Skin imaging techniques for melanoma detection: A scoping review of modalities, clinical viability, and deployment strategies.

This study presents a novel methodology for applying Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to analyze the electrical properties of dissolvable powders, when applied as a coating layer to quantify their thickness and moisture content. To address challenges posed by undefined geometries, powders were dissolved and applied as coatings on custom-designed Printed Circuit Board electrodes. Using sodium benzoate as a model material, the drying process was monitored in off-line measurements, revealing distinct transitions in electrical properties. Impedance and phase angle measurements effectively tracked moisture reduction during drying, while coating thickness and solution concentration also influenced conductivity. The findings demonstrate the potential of this approach for industrial applications, such as fluidized bed spray granulation, by enabling real-time monitoring of drying states. • Developed a novel method for coating layer characterization using IS. • Correlated moisture content and coating layer thickness to electrical properties. • Demonstrated potential for monitoring of fluidized bed spray granulation.

Ion-gated transistors inherently exhibit time-dependent behavior governed by ionic motion associated with electric double-layer formation; however, their practical implementation has been limited by insufficient control over ionic dynamics and poor compatibility with scalable thin-film integration. Here, we present carbon nanotube (CNT) solid-ion-gated transistors (sIGTs) that allow the wide-range engineering of ionic dynamics while remaining fully compatible with wafer-scale thin-film processing. Tunable ionic conductance is achieved by ionic content engineering in the film and thickness scaling into the sub-micron regime, enabling ionic time constants from microseconds to milliseconds. CNT sIGTs demonstrate robust DC operation at low ionic content with an optimized polymer matrix and wafer-scale fabrication on flexible substrates. Frequency-dependent gate modulation governed by ionic conductance is systematically investigated through electrical impedance spectroscopy and small-signal analysis, including a comparison of the -3dB cutoff frequency and the transit frequency. This analysis provides direct insight into the relationship between ionic conductance and frequency-dependent device response, exhibiting consistent trends across both two-terminal and three-terminal device configurations. Monolithic three-dimensional integration of two-tier CNT sIGTs with engineered dynamic responses is demonstrated as a compact dual-timescale physical reservoir for neuromorphic computing that enables classification of time-varying inputs using a single readout layer.

In this study, we used electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to analyze dispersion and distribution states of CNT conductive nanoparticles in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) PBAT. We also used field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and rheology along with EIS, to investigate how CNT surface chemistry affects dispersion and electrical response in PBAT/CNT nanocomposites. PBAT nanocomposites containing 1.5 vol% of pristine CNTs, hydroxylated CNTs (CNT-OH), or carboxylated CNTs (CNT-COOH) were prepared by melt mixing. FE-SEM and Raman analyses showed considerably better dispersion for the PBAT/CNT-COOH sample. Rheological measurements further supported this observation; the rheological Cole–Cole plots of the PBAT/CNT-COOH composite exhibited a pronounced tail at low frequencies, indicative of strong CNT–polymer interactions and the formation of a bound polymer layer. The EIS results revealed a cutoff frequency of 70 Hz for PBAT/CNT-COOH, compared to 403 Hz for the other samples which implies that CNT interparticle distance is larger in the former. Fitting the Nyquist data with a modified Randles circuit yielded a parallel resistance of 694 Ω for PBAT/CNT-COOH, whereas the other two composites exhibited a considerably lower resistance of approximately 70 Ω. We attribute these electrical and rheological signatures to stronger interactions between COOH groups of CNT and ester groups of PBAT, which promote the adsorption of a bound polymer layer around the nanotubes. This interfacial layer effectively increases the average interparticle distance and polymer interlayer thickness, leading to higher electrical resistance and reduced capacitance. These findings of EIS are applied to the behavior of the whole bulk of the nanocomposite while other methods such as SEM only characterize tiny limited areas of the samples. The dispersion state, interparticle distance, bond polymer layer on CNTs and several electrical properties are detectable by EIS which all are the bulk characteristics of conductive polymer nanocomposites.

