measurement, too. Moreover, it is found that the diffusion term plays an important role to achieve a noise-robust PINN-MREPT. This is an important step moving forward to a clinical application of MREPT.

Characteristics and topic trends on electrical impedance tomography hardware publications.

Objective: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a technique to measure electrical properties of tissue. With the progress of modern integrated circuits and microchips, EIT instrumentation becomes an active research area to improve all aspects of device performance. Plenty of studies on EIT hardware have been presented in prestigious journals. This study explores publications on EIT hardware to identify the developing hotspots and trends. Method: Publications covering EIT hardware on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 1989 to 2021 were collected for bibliometric analysis. CiteSpace and VOS viewer were used to study the characteristics of the publications. Main results: A total of 592 publications were analyzed, showing that the number of annual publications steadily increased. China, England, and South Korea were the most prolific countries on EIT hardware publications with productive native institutions and authors. Research topics spread out in “bio-electrical impedance imaging”, “hardware optimization”, “algorithms” and “clinical applications” (e.g., tissue, lung, brain, and oncology). Hardware research in “pulmonary” and “hemodynamic” applications focused on monitoring and were represented by silhouette recognition and dynamic imaging while research in “tumor and tissue” and “brain” applications focused on diagnosis and were represented by optimization of precision. Electrode development was a research focus through the years. Imaging precision and bioavailability of hardware optimization may be the future trend. Conclusion: Overall, system performance, particularly in the areas of system bandwidth and precision in applications may be the future directions of hardware research.

RESEARCH ON MAGNETO–ACOUSTIC IMAGING UNDER CHIRP CURRENT EXCITATION

Magneto–acoustic signals reflect the electrical properties of tissues, which is meaningful for the diagnosis of tumors, bleeding and other diseases. The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the magneto–acoustic signals limits the image quality of the magneto–acoustic imaging. A chirp coded excitation signal processing method for magneto–acoustic imaging is proposed in this paper. The SNR of magneto–acoustic signal is improved. In this paper, magneto–acoustic signals under different pulse widths chirp coded excitation are studied by simulation and experimental measurement. The SNRs of the magneto–acoustic signals are increased by 7.5, 16.3, 42.2, and 90.1 times under 10, 20, 50 and 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s chirp excitation, respectively, for the beef and copper ring sample. At the same time, the processing time was significantly shortened to 1.2% of the average method under the single pulse excitation. The chirp coded method is of great significance to improve the SNR of magneto–acoustic signals, image quality and imaging efficiency.

Review of Advances in the Measurement of Skin Hydration Based on Sensing of Optical and Electrical Tissue Properties.

The presence of water in the skin is crucial for maintaining the properties and functions of the skin, in particular its outermost layer, known as the stratum corneum, which consists of a lipid barrier. External exposures can affect the skin’s hydration levels and in turn, alter its mechanical and physical properties. Monitoring these alterations in the skin’s water content can be applicable in clinical, cosmetic, athletic and personal settings. Many techniques measuring this parameter have been investigated, with electrical-based methods currently being widely used in commercial devices. Furthermore, the exploration of optical techniques to measure hydration is growing due to the outcomes observed through the penetration of light at differing levels. This paper comprehensively reviews such measurement techniques, focusing on recent experimental studies and state-of-the-art devices.

Probe Contact Force Monitoring during Conductivity Measurements of the Left Atrial Appendage to Support the Design of Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures.

The electrical properties of many biological tissues are freely available from the INRC and the IT’IS databases. However, particularly in lower frequency ranges, few studies have investigated the optimal measurement protocol or the key confounders that need to be controlled, monitored, and reported. However, preliminary work suggests that the contact force of the measurement probe on the tissue sample can affect the measurements. The aim of this paper is to investigate the conductivity change due to the probe contact force in detail. Twenty ex vivo bovine heart samples are used, and conductivity measurements are taken in the Left Atrial Appendage, a common target for medical device developments. The conductivity measurements reported in this work (between 0.14 S/m and 0.24 S/m) align with the literature. The average conductivity is observed to change by −21% as the contact force increases from 2 N to 10 N. In contrast, in conditions where the fluid concentration in the measurement area is expected to be lower, very small changes are observed (less than 2.5%). These results suggest that the LAA conductivity is affected by the contact force due to the fluid concentration in the tissue. This work suggests that contact force should be controlled for in all future experiments.

Layered mechanical and electrical properties of porcine articular cartilage.

The complex structure and composition of articular cartilage make its performance show depth-dependent characteristics, but its related parameters are not complete at present. In this study, porcine articular cartilage was divided into three zones along the thickness direction, and the cartilage tissue in each zone was tested for electrical impedance, compression relaxation, and permeability to obtain their mechanical and electrical impedance parameters. The results showed that there were significant differences in mechanical and electrical properties of cartilage tissue in different zones in which resistivity, elastic modulus, relaxation time, and final relaxation rate increased gradually from superficial zone to deep zone along the direction of cartilage thickness while the permeability decreased gradually. Bioimpedance analysis can capture the phenomenon of very slight histological changes, which is expected to provide information for predicting cartilage degeneration, but the electrical impedance parameters of cartilage are still very lacking. These data are expected to provide reference for the treatment of clinical osteoarthritis and the research of cartilage repair materials.

Effect of melatonin on electrical impedance and biomarkers of damage in a gastric ischemia/reperfusion model.

The damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is closely related to high mortality in critically ill patients, which is attributable, in part, to the lack of an early method of diagnosis to show the degree of ischemia-induced injury in this type of patients. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been shown to be a tool to early diagnose gastric mucosal damage induced by ischemia. A therapeutic alternative to reduce this type of injury is melatonin (MT), which has gastroprotective effects in I/R models. In this work, the effect of treatment with MT on the electrical properties of gastric tissue, biomarkers of inflammatory (iNOS and COX-2), proliferation, and apoptotic process under I/R conditions in male Wistar rats was evaluated through EIS, histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Treatment with MT prevents gastric mucosa damage, causing a decrease in gastric impedance parameters related to the inflammatory process and cellular damage. This suggests that EIS could be used as a tool to diagnose and monitor the evolution of gastric mucosal injury, as well as in the recovery process in critically ill patients.