Electrical Conductivity Method Research Articles

Thermodynamics of the micellization of quaternary based cationic surfactants in triethanolamine-water media: a conductometry study

Abstract The effect of triethanolamine, a solvent with wide technical and industrial benefit on the micellization of an aqueous mixture of cationic surfactants, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DETAB) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HATAB) was studied to examining the stability of the mixed micelles at 298.1, 303.1, 308.1 and 313.1 K using the electrical conductance method. The values of the critical micelle concentration (C*) were found to decrease with an increase in the concentration of triethanolamine (TEA). The values of the free energy of micellization (ΔGm) were negative at a particular temperature, and the extent of spontaneity was discovered to increase when the concentration of TEA was increased. However, an increase in temperature was observed to have a negative linear relationship with the spontaneity of the process. The formation of the mixed micelles was an exothermic process, and it was also TEA and temperature-dependent with a trend similar to those observed in the free energy of micellization (ΔGm). The degree of disorderliness of the system was also found to be entropy driven at a higher concentration of TEA. The synergistic interaction between the molecules of DETAB–HATAB in the presence of TEA (0.4% v/v) and the spontaneity of the system was at the maximum at 0.1:0.9 mol fraction ratio and the energetics of the system was discussed based on hydrophobic–solvophobic interaction of the monomers in TEA at elevated temperatures.

Ion Exchange Dynamics in Cerium Nitrate Solution Regulated by Remotely Activated Industrial Ion Exchangers.

Many technological solutions contain valuable components as waste and can become an additional source of rare-earth elements to meet the needs of modern production. The development of technologies based on commercially available and cheap sorbents reveals the possibility for rare earth recovery from various solutions. This paper provides research on using a combination of KU-2-8 and AV-17-8 ion exchangers in different molar ratios for cerium ions sorption from its nitrate solution. The mutual activation of the ion exchangers in an aqueous medium provides their transformation into a highly ionized state by the conformational and electrochemical changes in properties during their remote interaction. The ion exchange dynamics of solutions were studied by the methods of electrical conductivity, pH measurements, and atomic emission analysis of the solutions. The research showed that the maximum activation of polymers was revealed within the molar ratio of KU-2-8:AV-17-8 equal to 3:3. In more detail, in comparison to AV-17-8, this interpolymer system showed an increase in the sorption degree by more than 1.5 times after 6 h of interaction. Moreover, compared with KU-2-8, the same interpolymer system showed an increase in the degree of cerium ions sorption by seven times after 24 h of interaction. As a result, the total cerium ions sorption degree after 48 h of sorption by individual KU-2-8 and AV-17-8 was 38% and 44%, respectively, whereas the cerium ions sorption degree by the same interpolymer system in the molar ratio 3:3 became 51%. An increase in the sorption degree of cerium ions by the interpolymer system in comparison with individual ion exchangers can be explained by the achievement of a high ionization degree of ion exchangers being activated in the interpolymer system by the remote interaction effect.

Experimental study on nanoparticle injection technology for remediating leaks in the cement from wellbore systems

The objective of this paper is to experimentally study the possibility of using nanoparticles for repairing cracks and leaks generated in the well cement used in underground gas storage and acquisition. Several types of nanoparticles can be injected into the intact/distressed (aged) cement with the newly developed electro-migration method to repair wellbore leakage. The injection of nanoparticles is evaluated by the saturate-drying method, electric conductivity method, and BET method. After the injection, the decrease of chloride permeability can be captured, and nanoparticle agglomeration can be observed. In addition, the capability of extracting harmful ions from the cement is provided simultaneously during the injection of nanoparticles.