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound-assisted marination on NaCl diffusion in pork using multiphysics simulation and evaluated the accuracy of electrical impedance spectroscopy for predicting NaCl content during marination. The results showed that short-term ultrasonic treatment did not significantly enhance moisture diffusion from brine into pork tissue. However, multiphysics simulation demonstrated that ultrasound significantly accelerated NaCl penetration, enabling a reduced brine concentration without compromising the final salt content, as further confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, which showed higher residual NaCl and mass in treated samples. Electrical impedance properties exhibited systematic changes with increasing ultrasonic marination time, including decreased impedance, increased phase angle, and a reduced Cole–Cole arc radius, reflecting enhanced NaCl diffusion and structural modifications in muscle tissue. A strong linear correlation between impedance parameters and NaCl content was established, and validation results confirmed that impedance spectroscopy can accurately predict NaCl levels during marination. These findings highlight the potential of combining ultrasound-assisted marination with impedance-based techniques for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of salt content in meat processing.

This work presents the realization of a compact and embedded impedance-based sensor system for the characterization of lithium-ion batteries by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The analog magnitude-ratio and phase-difference detection (MRPDD) method is implemented and extended through a generalized formulation that models the shunt element as a frequency-dependent impedance and compensates the parasitic contributions of the printed circuit board. This reformulation corrects magnitude and phase errors introduced by the measurement hardware without increasing the overall complexity. The prototype comprises two main functional blocks: current-mode excitation and voltage-mode measurement. The excitation stage uses an operational transconductance amplifier and a power MOSFET to generate a voltage-controlled current source, whereas the sinusoidal voltage signal is generated by means of a direct digital synthesizer. The measurement chain relies on differential acquisition using instrumentation amplifiers and analog magnitude/phase detection based on the AD8302 vector detector under microcontroller control. The proposed method has been first validated by simulations using both a linear RC equivalent model and an extended Randles-type battery-equivalent model, and then experimentally characterized using a linear RC equivalent model of the device under test. Measurements show that the generalized formulation recovers the ideal impedance response in the presence of parasitic effects, both in the shunt device and in the printed circuit board. In the experimental validation with the RC model, a magnitude error of 1.65% is obtained at 1 kHz, which is adopted as the upper frequency limit for battery characterization, even though operation up to 10 kHz is possible. Phase measurements revealed that the input capacitive coupling of the vector detector, conceived for operation in the RF range, requires an adaptation for appropriate operation in the intended frequency range. The prototype has been also applied to the characterization of a commercial lithium-ion 18650 cell, enabling the measurement of battery impedance and the analysis of its dependence on the state-of-charge and on the discharge current.

Six water-soluble 2-triazolylpurine derivatives and one 2,6-bistriazolylpurine derivative were identified as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in aqueous 1mol/L HCl solution. Among them highest inhibitory activity exhibited 2,6-bistriazolylpurine derivative reaching up to 93% according to electric impedance spectroscopy and 98% according to gravimetry at 10-3mol/L. Whereas, in the presence of 6-methylamino-2-triazolypurine derivative an inhibition efficiency as high as 95% at 10-3mol/L was achieved, according to Tafel polarization. In most cases inhibition efficiency increased at higher inhibitor concentrations. Molecular orbital densities and relevant parameters from quantum chemical calculations showed little difference among target compounds. It is supported by experimental results of high inhibitory efficiency of approximately 90% or higher for all triazolylpurine derivatives at the highest tested concentration (10-3mol/L) with varying rates of efficiency reduction at lower concentrations.

