A multi-model probabilistic framework for seismic risk assessment and retrofit planning of electric power networks

UniEload: Electrical load dataset for energy forecasting applications at public universities in Bangladesh.

Portable microreactors present opportunities to deliver electrical and thermal power to remote or disconnected regions with a high but temporary power demand. They also present a unique licensing opportunity based on having a smaller radiological source term and mechanical simplicity. Since many systems are expected to have rated powers less than 20 MW(thermal), a potential licensing route could incorporate both aspects of the risk-informed approach of small modular reactors and the consequence assessment basis of nonpower production and utilization facilities. This work proposes that portable microreactor designs should model a release from a maximum hypothetical accident (MHA), a release that bounds any credible accident. A robust series of consequence analysis simulations may then be performed for the various geographies, atmospheric conditions, and degrees of urbanization within which the system seeks to be licensed. The results of representative and restrictive cases should be compared with existing regulatory guidance to assess the off-site consequences associated with the MHA. Instances where no likelihood of early death or injury and no substantial excess chronic health risk occur may support licensing with a responsibility to onsite emergency response planning with a burden to notify, inform, and support off-site response agencies. To explore an expectation of public dose values and related consequences, a MHA for the MegaPower mobile reactor was developed and the release consequence determined under varying conditions of arbitrary weather and a suburban environment. Maximum doses to the public did not exceed 3.5 mSv for the duration of the accident, occurred within 200 m of the release, incurred less than one hypothetical excess lifetime fatal cancer in the population, and did not result in any acute or chronic negative health outcomes.

Superextensivity, where the response of a physical system scales super-linearly with size, originates from collective quantum effects and provides a promising route to augment next-generation quantum technologies. While recent work has demonstrated superextensive behaviour in the coherent dynamics of quantum systems, these effects typically occur on short timescales, prohibiting their practical utility. In contrast, triggering steady-state superextensive effects in, for example, a generated electric current, remains unexplored despite the immediate impact on photovoltaic technologies. Here, we utilise a microcavity quantum battery as an experimental platform that superextensively captures light energy and converts it to an electric current via the incorporation of charge transport layers into the resonant microcavity. This architecture enables, for the first time, a complete quantum battery charge-discharge cycle. We demonstrate that strong light-matter coupling induced by the microcavity leads to superextensive scaling of the steady-state electrical discharging power under low-intensity, incoherent illumination. Our results provide the first experimental demonstration of superextensive light-to-charge conversion in steady-state, highlighting the feasibility of leveraging strong light-matter coupling for enhanced energy harvesting under low-light conditions.

Abstract Multilevel inverters (MLI) are essential in renewable energy and electric vehicle applications for producing high quality, low distortion AC output while efficiently utilizing low voltage DC sources. However, existing MLI topologies often require a large number of switching devices and capacitors, which limit voltage gain, increase cost and complexity. This work presents a novel nine-level quadruple boost switched capacitor multilevel inverter (NLQB SCMLI) that focuses on reducing the power component count and enhancing voltage boosting capability, self-balancing, and efficiency. The proposed topology employs only 10 switches and 2 self-balancing capacitors, integrates a multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) scheme, and is validated through comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations, PLECS based loss/efficiency modelling, and experimental hardware testing. Results confirm a fourfold voltage boost, delivering 400 V peak AC from a 100 VDC input, alongside inherent capacitor voltage self-balancing, without auxiliary circuits. The maximum simulated efficiency of 96.45% is achieved and maintains output voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) below 6.25% and 7.56% in simulation and experimental studies respectively. The proposed inverter demonstrates a superior cost function per output level, and a competitive total standing voltage compared to state-of-the-art designs, providing a compact, cost effective solution well suited for photovoltaic and electric vehicle power systems.