Measurement of salinity in slurry based on modified electrical conductivity method

Salinity is an important factor in the management of inland and oceanic water resources. Currently, the electrical conductivity (EC) method is widely used for the measurement of salinity in different components of the environment. However, this method is not reliable for the measurement of salinity in slurry, as the conversion formula from the EC value to salinity does not consider fine particle size and its content. In this study, the salinity of slurry based on EC measurements was extensively investigated. In total, 1148 laboratory tests and 40 field tests were performed. The results indicate that the EC value is mainly influenced by the salinity, temperature, fine particle size, fine particle content, and sediment concentration of slurry. The fine particle size and its content play an important role in the measurement of salinity in slurry. The surface coefficient of the fine particles was herein considered as the parameter to indicate the effects of fine particle size and its content on the EC value. The results show that the effects of salinity and temperature on the EC measurement are more significant than that of the surface coefficient of fine particles and sediment concentration. Although the EC of slurry is positively and linearly related to salinity and temperature, it has negative relationships with the surface coefficient of fine particles and sediment concentration. Based on dimensional analysis and experimental data, a new formula was proposed for the calculation of salinity which considers the EC, sediment concentration, surface coefficient of fine particles, and temperature of the slurry. This modified conversion formula for the EC method was successfully tested with laboratory, field and other scholars’ data, which assures a reliable salinity measurement of slurry in shallow oligohaline water areas.

The Relation between Concrete, Mortar and Paste Scale Early Age Properties.

Microstructure development of concrete, mortar, and paste scale of cement-based material (CBM) during the early hydration stage has a significant impact on CBM’s physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics at the high maturity state. The research was carried out using compositions with increased autogenous shrinkage and extended early age period, proposed within the RRT+ programme of the COST Action TU1404. The electrical conductivity method, used to follow the solidification process of CBM, is capable of determining the initial and final setting time, and the end of the solidification process acceleration stage for the paste and mortar scale. Simultaneous ultrasonic P- and S-wave transmission measurements revealed that the ratio of velocities VP/VS is highly dependent on the presence of aggregates—it is considerably higher for the paste scale compared to the mortar and concrete scale. The deviation from the otherwise roughly constant ratio VP/VS for each scale may indicate cracks in the material. The non-linear correlation between the dynamic and static elastic moduli valid over the three scales was confirmed. Additionally, it was found that the static E-modulus correlates very well with the square of the VS and that the VS is highly correlated to the cube compressive strength—but a separate trendline exists for each CBM scale.

One-Pot synthesis of modified-cationic surfactants for enhanced oil recovery applications in carbonate reservoirs

In this study two cationic surfactants, dodecyltriethylammoniumbromide (C12TEAB) and hexadecyltriethylammoniumbromide (C16TEAB) were prepared. The formation of synthezied surfactants were confirmed using FTIR and HNMR spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity, interfacial tension and surface tension methods were used to determine the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of these surfactants. To understand the behavior of synthesized surfactants in harsh environments, the CMC was measured in deionized water (DIW), sea water and petroleum formation water. Using electrical conductivity technique, for C12TEAB surfactant the CMC values of 4000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 850 ppm were recorded in DIW, sea water and formation water respectively. For C16TEAB surfactant, the CMC values of 420 ppm, 190 ppm and 115 ppm were obtained in DIW, sea water and formation water respectively. The similar CMC results were obtained using the interfacial tension (IFT) and surface tension (ST) methods. Reduction of IFT between crude oil and formation water and also alteration of wettability of petroleum reservoir of carbonated rock from oil-wet (large contact angle) to water-wet (small contact angle) are two major factors affecting chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Interfacial tension (IFT), surface tension (ST) and contact angle measurements were carried out using an IFT-PDSA-06 apparatus (Apex Technologies Company, Iran). The IFT and ST of these surfactants were also carried out in DIW, sea water and formation water. For C12TEAB surfactant, the IFT values of 0.051 mN/m, 0.036 mN/m and 0.023 mN/m were recorded in DIW, sea water and formation water respectively. The IFT values of 0.044 mN/m, 0.026 mN/m and 0.0126 mN/m were measured for C16TEAB surfactant in DIW, sea water and formation water respectively. The effect of temperature on IFT was studied for both surfactants. When temperature increases, IFT decreases. The reduction of IFT continues up to 55 °C, then the IFT increases with increasing temperature. For C12TEAB surfactant, the ST values of 44.9 mN/m, 38.8 mN/m and 31.8 mN/m were obtained in DIW, sea water and formation water respectively. In similar measurements for C16TEAB surfactant, the recorded ST values were 33.95; 32.9 and 32.22 mN/m in DIW, sea water and formation water respectively. In wettability alteration study both surfactants altered the contact angle from oil-wet to water-wet conditions. Using formation water and C12TEAB surfactant, the contact angle varied from 96.4° to 54.5°. In similar study using C16TEAB surfactant the contact angle changed from 92° to 46.1°. The contact angles of these surfactants in DIW and sea water were also measured and reported. The results of IFT and wettability studies demonstrated excellent potential application of synthesized surfactants in EOR process in carbonate petroleum reservoirs.