Epithelial barrier disruption is a hallmark of allergic skin diseases. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a surfactant in household cleaning products, is known to impair the barrier. We used a physiologically relevant exvivo human skin combined with real-time electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor barrier integrity after SDS exposure. Multi-omics analyses, including RNA sequencing and proximity extension-based proteomics, characterized molecular responses. Barrier permeability and oxidative stress were evaluated in primary keratinocytes, and the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and nicotinamide (NAM) were assessed in both air-liquid interface keratinocyte cultures and exvivo skins. Even a 1-min SDS exposure caused a rapid EIS decline, indicating immediate barrier compromise. 5-min exposures produced dose-dependent EIS decline with broad suppression of barrier and immune mediators (e.g., CXCL11, MCP4, and HNMT), 6-h exposure sustained skin barrier loss and associated inflammatory and remodeling programs. Proteomic signatures highlighted AREG, JUN, and ITGA6 can track skin damage, while CST5 and PRDX1 correlated with the preservation. Transcriptomics corroborated these changes, showing up-regulation of stress and repair programs-endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, sphingolipid biosynthesis, and epidermal differentiation pathways. NAC/NAM reduced SDS-induced reactive oxygen species, cytotoxicity, and permeability in primary keratinocytes, and restored EIS values in exvivo skin. Short-term SDS exposure rapidly disrupts human skin barrier integrity through oxidative stress-driven suppression of structural/immune mediators and activation of stress/remodeling pathways. NAC and NAM effectively mitigated damages, highlighting antioxidants as preventive interventions for surfactant-induced skin barrier dysfunction.

Road dust is a key urban pollutant and indicator of environmental contamination from traffic and industry. Conventional analysis methods are often slow, expensive, and require complex preparation. This study presents a novel electromagnetic method using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for road dust analysis. The technique leverages the eddy current effect with a specialized measuring coil to determine impedance components from sealed dust samples. Twenty samples from Warsaw, Poland, were analyzed, with results displayed as normalized impedance plots. These plots showed distinct characteristics, enabling clear differentiation of all samples. Magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed a strong correlation with resistance changes, validating the method's sensitivity to magnetic mineral content. The results demonstrate that this approach provides a rapid, cost-effective, and non-destructive tool for distinguishing dust samples and assessing magnetic contamination. Furthermore, its electromagnetic nature suggests potential for detecting non-ferromagnetic heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and chromium, opening new avenues for environmental monitoring.

There has been a lot of interest in the development of a novel hybrid material based on zinc with fascinating structural and physical properties. In this paper, a novel organic–inorganic hybrid (P(C4H9)4)2[ZnBr4] crystal was synthesized via the slow evaporation method at room temperature and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, supported by density functional theory, vibrational spectroscopy and electrical analysis. At room temperature, it crystallizes in the monoclinic system (P21/c space group) with cell parameters a = 15.3260(11) Å, b = 17.6692(13) Å, c = 16.9898(11) Å, β = 114.715(2)°, V = 4179.4(5) Å3 and Z = 4. Its structure comprises two crystallographically independent organic (P(C4H9)4)+ cations and one type of isolated [ZnBr4]2− anion. Each tetrahedral [ZnBr4]2− anion is surrounded by three tetrabutylphosphonium cations, forming multiple C–H⋯Br contacts that reinforce the structural framework. The density functional theory (DFT)-calculated Raman and IR spectra are in excellent agreement with the experimental data, allowing unambiguous assignment of vibrational modes, including metal–halogen stretches and the dynamics of the organic cations. Electrical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates temperature- and frequency-dependent conductivity with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, indicating thermistor-like behavior. AC conductivity follows Jonscher's universal power law and is well described by the correlated barrier hopping model. These multifaceted findings establish (P(C4H9)4)2[ZnBr4] as a multifunctional hybrid material suitable for integration into next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices.