Processes for generating clean hydrogen from waste plastics through thermochemical methods such as pyrolysis and gasification are a promising solution for both waste management and clean energy initiatives. Then, this derived hydrogen powers the fuel cell, which produces electricity that can be directly fed to charge electric vehicles (EVs). Although this complex process has many challenges related to energy efficiency during the conversion processes—starting from the generation of hydrogen from thermochemical processes and hydrogen storage and followed by fueling the fuel cells and charging EV infrastructure—the simplistic conceptual modeling developed for this research demonstrates how an ecosystem of such processes can be made feasible commercially. Clean hydrogen generated using known techniques reported in the literature is promising for commercialization, but harnessing hydrogen from plastics offers additional benefits, such as reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Overall, the feasibility of clean hydrogen using this methodology is not limited by potential cost inefficiencies, especially when savings from GHG emissions reduction are taken into account. EVs have become commercially viable thanks to high-energy-density Li-ion batteries. And therefore, research continues to optimize charging performance through the integration of renewable energy and battery storage systems. This study examines another potential of clean hydrogen: its use as a power source in grids, especially V-2-G (vehicle-to-grid) systems. Additionally, direct current (DC) power from a fuel cell powers an EV charger at DC input voltages for e-ambulances. In particular, this designed system operates on DC voltages throughout the power system, combining high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, renewable energy sources, DC-DC converters, DC EV chargers, and other supporting components. The literature review identified gaps in plastics production, waste management, and processes for converting them into useful energy. The presented model is a stepping stone towards a novel, innovative process for clean hydrogen production to power electric vehicle charging infrastructure for emergency response systems in healthcare, thereby improving public safety. The limitations of the study would be governed by the effective establishment of locations where waste management services are performed (for example, landfills) and adoption by local government authorities with deregulated power systems.

Ultrasound power transfer enables the wireless charging of implantable medical devices by utilizing an energy harvester to convert incoming ultrasound into electrical energy. Most harvesters rely on Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) crystals for energy conversion, but since PZTs are rigid and dense ceramics, scaling them up to harvest more energy produces heavier devices that are impractical for medical applications. This study presents a metamaterial-enhanced ultrasound energy harvester (Meta-UEH) that integrates a small PZT crystal with a locally resonant metamaterial, which concentrates ultrasound energy onto the PZT and thus improves its energy harvesting performance. The metamaterial is flexible, lightweight, and entirely passive, making it well-suited for medical applications, while increasing the power of harvested electricity by more than double. Experimental and simulation results confirm that the Meta-UEH achieves enhanced efficiency even under reverberation or deformation, benefiting from standing waves that form between transducers and the metamaterial, with harvested electrical power reaching up to 350% of that obtained without the metamaterial and standing wave. The underlying mechanisms behind the improvement are analyzed, revealing that the improvement is not specific to PZTs but can also be applied to other ultrasound-electricity conversion methods, such as piezoelectric and triboelectricnanogenerators.

Abstract. Ever since the Japanese Government's 2021 announcement approving Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)'s plan to discharge this wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, there has been widespread public dissension. In efforts to control public opinion and mistrust, words such as “treated”, “purified”, and “diluted” circulated among official government and scientific discourse concerning TEPCO's plan. These words are mundane, deceptive and distracting. For example, remaining traces of tritium were proposed as so diluted that the water is akin to drinkable standards. Furthermore, the vast scale of the Pacific Ocean reinforced just how diluted the Fukushima wastewater would ultimately become, totalling to 0.000183 %, meaning quite literally a drop in the ocean. This article responds to this context by exploring how this language of dilution and trace function to mask the slow eco-cultural violence embedded in Japan's wastewater release. Specifically, I focus on how my photographic series Listening to Seaweed attempts to visualize what is largely imageless – diluted trace evidence of tritium. Through close readings of these artworks, I explore how photographic film's inherent sensitivity to ionizing radiation can register, and thereby witness, the presence of environmental radiation. I am interested in how this witnessing functions to critique the ideological contexts that continue to perpetuate nuclear power as a safe by-product of the technology developed to produce nuclear weapons. Methodologically framed via artist and theorist Susan Schuppli's (2020) conception of material witnessing, I argue for forms of politicized witnessing that move beyond visibility itself; instead, quantifiable evidence of nuclear ideology is physically embedded in the image. This article questions how these materially oriented methods can establish forms of socio-ethical listening and material witnessing that promote transgenerational nuclear justice concerning this current geo-political moment.