Optimizations of friction stir welding parameters with Taguchi method for the maximum electrical conductivity in Al-1080 welded sections

In this paper, an attempt has been made to optimize the welding parameters. FSWed sections strength and quality is affected by materials transfer, work hardening and transformations. These properties depends strongly on the materials transfer, which is under the control of welding parameters. The soundness of friction stir welded sections usually studied by NDT techniques. However, it could be characterized by physical properties such as electrical conductivity. As the higher electrical conductivity, means lower defects and higher welding quality. For this purpose, the Taguchi L9 orthogonal design of experiment was used to optimize the welding parameters. The optimum process parameters and their effectiveness on the electrical conductivity of welded sections were analyzed by S/N ratio and ANOVA tests. The results indicated that the tilt angle and tool shape are the most influential parameters to catch the maximum conductivity in welded joints. The optimum tool shape and tilt angle are cylindrical and 3º. The optimum conditions for welding speed and rotational speed were obtained as following; 100 mm/min and 900 rpm in stir zone, 250 mm/min and 900 rpm in advancing side (AS) and 100 mm/min and 450 rpm in Retreating side (RS), respectively.

Development of polyaniline for sensor applications: A review

This review is focusing on the uses of polyaniline as conductive sensors over the past decade and especially for biosensors to be within easy reach. The effort of conducting polymers has been on modern reviewing literature that addressing use as a sensor. In addition, the gradual development in the literature on the evolution of polyaniline as electrical conductivity methods and sensor in the chemical or biological field according to time sequence. Numbers of potential applications and different possible uses have shown promising application for polyaniline polymers.

A Simulation for the Electrical Conductivity of Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Black Based on the Three-dimensional Monte Carlo Method

In this work, the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites filled with carbon black is simulated by the three-dimensional Monte Carlo method. First, three-dimensional model of the nanocomposites and carbon black is constructed and the conductive mechanism is studied. Then the calculation method of electrical conductivity of nanocomposites filled with carbon black is proposed according to the equivalent resistance of large-scale pure resistor network. Then the proposed electrical conductivity calculation method is verified by comparing with the simulation and experimental results. This result shows that it is feasible to directly obtain the conductivity of nanocomposites using the proposed conductivity calculation method. This study helps to estimate the electrical properties of nanocomposites filled with carbon black. And it also can help for studying nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes or graphene and the synergistic effect of hybrid fillers-filled nanocomposites.

Depth- and direction-dependent changes in solute transport following cross-linking with riboflavin and UVA light in ex vivo porcine cornea