As protonic ceramic electrolysis cells emerge for efficient H2 production, there is a need to develop air electrode materials enabling fast, durable steam splitting and proton incorporation. Single-phase triple conductors may fail to satisfy the myriad performance/stability requirements, and their critical charge-carriers (holes, oxygen vacancies, and protons) are in competition, limiting their concentrations. Instead, we propose task-sharing, vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs), comprising a proton conductor (BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ) and a redox-active mixed ionic electronic conductor (Ce0.9Pr0.1O2-δ), that may enable rapid proton surface exchange at the solid-gas interface and transport along the solid-solid heterointerfaces. We grew VANs by pulsed laser deposition and investigated the interplay between their processing conditions, structure, and proton and oxygen surface exchange kinetics. We varied the substrate temperature, laser repetition rate, laser fluence, and processing oxygen pressure. The crystallinity and phases were characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, and the strain and structural order as a function of depth were evaluated by angle-dependent synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function analysis. To evaluate the potential for interdiffusion, the formation energies of substitutional defects were simulated with density functional theory. Corresponding structural analysis and elemental mapping were performed by scanning/transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, indicating distinct nanoscale compositional regions with a hierarchical structure embedded in individual VANs columns and minimal interdiffusion across a bilayer film. Proton and oxygen surface exchange coefficients (kH, kO) and polarization resistances were evaluated by electrical and optical relaxations and impedance spectroscopy of VAN-incorporated protonic ceramic electrochemical cells, respectively, at 400-500 °C, demonstrating values comparable to some of the best-known triple and mixed conductors.

In vitro cell barrier models have been increasingly integrated into pharmaceutical and academic research pipelines to evaluate drug safety and drug delivery due to a shift towards New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in research and regulatory safety assessment. Such models require reliable and interpretable functional readouts. Bioimpedance-based monitoring, particularly transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), is a widely adopted readout due to its non-invasive and real-time capabilities. However, substantial variability arises from differences in measurement settings, frequency selection, electrode configuration, impedance measuring techniques, and data analysis strategies. In numerous studies, TEER is approximated from single-frequency impedance magnitude measurements, which do not isolate the resistive component associated with tight junction-mediated paracellular transport but instead reflect the combined response of a coupled electrochemical system. This review clarifies impedance measuring techniques and systematically analyzes impedance-based measurement and analysis strategies for in vitro biological cell barrier integrity. We compare mono-frequency and broadband acquisition approaches, examine the influence of electrode-electrolyte interfaces, electrode geometry, and culture configuration, and evaluate equivalent circuit modeling and phase-resolved electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on this comparison, we propose a three-level analytical hierarchy adapted to experimental objectives and instrumentation constraints. We conclude that phase-informed impedance analysis and harmonized reporting are essential to improve measurement reproducibility, inter-platform comparability, and integration of impedance-derived cell barrier assessment within NAMs-oriented research workflows.

Sensitisation leading to food allergy may occur through the skin. Quantitative data on epidermal allergen penetration as a prerequisite for this remain limited. This study quantifies epidermal penetration of gluten and hydrolysed wheat protein (HWP) in 18 patients with challenge-confirmed WALDA (wheat allergy dependent on augmentation factors) and 12 healthy controls (HC). After 1 h of epicutaneous wheat application, 20 consecutive tape strips (TS) were collected, and wheat protein concentration was quantified by gliadin-specific ELISA. Skin barrier status was assessed by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Serum gliadin levels were measured before and 90 min after wheat application. Gliadin was detected across all TS layers for gluten and HWP. Penetration levels did not differ between patients and controls. Skin barrier status assessed by EIS did not differ significantly between individuals with and without a history of atopic dermatitis (p = 0.27). No correlation was observed between EIS-assessed skin barrier status and gliadin penetration. Serum gliadin was not increased after epicutaneous wheat application. This study using TS demonstrates for the first time that wheat allergens penetrated into the epidermis but could not be detected in the serum. Neither wheat allergy nor skin barrier status was associated with increased stratum corneum penetration. These findings suggest that epidermal uptake alone may not be sufficient to explain sensitisation.