Abstract As electric vehicle (EV) adoption increases, the resulting EV battery charging will increase demand on the electric power grid. Through EV managed charging (EVMC) programs, charging can be shifted in time to support electric grid reliability and reduce electricity costs. EVMC can offer an alternative to additional supply-side generation, but the costs of EVMC implementation must be understood to evaluate the cost-benefits of EVMC. This paper presents bottom-up, forward-looking (from 2025 through 2050) estimates of the incremental costs associated with different EVMC dispatch mechanisms available to electric utilities. The costs of enabling EVMC for a range of customer participation levels are presented in the form of supply curves, which provide per-EV costs for a targeted level of participation. The largest drivers of cost variation are assumptions about future charging flexibility paradigms described in four scenarios. These supply curves can be used to quantify the expected costs of EVMC programs and enable comparison with supply-side or other demand flexibility alternatives.

Purpose: The study investigated the effect of energy consumption and economic development in Nigeria. Methodology: The data for the study were sourced from the World Bank Database from 1990 to 2023. Following the unit root test, the Toda-Yamamoto Granger Causality or Block Exogeneity Wald was carried out. Results and conclusion: Principally, no causality exists from access to electricity for the urban population (UPEt), electricity availability to rural populations (RPEt), energy production through renewable sources (EPRt) (hydro), electricity production through non-renewable sources (EPNt), and electric power transmission and distribution losses (EDLt) to per capita income in Nigeria. The findings suggested that enhancements in electricity access and production did not significantly contribute to economic development, as measured by per capita income during the period analyzed. Implication of findings: The study, among others, recommended that stakeholders in the energy industry in Nigeria should synergize to enhance the provision of a reliable and quality electricity supply instead of merely increasing access. The implication of this finding is that making energy utilization and affordability better will improve the economy.

ABSTRACT Ce 3+ ‐doped garnet transparent ceramics provide an ideal model system for elucidating the coupling between lattice structure, crystal‐field strength, and thermal luminescence dynamics in solid‐state emitters. Here, a comparative study of Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce (YAG:Ce) and Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce (LuAG:Ce) transparent ceramics reveals how lattice contraction and crystal‐field modulation govern their excitation‐dependent behavior. Rietveld refinement and high‐resolution microscopy confirm that replacing Y 3+ with smaller Lu 3 + induces lattice compression and local structural distortion, strengthening the crystal field around Ce 3 + ions. Both ceramics exhibit high transparency (>80% at 600 nm), near‐unity internal quantum yields (98.35% for YAG:Ce, 99.52% for LuAG:Ce), and nanosecond‐scale lifetimes (100.7 ns vs. 86.9 ns). Temperature‐dependent excitation spectroscopy uncovers contrasting trends: the ultraviolet excitation band of YAG:Ce undergoes a red‐shift and intensity quenching with increasing temperature, whereas that of LuAG:Ce remains nearly invariant and even intensifies. Low‐temperature deconvolution identifies reduced Huang‐Rhys factors and weaker phonon coupling in LuAG:Ce, accounting for its superior thermal stability. When integrated into LED devices, LuAG:Ce delivers a luminous efficacy of 117 lm/W at the driving electrical power of 5.74 W, demonstrating outstanding color and thermal robustness. These findings establish a direct structure‐field‐luminescence relationship, offering fundamental guidance for designing thermally resilient, high‐power optical materials.

Unpowered Automatic Fertigator (FONi) is an automatic irrigation technology without the use of electrical power that has been proven to be able to provide water as well as dissolved nutrients directly to the root area according to plant needs (evapotranspiration). In this activity, FONi was introduced to the Saung Kiray Farmer Group (Mitra) of Tasikmalaya City for the cultivation of organic fruit and leaf vegetables in a neglected yard. The problem faced by Partners is the difficulty in watering plants which has been done manually and limited access to appropriate technology. This service aims to turn the abandoned yard into a productive one. By applying FONi, the yard can now produce various types of organic fruit and leaf vegetables that are beneficial for health and become a pilot and learning location, especially for the surrounding community. The students involved now have skills and experience in designing and making FONi and together with Partners have mastered its installation and use. Also produced, means of disseminating information on this service activity in the form of posters, videos and news and articles that can be a reference for the wider community. To ensure its sustainability, it is necessary to synergise with the Ministry of Agriculture's Sustainable Food Yard (P2L) programme and the local Agriculture Office, especially to support the National Free Nutritious Meal.