Diffusion is an important mechanism of transport for nutrients and drugs throughout the avascular corneal stroma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the depth- and direction-dependent changes in stromal transport properties and their relationship to changes in collagen structure following ultraviolet A (UVA)-riboflavin induced corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL). After cross-linking in ex vivo porcine eyes, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was performed to measure fluorescein diffusion in the nasal-temporal (NT) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions at corneal depths of 100, 200, and 300 μm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging was also performed at these three corneal depths to quantify fiber alignment. For additional confirmation, an electrical conductivity method was employed to quantify ion permeability in the AP direction in corneal buttons and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to image collagen structure. Cross-linked corneas were compared to a control treatment that received the riboflavin solution without UVA light (SHAM). The results of FRAP revealed that fluorescein diffusivity decreased from 23.39 ± 11.60 μm2/s in the SHAM group to 19.87 ± 10.10 μm2/s in the CXL group. This change was dependent on depth and direction: the decrease was more pronounced in the 100 μm depth (P = 0.0005) and AP direction (P = 0.001) when compared to the effect in deeper locations and in the NT direction, respectively. Conductivity experiments confirmed a decrease in solute transport in the AP direction (P < 0.0001). FRAP also detected diffusional anisotropy in the porcine cornea: the fluorescein diffusivity in the NT direction was higher than the diffusivity in the AP direction. This anisotropy was increased following CXL treatment. Both SHG and IHC revealed a qualitative decrease in collagen crimping following CXL. Analysis of SHG images revealed an increase in coherency in the anterior 200 μm of CXL treated corneas when compared to SHAM treated corneas (P < 0.01). In conclusion, CXL results in a decrease in stromal solute transport, and this decrease is concentrated in the most anterior region and AP direction. Solute transport in the porcine cornea is anisotropic, and an increase in anisotropy with CXL may be explained by a decrease in collagen crimping.

A ternary polymer nanocomposite film composed of green-synthesized graphene quantum dots, polyaniline, polyvinyl butyral and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate for supercapacitor application

Owing to their enhanced electrical conductivity, flexibility, cost-effective and simple sampling methods, polymer-carbon nanocomposite material composed of conducting polymers have been referred as an elegant system for supercapacitor applications. Indeed, integration of engineering polymer, which has an insulating property, such as Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), into the conducting matrix is a challenging task. Herein, we introduce a ternary polymer nanocomposite composed of PVB, PANI, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) and green-synthesized GQD based functionally stable and optically active system for an efficient supercapacitor application. The polymer-carbon nanocomposite has been prepared as a film by the solution-casting method. The “as prepared” polymeric film was characterized using XRD, TEM, Raman, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, laser-optical profilometric imaging and electrochemical techniques. From the collective results, it has been revealed that there is a chemical interaction between the GQD and polymeric systems, presumably due to strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Supercapacitor application of the polymer nanocomposite was demonstrated by simply modifying the composite mixture on a conducting substrate-disposable screen-printed carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance and galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments were performed with the modified electrode. 1 wt. % GQD loaded ternary polymer-nanocomposite is found to be an optimal system for supercapacitor application. This material showed a capacitance value of 4998 Fg−1cm−2

Characterizing Physical Properties of Streambed Interface Sediments Using In Situ Complex Electrical Conductivity Measurements

AbstractStreambed sediment physical properties such as surface area, are difficult to quantify in situ but exert a high‐level control on a wide range of biogeochemical processes and sorption of contaminants. We introduce the use of complex electrical conductivity (CC) methods (also known as spectral‐induced polarization (SIP)) that measure both real and imaginary conductivity to noninvasively and efficiently characterize shallow streambed sediments. We explore the method through synthetic modeling, laboratory, and field measurements to demonstrate the sensitivity of imaginary conductivity to sediment surface area, controlled in part by fine‐grained iron oxides produced by anoxic groundwater discharge. Laboratory measurements verify expected relationships between CC parameters and sediment properties. Synthetic modeling using a 1D analytical model illustrates the influence of water layer depth and conductivity on the field CC measurements made at the streambed‐stream water interface. Specifically, the inverted sediment imaginary conductivity is less impacted by uncertainty in the water layer depth and conductivity relative to the real conductivity and phase shift. Field CC measurements along a landfill‐impacted river reveal discrete streambed zones with enhanced bulk surface area generally corresponding to anoxic groundwater discharge zones with high concentrations of fine‐grained iron oxide precipitates.

Differences between laboratory and sensor analyses for soil attributes

ABSTRACT Sensors used in precision agriculture can perform readings of georeferenced points aiming to determine the electrical conductivity, pH and organic matter. These devices have a high operational capacity, but with little information on the quality of their collected data. This study aimed to establish correlations and differences among electrical conductivity, pH and organic matter data collected by sensor and obtained by laboratory analyses. The results were analyzed by statistical correlations, geostatistical analyses and map generation by the kriging interpolation method of electrical conductivity, pH and organic matter, using dedicated softwares. The sensor showed that the data collected for electrical conductivity, pH and organic matter are reliable and robust, due to the high spatial dependence and correct sampling distance confirmed by the range values.

