This study explores the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles on the electrical performance of Phenosafranine (PSF) dye-based organic devices. Composite films were fabricated by blending PSF with TiO₂ nanoparticles in varying weight ratios (1:1 to 1:4), and their structural and electrical properties were systematically analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed that the nanoparticles were evenly spread out, which is favorable for charge movement. The I–V results, analyzed using the Cheung method and trap energy model, showed that adding a moderate amount of TiO₂ nanoparticles reduced series resistance, ideality factor, and trap energy. These changes lead to enhance carrier mobility and overall device conductivity. However, when the TiO₂ amount was too high (more than 1:3 ratio), the performance started to drop. Overall, this work shows how TiO₂ nanoparticles can help improve the overall performance of organic electronic devices by changing their structure and electrical behavior in a controlled way.

Ag7.23SnS5.44I0.50 - a new argyrodite-like conductor with promising optical and electrical performance

Silicon carbide (SiC), as a third-generation wide bandgap semiconductor material, possesses excellent thermal stability, electrical performance, and corrosion resistance. Its application fields are extremely extensive, such as integrated circuits, new energy, industrial manufacturing, smart vehicles, 5G communications, etc. SiC substrates are regarded as the foundation of high-performance semiconductor device manufacturing, and the surface quality influences the device performance directly. With the continuous improvement in device precision and reliability requirements, achieving atomic-level surface flatness (Ra < 0.5 nm) in SiC substrate processing has become a critical goal. However, the high hardness and chemical inertness of SiC pose significant challenges to conventional chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques, which struggle to balance the material removal rate and surface quality effectively. This paper provides a systematic review of commonly used enhanced polishing techniques for SiC-CMP, including ultraviolet photocatalysis, mixed abrasives, electrochemical methods, and ultrasonic-assisted polishing. It analyzes the advantages, limitations, and current application status of each technology. This paper places particular emphasis on the research progress of novel chemical-mechanical synergistic enhanced polishing technologies, which aim to improve both machining efficiency and surface quality. Finally, it discusses the technical challenges and future development directions faced by these emerging technologies.

Sustainable, autonomous, adaptive, and next generation flexible electronic systems inside Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices have resulted in innovative advancements in energy harvesting technologies. Despite the existence of numerous energy harvesting technologies, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a potential option for powering smart and compact electronic devices. This study focuses on the fabrication of high-performance TENGs composed of a composite layer with SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBTO) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a biocompatible, natural pectin polymer layer. Utilizing the synergistic dielectric enhancement of SBTO, a lead-free Aurivillius-type perovskite, and the charge-accumulative characteristics of pectin, the TENG achieved exceptional electrical performance, with an output voltage reaching 375.7 V, an output current of 20.8 μA and a power density of 12.5 W m-2 under optimal conditions. An optimal filler concentration of 7 wt% and an operating frequency of 5 Hz produced maximum charge transfer efficiency. The engineered devices exhibited exceptional mechanical durability (>10 000 cycles), environmental stability (>30 days), and humidity resistance (45-90% R.H) when encapsulated. Moreover, incorporating TENGs into autonomous fire alarm systems substantiates their real-time sensing and notification capabilities via the integration of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules that function without batteries. The developed system delivers prompt, location-specific alerts via human-initiated activation, even during emergencies. This work demonstrates the scalable design of flexible TENGs, offering a unique alternative for autonomous fire detection in off-grid or high-risk environments.

Experimental study on thermal, electrical and energy performance of solar PV vacuum glazing (SVG) insulated walls in hot climates

This study presents delocalization and bandgap engineering in defective MoS2 by metal-ion doping. Due to inevitable defects, MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) exhibit unstable electrical characteristics. However, doping with indium, gallium,...

Structural, dielectric, and microstructural properties of Bi0.5(Na0.82K0.18)0.5Ti1–xNbxO3 ceramics: Effect of Nb doping on phase transition, grain growth, and electrical performance for dielectric, piezoelectric and energy storage applications

The emergence of large-area electronics for the Internet of Things (IoT) necessitates the development of next-generation, lightweight, flexible, and energy-efficient devices. These devices demand high-throughput, low-cost production of reliable transistors and circuits seamlessly integrated into flexible substrates. The processability of organic semiconductor materials enables printing-based fabrication technologies, offering significant advantages over conventional semiconductors in terms of ease of processing, compatibility with flexible substrates, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Despite these advantages, reports on fully printed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and their integrated circuits remain limited, and the pathway from partially printed to fully printed organic devices is not yet fully established. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of various printing techniques and an overview of functional inks used in OTFT fabrication. We further present various methodologies from a chemistry perspective for optimizing channels, contacts, and dielectric interfaces to overcome performance limitations. Recent advancements in fully printed OTFTs and circuits are highlighted, underscoring the potential of these devices in flexible electronics. Finally, critical challenges-such as achieving high electrical performance, improving printing resolution, and enhancing manufacturing efficiency-are debated, with a focus on how chemical innovations in material synthesis, interface engineering, and process chemistry will facilitate progress. Overcoming these hurdles through chemical optimization will accelerate the adoption of printed organic electronics in next-generation IoT applications.