In response to the inherent limitations of single-battery low-voltage supply and the escalating demand for electrical equipment power in vehicles, the feasibility of replacing single-battery with battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid power supply (HPS) has been proposed and verified. This HPS directly connects a lithium-ion battery in parallel with SC and combines a bidirectional DC-DC power converter to boost the voltage to the required level. It can drive the vehicle to operate at low speeds and provide power for electrical equipment. A model based on MATLAB/Simulink is constructed and simulated using the Federal Test Procedure-75 driving cycles. In addition, experiments are carried out to verify the boost characteristics of the HPS. Furthermore, a case study is conducted to compare the proposed HPS with 14 V and 48 V single-battery systems under the China Light-duty Vehicle Test Cycle-Passenger Car operating condition. The results indicate that during frequent load fluctuations, the SC quickly responds to dynamic power and instantaneous high-power demands, which significantly reduces battery stress. The proposed HPS demonstrates key advantages by enhancing dynamic response capability, reducing battery stress to extend lifespan, and improving energy efficiency. This study provides a new solution for the practical application of low-voltage power supply in vehicles.

Sustainable aviation requires electrical power systems that can deliver both high energy and high power. Hybrid fuel cell–battery architectures offer a promising solution to meet these demands, and their overall performance can be significantly enhanced through the application of energy management strategies (EMSs). This paper develops several EMSs approaches, including rule-based state machine, equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (ECMS), and dynamic programming (DP) for a hybrid fuel cell–battery aircraft targeting specific objectives, such as improving system efficiency, reducing hydrogen consumption and extending battery lifetime. The EMS approaches are then evaluated across both nominal missions and a fuel cell-failure scenario to assess their effectiveness in meeting their defined objectives. Results show that while ECMS achieves the lowest cost per mission, it does not maximise system efficiency. DP provides the highest overall energy efficiency and longest battery lifetime but is limited to offline implementation. To bridge this gap, a hybrid DP–ECMS strategy is introduced and evaluated. The results show that the approach delivers globally optimal performance under nominal conditions, accounting for the trade-offs between cost, efficiency, and battery ageing, while also preserving real-time responsiveness during unforeseen events. This demonstrates the benefits of combining offline optimisation with real-time control for hybrid electric aircraft. Software-in-the-loop (SIL) further validates the real-time applicability and robustness of the proposed strategy.

The use of renewable energy sources on board ships is one solution to reduce pollution from maritime transport. Considering it one of the many solutions for the transition to "zero" emission ships, we studied the possibility of installing a new type of power plant on ships already in operation that uses solar/photovoltaic and wind energy conversion systems. The current electricity production system is transformed into a hybrid system, and by improving the available electrical power management algorithms, clean energy consumption will be prioritized. Monitoring daily electricity consumption and recording values for renewable energy source parameters during ship periods and voyages enabled calculations to determine the potential for electricity production from renewable sources and demonstrated the viability of the chosen solution. The results obtained highlight that installing the ecological marine power plant (ENPP) can achieve significant reductions in fuel consumption for producing electricity on board the ship.

This paper presents a model-free Best Efficiency Point (BEP) tracking method for centrifugal pumps without head measurement or manufacturer-provided characteristic curves. The proposed approach combines a discrete finite-difference extremum-seeking control (ESC) scheme with an efficiency approximation proxy derived from measurable variables—namely, flow rate and electrical power. Under constant head conditions, the proxy function is analytically shown to be proportional to the true pump efficiency, enabling real-time BEP localization using only motor feedback signals. The ESC algorithm employs a sign-based gradient rule with adaptive step-size reduction to achieve rapid and stable convergence without mathematical models. A Python-based simulation using a Schneider SUB 15-0.5cv pump demonstrates that the method can track the BEP with negligible steady-state error (less than 0.1% efficiency deviation). The proposed framework offers a cost-effective solution for efficient optimization for mobile pumping applications in large water resources where installing head sensors is impractical.