QUALITY EVALUATION OF PULSED POWER RECYCLED SAND BY ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD

Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes, inclusively concrete, establishes a major portion of total solid wastes produced in the globe. Regeneration of recycled aggregates from concrete wastes is a promising technique to mitigate the over-exploitation of natural sand and make waste concrete as a source for aggregates. This study mainly discusses the production of recycled fine aggregates from concrete wastes by electric pulsed power discharge method and it’s evaluation with other natural and artificial fine aggregate. Specimens were prepared from both pulsed power recycled sand and virgin sand. The water absorption of pulsed power recycled sand was tested regarding virgin Fine Aggregates (FA) by the electrical conductivity method. The water absorption of recycled sand progressed rapidly during the initial stage of the water absorption test. Besides the pulsed power recycling technique, it is more effective compared to other recycling methods, it produced high-quality fine aggregate with a reduced amount of powder. The compressive and tensile strengths of the mortar produced from pulsed power recycled sand were also approximately identical to mortar made of virgin sand. The mechanical properties of mortar made from pulsed power sand are satisfied and relevant to be utilized in the construction industry. It was confirmed in the pulsed discharge method, that the recovered aggregate could be reduced by giving a large number of discharges, but the cement paste portion could be almost removed.

Diagnostics of the Chemical Reaction Zone in Detonation of Solid Explosives

In studies of the structure of the reaction zone in detonation waves of high explosives, it is common to measure the mechanical characteristics of the flow—the histories of particle velocity, pressure or density. Experience has shown that in such profiles, it is difficult to identify the chemical reaction zone. These distributions, as a rule, are distorted when the flow interacts with measuring systems. In this paper, we consider the prospects of an alternative electrical conductivity method, which is largely free from the above disadvantages and has a number of advantages. The correlation between the region of high electrical conductivity and the reaction zone is validated by comparing the results of conventional methods and conductivity profiles.

Study of LiInSe2 Single Crystals for the Thermal Neutron Detection

Lithium–indium diselenide (LiInSe2) is a new semiconductor material, sensitive to the thermal neutrons. LiInSe2 compound was synthesized from Li (99.99%), In (99.999%) and Se (99.999%). The growth of LiInSe2 single crystals was performed using the vertical option of Bridgman–Stockbarger method. The crystals were characterized using the electrical conductivity and optical spectroscopy methods. Stoichiometric composition of the LiInSe2 was confirmed by the high precision chemical analysis, as well as by X-ray diffraction. Compact 252Cf neutron source with the activity 6.3 × 105 n/s allowed measuring amplitude characteristics and defining the optimal operating voltage for neutron detection. Time-of-flight neutron spectra were measured at the fast pulsed research reactor IBR-2 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.

Poblaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don difieren en la tolerancia a bajas temperaturas y en la tasa de crecimiento

Introduction: In Pinus radiata D. Don, one of the most widely planted pines globally, frost damages plantations at the seedling stage. Objective: To determine differences in growth and tolerance to low temperatures of native populations (Guadalupe and Cedros islands) of P. radiata in greenhouse and outdoors conditions, under different levels of soil moisture. Materials and methods: Low-temperature tolerance was determined through the damage index (DI) in freezing tests at -12 °C during 4 h. In each environment (greenhouse and outdoors) two soil moisture treatments were defined (irrigation and drought). The DI was evaluated with the method of electrical conductivity in primary needles during winter and spring. The absolute growth rate (AGR) of the terminal shoot was obtained by measuring the total height of the seedlings. Results and discussion: Average DI of 50 and 64 % were obtained in winter and spring, respectively. In greenhouse, DI was different (P ≤ 0.05) between populations, being higher in Guadalupe (>59 %) than in Cedros ( Conclusion: The population of Guadalupe is more sensitive to low temperatures with greater variation in DI, due to its growth dynamics. Differences between populations are useful in the genetic improvement of the species.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Studies of (3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid-Cr (III) Complex