Comparative Study on Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Panels Integrated with Thermoelectric Coolers and Finned Heat Sinks: An Experimental Study

Metals are essential components of bioelectronic systems, such as contact electrodes, interconnects, and sensors. However, their inherent rigidity poses major challenges for integration in soft bioelectronics. In particular, the mechanical mismatch between metals and biological tissues can cause reduced signal fidelity and unwanted tissue damage. To address these issues, various geometrical engineering approaches have been explored to increase the deformability of metals. For example, strain-relief layers have been investigated; however, physically laminated structures often fail to adequately dissipate strain under deformation. Here, we present a chemically conjugated, monolithic metal-hydrogel bilayer, imparting high deformability to metals with minimal compromise in electrical conductivity. The formation of chemically anchored ligand interactions between the metal and hydrogel induces uniform wrinkles in the metal layer, effectively mitigating stress concentration. Consequently, the monolithic bilayer exhibits ultrasoft mechanical properties and metallic electrical performance, including high electrical conductivity, low impedance, tissue adhesion, and stretchability. The chemical anchoring process is spatially programmable, making it suitable for the fabrication of arrays of soft bioelectronic devices. We validated the performance and functionality of this platform in cardiac applications, demonstrating its efficacy in both electrophysiological recording and electrical stimulation.

The effects of combining thermal, chemical and mechanical treatments on the electrical performance of wet-pulled carbon nanotube fibers

Enhanced electrical performances with HZO/β-Ga2O3 3D FinFET toward highly perceptual synaptic device application

The silicon nanowire gate-all-around (SiNW GAA) is one of the technologies with potential for improved short-channel behavior and gate control over conductivity. This work investigates the impact of various geometrical sizes on the electrical properties of SiNW GAA tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET). The gate oxide thickness (TOX), channel radius, type of dielectric, gate metal work function, with low or high drain voltage are varied to analyze the electrical characteristics of SiNW GAA TFET. The electrical characteristics studied in this work consist of subthreshold slope (SS), current ratio, and threshold voltage (Vth). The findings indicate that an oxide thickness of 3 nm, a channel radius ranging from 10 nm to 18 nm, and the use of SiO2 as a dielectric material are optimal for achieving superior characteristics in SiNW GAA TFETs.. The gate metal TiN exhibits a work function that, in conjunction with a drain voltage of 0.5 V, optimally enhances device performance. This study highlights the potential of GAA nanowire TFETs to drive innovation in semiconductor technology through superior electrical performance.

This study addresses the need for reliable and sustainable energy supply in remote areas through the design and analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with a solar thermal collector and heat storage. The proposed configuration combines the complementary advantages of PV and solar thermal technologies, supported by battery storage, to ensure continuous electrical and thermal energy delivery while enhancing energy autonomy and environmental sustainability. The system is modeled and applied to the Bejaia region in Algeria, a location characterized by high solar irradiance, to evaluate its suitability for real-world implementation. Measurement data collected over several days were used to accurately identify system parameters, ensuring a robust and data-driven design and optimization process. MATLAB/Simulink simulations were conducted to assess the system’s thermal and electrical performance, including temperature evolution under variable solar irradiance profiles. The simulation results demonstrate strong agreement with xperimental observations, confirming the validity of the proposed model. Additionally, the performance analysis based on heat exchanger effectiveness and daily system efficiency under two distinct solar conditions highlights the hybrid system’s capability to improve overall energy utilization. The study concludes that integrating PV, thermal collection, and energy storage provides a feasible and effective solution for achieving energy self-sufficiency and resilience in isolated areas with abundant solar potential.

Polymer composites are widely employed in engineering and industrial applications owing to their tunable properties, lightweight structure, and enhanced performance achieved through the incorporation of fillers and additives. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites are of particular interest due to their chemical resistance and mechanical strength; however, their non-polar nature often results in weak interfacial bonding with polar additives. This challenge highlights the need for systematic investigations of filler-matrix interactions. This study examines the mechanical and electrical performance of HDPE-based composites incorporating calcite, graphite, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), elastomer, and crosslinker. The significance of this work lies in its multi-factorial approach, which evaluates the synergistic effects of multiple additives rather than relying on single-variable analyses. A total of twenty-six HDPE composite samples were fabricated using extrusion and injection molding processes designed through a statistical experimental plan. Samples were characterized by tensile strength, hardness, and electrical conductivity tests, alongside surface morphology analyses (SEM-EDS). Statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the significance of parameters and their interactions. Results revealed that yield strength was best explained by the second-order model (quadratic), hardness by the first-order model (linear), while electrical conductivity did not fit the tested models. SEM-EDS further indicated poor dispersion and weak interfacial bonding between the HDPE matrix and additives. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the critical influence of additive type and proportion on the performance of HDPE composites.