This review summarizes the electrodynamic mechanisms governing powder flowability in powder bed fusion (PBF) metal additive manufacturing, focusing on how surface oxide-film characteristics control electrical dissipation and recoating behavior. Based on in-situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of representative gas-atomized (GA) and plasma rotating electrode (PREP) powders, we outline experimental evidence that oxide-film thickness and charge-relaxation characteristics strongly influence flow regimes, layer renewal, and powder-bed quality. We further organize a theoretical framework integrating electric-field–driven stress, dynamic cohesive effects, and nonlocal stress transmission, and show that it can account for plug-like regions observed in GA powders (effective plug thickness on the order of millimeters) using parameters obtained from EIS. In addition, the streamwise persistence length of the aligned flow region (Leff) is discussed as a diagnostic metric for assessing the limitation of local exponential-decay assumptions and the need for nonlocal stress transmission. The review provides a unified view linking oxide-film morphology, electrical properties, flow structure, and powder-bed quality, and discusses practical implications for designing high-flowability metal powders and managing recycled powders.

This study investigates how carbon black (CB) distribution in co-continuous polypropylene (PP)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends affects electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) properties. PP:CB and EVA:CB masterbatches with 1, 2, or 3 vol% CB were prepared by the melt-mixing method. PP:CB and EVA:CB masterbatches with different CB volume fractions were mixed together to form PP/EVA blends (40/60 vol%) with CB distributions of 1/3, 2/2, or 3/1 vol%. A 60/40 vol% PP/EVA blend with 2/2 vol% CB was also prepared to study morphology effects. Samples were characterized using EIS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and dynamic rheometry. SEM and AFM confirmed co-continuous morphology in all samples. EIS revealed that uneven CB distribution, particularly in the PP:CB 3 vol%/EVA:CB 1 vol% blend, reduced the real part of impedance and increased the frequency cut-off (fc), indicating higher capacitance in Nyquist plots. The 60/40 vol% PP/EVA blend with 2/2 vol% CB exhibited a 38-fold capacitance increase compared to the 40/60 vol% blend, attributed to lower impedance in the PP:CB phase. These findings demonstrate that tailoring CB distribution optimizes electrical energy storage performance and establishes EIS as a robust tool for characterizing conductive particle distribution in immiscible polymer blends.

Here we propose an innovative approach for the fabrication of hybrid p–n heterojunction diodes based on iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on solid and flexible substrates using Al doped ZnO (AZO) as a transparent electrode. We combined transparent conductive thin films of ZnO with organic semiconductors represented by FePcs deposited by means of physical deposition, such as magnetron sputtering (MS), for undoped and doped ZnO thin films, and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for FePc deposition. The structural, optical and morphological properties of the fabricated hybrid diodes were assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ellipsometric measurements, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and Raman techniques. Key electrical parameters such as current density and rectifying ratio (RR) were determined from the current density-voltage characteristic (J-V), which provided insights into the charge transport mechanisms and the organic/inorganic heterojunction interface. Moreover, by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, we calculated the capacitance value of a p-n heterojunction and we assessed the equivalent circuit parameters of the heterojunction devices under equilibrium conditions. The results demonstrated the potential of combining inorganic transparent oxides with organic semiconductors for the development of flexible and transparent hybrid optoelectronic devices with improved efficiency.

Cold storage of whole blood is essential to maintain the availability and safety of transfusion products; however, prolonged storage induces progressive biochemical and biophysical changes that compromise cellular integrity and functionality. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive technique for detecting early microstructural changes in biological systems, yet its relationship with viscosity and hematological parameters during extended blood storage remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigates time-dependent variations in electrical impedance, blood viscosity, and hematological indices in whole blood preserved with acidic citrate dextrose (ACD) for up to 35 days, to evaluate EIS as an early indicator of storage-related degradation. Twenty-five units of whole blood were stored at 1–6°C and analyzed on Days 0, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Electrical impedance over a frequency range of 100 Hz–100 kHz, hematological parameters, and blood viscosity were determined using a digital impedance analyzer, an automated hematology analyzer, and a digital rotational viscometer, respectively. The results revealed a gradual decline in total electrical impedance, with the most pronounced changes occurring within the first seven days, suggesting early membrane injury and ionic redistribution. Significant decreases were observed in leukocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin levels, while red blood cell count and hematocrit remained relatively stable throughout the storage period. Blood viscosity exhibited minimal variation during the first 30 days but showed a slight increase by Day 35, indicating delayed rheological alteration. Importantly, EIS demonstrated greater sensitivity for detecting early degradation than viscosity measurements and conventional hematological parameters. These findings point to the advantages of EIS as a rapid, sensitive monitoring tool for evaluating the quality and stability of stored blood in transfusion practice.