Benzylpenicillin, also known as (3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic, is a common bactericidal antibiotic of the betalactamin family which is mostly used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacterial strains and few gram-negative bacterial strains. Cr (III) complex of benzylpenicillin was synthesized by the reaction of benzylpenicillin with CrCl3.6H2O. The structure of the complex was confirmed through elemental analysis, electrical conductivity, FT-IR, electronic spectra, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic methods. The physical properties such as solubility, color and melting point were also determined for both the ligand and the complex. The complex has a deep green color. Both the ligand and the complex are ionic (236.0 and 126.0 Sm2.mol-1). From the spectroscopic result, the ligand behaved as a pentadentate ligand coordinating to the metal ion through OH, NH, C=O of amide, carboxylate&amp; β-lactam. A trigonal bipyramidal geometry has been proposed for the metal complex. The prepared complex was evaluated in vitro for its antibacterial activity against some pathogenic gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, Bacillus cereus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Pneumonia aeruginosa and Campylobacter fetus). The metal complex showed enhanced antibacterial activity as compared to the uncomplexed ligand.

Assessment of Concrete Curing Duration using Bulk Electrical Conductivity and Porosity

Controlling permeability of concrete is essential for enhancing durability and, thus, the service life. Concrete permeability is affected by the total volume of permeable voids and the continuity of the capillary pore structure. Even though concrete strength is the typical performance parameter used to define a wet curing duration, it is important to maintain wet curing until concrete develops a discontinuous capillary pore structure with a minimum volume of total permeable voids to assure durability. Therefore, the required wet curing period can be defined as the longest duration out from the (i) time to achieve the specified strength, (ii) time to develop a discontinuous capillary pore structure, and (iii) time to develop a minimum volume of total permeable voids. Since concrete strength evaluation methods are well developed, there is a need for developing procedures to evaluate concrete pore structure characteristics to decide on the wet curing duration. This study investigated the use of bulk electrical conductivity and porosity test methods described in ASTM C1760 and C642 to evaluate the (i) time to develop a discontinuous capillary pore structure and (ii) time to develop a minimum volume of total permeable voids, respectively. The suggested procedure of wet curing duration assessment is demonstrated for two concrete mixes: one with only Type I cement and the other with Type I cement and slag.

Development of Polyaniline Based Anion Exchange Membrane for the Separation of Lactic Acid via Electrodialysis

Nowadays, industrial waste from feedstock contains a lot of organic acids, which are being discharged into the water streams causing environment load with wastage of resources. Electrodialysis performs an important role in wastewater treatment. In this study, we have prepared different anion exchange membranes, by casting solution of poly(vinylchloride-co-vinylacetate) (PVC–VA) with uniformly dispersed micronized anion exchange resin (polystyrene–divinylbenzene–trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PS–DVB–TAC). These membranes were also processed for the deposition of polyaniline at different time intervals by in situ polymerization. The cation exchange membrane (CEM) was also produced by casting a solution, containing (PVC–VA) with micronized cation exchange resin [sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)] (SPS–DVB). The separation of the model solution of lactic acid was performed by using anion exchange membrane (with coated/without coated PANI) and cation exchange membranes (CEM) in a four-compartment electrodialyzer at same voltage. These different modified forms of anion exchange membranes were characterized by FTIR/ATR for identification of functionalities within the polymer chain, SEM analysis for surface morphology, TGA for thermal stability and a four-probe method for electrical conductivity of membranes. While, % age of water uptake and ion exchange capacity were also determined. The results of electrodialysis showed that the 14.78% of the lactate ions moved through anion exchange membrane (without a coating of PANI) to the product compartment within 30 min of the experiment at (30 V). While, the membranes with polyaniline’s coating time 2, 12, and 24 h have separation efficiency of lactic acid 21.65, 27.46, and 33.36% respectively at the same voltage. The results clearly showed that higher PANI coating has a positive trend in the separation of lactic acid. This separation technique has a great potential in the separation of organic acids and amino acids from a feedstock of microbial fermentation at an industrial scale.