The year 2026 will bring significant changes to the regulations that will affect the technological challenges in Formula 1. The predicted impact on vehicle design and performance changes compared to the current season was evaluated. Special attention was paid to increasing the share of ecology, which affects the importance of electric power in vehicles, and is also reflected in the introduction of sustainable fuels, redesigned power units, active aerodynamic systems, and reduced body weight. These changes are analyzed for their impact on aerodynamic efficiency, vehicle dynamics, and energy management strategies. Based on technical data, information, and predictions, changes can be determined to adapt the cars to evolving restrictions in areas such as energy recovery, electric power usage, and aerodynamic balance. The analysis shows the growing role of precise design and integrated system optimization in achieving competitive results. The article highlights how the updated regulations strengthen the direction Formula 1 is heading in: greater efficiency, sustainability, and technological advancement.

A photovoltaic (PV) and battery-based energy system can provide the necessary and sufficient electric power to off-grid power system networks due to the technological advancements in both performance improvement and lower system cost. The absence of reactive power in direct current (DC) power system networks has several advantages over corresponding alternating current (AC) power system networks. In this paper, we have investigated a case study for the PV farm coupled with a battery energy storage system (BESS) as a stand-alone power system network in the Red Sea New City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study consists of two cases, which are the DC battery coupling configuration for the AC power network system and the end-to-end DC (EEDC) configuration for the power network system. Using the same size of solar PV farm and battery storage, we have compared the performance of the two case configurations of different power system networks after thirty years of operation. The results show that implementing the EEDC power system network has a major advantage in improved energy efficiency of the power system (directly related to cost-effectiveness) and lower capital investment of the power system that includes electric power generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization for all applications, including artificial intelligence-based data centers.

Abstract Aircraft power grids often face challenges such as high harmonics and reactive currents caused by nonlinear onboard applications. To address these issues and ensure a more reliable and high-quality power supply, we propose a novel system called E-PATCH (Electric aircraft Power distribution system with Advanced Temporal CNN for Harmonic Cancellation), implemented through a Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF). The proposed method employs a Temporal Convolutional Neural Network (TCNN) to forecast future current and voltage waveforms based on synchronized reference frame inputs to minimize switching losses. Moreover, a Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controller is utilized and the parameters of the controller are optimally adjusted by the Snow Leopard Optimization algorithm to provide a better performance of the system. The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is managed using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and injects compensating currents to eliminate harmonics, voltage dips, and flicker. Moreover, the balancing of voltages is made easy with the use of one DC link in proposed SAPF. The proposed method performance is evaluated under different loading conditions, with generator frequencies ranging from 400 to 800 Hz, and tested using nonlinear loads with balanced grid voltages in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed method reduces current THD from 24.8 to 3.8% and voltage THD from 26.5 to 4.9%, achieving compliance with IEEE-519 standards. The THD of the proposed controller 39.14%, 34.22%, and 12.2% lower compared to existing PI, PID, FOPID, and Fuzzy FOPID controllers, respectively.

This study develops a novel robust and robust neural network (NN) controller for the Steer-by-Wire (SbW) system under uncertain conditions with steering motor pulsating disturbances and other unknown external uncertainties. Under the proposed NN-based controller for the SbW system, the front wheel (FW) angle is followed by the reference driver Steering-Wheel (SW) angle under the effect of uncertainties like self-aligning torque, external disturbances in the rack and steering motor torque pulsation disturbances. Unlike conventional electrical power steering (EPS) systems, the main challenge in the SbW system is generating the feedback torque for the driver perceived steering feel due to the absence of any mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the front wheel. In order to address this problem, a novel feedback torque generation scheme is investigated based on steering motor angle information. This approach incorporates a feeling gain that makes it more modular in the context of vehicle dynamics. Apart from its modularity, the main advantage of the proposed control scheme is that it relaxes the condition of having prior knowledge of the system's parameters, leveraging function approximate properties of neural architecture. To prove the stability and robustness of the proposed control method, an extensive Lyapunov functional study is presented. Finally, a simulation analysis of the practical system is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method with different driving manoeuvres and operating points.