Flexible, skin-conformable electrodes require materials that combine mechanical robustness, environmental stability, high electrical performance, and biocompatibility. Here, we present a flexible conductive composite film composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate (EMIM ES). The composite is fabricated via a simple aqueous blending and filtration process, yielding a free-standing film with a robust fibrous microstructure. ATR-FTIR analysis confirms the successful integration of all components, while SEM imaging reveals a percolated nanofibrillar architecture that enhances interfacial adhesion and structural integrity. Mechanical testing reveals a tensile strength of up to 335 MPa, accompanied by a strain of 21%, attributed to the increasing CNF content. Composite films with low CNF content exhibit excellent electrical stability across humidity levels between 10% and 90% and temperatures of 15-55 °C, and maintain electrochemical performance after 100,000 cycles of mechanical fatigue testing. On-skin electrophysiological recordings from a rodent model demonstrate stable signal acquisition without skin irritation, establishing the hybrid films as a promising platform for soft, wearable bioelectronic interfaces.

This study addresses the challenge of characterizing the chemistry and electrical performance of sodium‐ion supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, driven by growing interest in alternatives to lithium‐ion technology. The primary objective is to design and implement a cost‐effective, microcontroller‐based instrument for accurate, real‐time voltage and current characterization of these devices. The developed system connects to a computer via a USB interface for data transmission, processing, and storage, enabling rapid electrochemical analysis through cyclic voltammetry. The design prioritizes affordability while achieving performance comparable to commercial instruments. The instrument automates the charging and discharging of electrochemical devices using switchable constant currents, controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller and electromechanical relays. Key parameters, including capacitance, equivalent series resistance (ESR), energy density, and power density, are evaluated. Circuit designs were developed and simulated in LTSpice before construction, with a commercial 20 F/2.5 V SC serving as a test standard. Measurements on the standard SC yielded capacitance values between 18 and 22 F, stored energy between 43.56 and 53.24 J, and an ESR of 5.59 , aligning well with commercial specifications. Oscillatory behavior observed during high‐current discharges highlighted SC degradation.

The electrical performance of polymer nanocomposites strongly depends on the morphology of nanofillers and the structure of the resulting conductive networks. To elucidate the mechanisms governing conductive network formation in multi-morphology nanofiller systems, a ternary coarse-grained model composed of rod-, Y-, and X-shaped nanofillers is constructed. The effects of nanofiller volume fraction (VF) and nanofiller composition ratios on percolation behavior are systematically investigated. By incorporating an efficient cKDTree-based neighbor search method, conductive networks are identified and their topological characteristics are quantified with high computational efficiency. The results demonstrate that nanofiller morphology ratios play a crucial role in controlling local structural evolution and the percolation threshold. Statistical analyses of the main cluster size (MCs) and the number of clusters (Nc) further reveal the synergistic and competitive effects among different filler morphologies. The combination of filler morphologies is shown to be a key factor in determining the percolation threshold and network topology. The multi-morphology simulation framework together with structural characterization approach proposed in this work provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance conductive polymer nanocomposites.

Bionic electronics are designed to bridge the gap between biological systems and conventional electronic devices. However, replicating the high dynamic adaptivity and functional plasticity of living tissues while preserving the electrical performance and structural integrity of traditional electronics remains highly challenging, owing to the intrinsic trade-offs in molecular design. To address this issue, a methodology of reversible nanophase regulation is proposed, inspired by ion-specific effects in biological environments. Benefiting from the dynamic response of noncovalent interaction to specific ions, the developed system can successfully integrate multiple traditionally contradictory properties-combining outstanding electrical/mechanical performance with excellent reconfigurability, such as re-writability of conductive pathways, in-situ wet solderability with good spatial resolution, and closed-loop recyclability. This methodology offers a promising framework for designing reconfigurable devices for bioelectronics applications such as human-machine integration and tissue engineering.

Abstract 2D MXenes have emerged as a cutting-edge family of materials for next-generation supercapacitors, distinguished by their metallic conductivity, adaptive surface chemistry, and precisely tunable layered architecture. These materials have emerged as promising materials for energy storage in supercapacitors; however, challenges such as restacking and structural degradation have motivated the development of composites, which can synergistically enhance electrochemical performance and stability. This review elucidates the charge storage mechanisms in MXene-based composites, including the formation of electric double layers, pseudocapacitance, and ion intercalation. It also highlights the charge storage mechanisms involved in MXene-based composites, mainly including carbon nanostructures, inorganic materials, and organic matrices. MXene–carbon hybrids with graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanodots enhance ion/electron transport and prevent restacking; MXene–inorganic hybrids with metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), etc., provide abundant redox sites and structural stability; and MXene–organic composites with polymers or cellulose offer mechanical flexibility, processability, and environmental compatibility while maintaining excellent electrical performance. The review also discusses current challenges such as oxidation, aggregation, and interface instability, proposing strategies such as interfacial engineering, surface functionalization, and 3D structural design. By bridging compositional innovation with electrochemical insight, this article presents a holistic framework for the development of next-generation MXene-based supercapacitors that combine high energy density, long-term durability, and mechanical adaptability.