We investigate intermediate states of Ge‐rich GeSbTe phase‐change memory (PCM) cells by electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) after partial SET and RESET programming. The electrical impedance response is well described by a series resistor and a parallel RC circuit, allowing extraction of state‐dependent resistance and capacitance values. A resistance ratio of ∼250 and a capacitance reduction of ∼85% are observed between RESET and SET states. While resistance can be continuously tuned, capacitance major variation remains confined near the SET state, with crystalline‐dominated cells exhibiting the highest values. Technology computer‐aided design simulations confirm the equivalent circuit and reveal that conduction mainly occurs along the amorphous–crystalline interface. Cells with embedded Ge or Sb grains display the largest capacitances, as these inclusions provide extra conduction pathways and localized charge storage sites that jointly influence the device's resistance and capacitance. Overall, this work demonstrates that the electrical properties of inhomogeneous multiphase PCMs are governed by the complex network of nanoscale heterostructures present in their active regions. It also demonstrates that EIS is a suitable, nondestructive technique for characterizing PCM devices.

Though gold nanomaterials (NMs) have been largely used in biomedical applications for decades, none have been approved for clinical usage, mostly due to a lack of understanding about their long-term fate and non-biodegradability. Here, the biodegradability of 2D Au nanosheets (AuNS) by enzymatic catalysis of human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) using a test-tube model and an in vitro model with MPO-secreting neutrophil-like cells (present in the blood) differentiated from human leukemia (HL-60) cells has been reported. The results obtained from the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected area diffraction (SAED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirm that the AuNS undergoes partial biodegradation to AuI ions by reactive radical intermediates generated by hMPO, hypochlorous acid, including hydroxy radicals generated by AuNS. The results demonstrate the potential for AuNS biodegradation by neutrophils, which are primarily present in the blood. Therefore, these results can be crucial for understanding the long-term fate of AuNMs in humans. Further, near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy is successfully demonstrated using AuNS against triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Customized implant approaches are emerging to meet specific patient needs while minimizing complications. Despite advances in osseointegrated implants, issues such as excessive bone loading, bacterial infiltration, peri-implantitis, and bone loss persist. Bioinspired designs with customized geometries and surfaces that promote fibrointegration, inspired by the periodontal ligament of a natural tooth, are increasingly recognized as a promising strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of bioinspired zirconia surfaces to promote adhesion and guide the orientation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLFs). Zirconia specimens with internal microchannels and an external porous coating were designed to mimic dentinal tubules and cementum-like features. Fabrication was performed using CAD/CAM CNC milling, followed by dip coating with zirconia suspensions. Microstructural characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). hPLFs were cultured on the surfaces under a medium gradient (2% vs. 10% FBS) to induce migration from the porous exterior toward the channeled interior. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (1-100 kHz, Gamry system) was used to complement cell viability results and to better understand fibroblast behavior, considering the combined contributions of the cell layer, the culture medium, and the electrode-electrolyte interface. Specimens with 322 ± 7.86 μm channels and porous coatings (167.04 ± 51.87 μm thickness, 9% porosity) were produced. All were biocompatible, with the highest proliferation observed on specimens combining channels and porosity. SEM analysis revealed fibroblasts embedded within the porous layer, with spindle-like extensions anchoring and extending toward channels. Channel-porous specimens also exhibited the highest impedance after 3 days, suggesting enhanced attachment, migration, and spreading. These findings indicate that channel-porous zirconia surfaces enhance fibroblast adhesion and spreading invitro, supporting their potential to guide structured cell organization. This bioinspired design represents an initial proof of concept for improving soft tissue interactions at the implant interface, paving the way for future fibrointegrative implant concepts such as root-analogue dental implants.