Elastic Line Research Articles

The Fiscal Stimulus of 2009–2010: Trade Openness, Fiscal Space, and Exchange Rate Adjustment

The global crisis of 2008–2009 focused attention on the role of fi scal policy at times of collapsing aggregate demand. Concerns about experiencing a reincarnation of the great depression induced the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (highincome group) and emerging market countries to invoke extraordinary policies for extraordinary times. Countries adopted sizable fi scal stimuli, augmented by unprecedented monetary expansions supported by elastic swap lines between the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, and between the Fed and four emerging markets. The fl ight to quality and the shortage of dollar liquidity posed a special challenge for emerging markets, inducing them to supplement these policies with both large sales of foreign currencies at the height of the crisis and with sizable depreciations. Yet there has been a remarkable heterogeneity in the magnitudes of the fi scal stimuli, and of the exchange rate depreciation. The differential patterns of response are traced in table 1, summarizing the fi scal stimulus/GDP and the depreciation rate in 32 countries, chosen by data availability. The fi rst three columns overview the crisis related fi scal stimulus / GDP, 2009–2011, in OECD countries and emerging markets. The crisis led to a signifi cant fi scal stimulus in the United States, Japan, and Germany, the magnitude of which increased from 2009 to 2010, refl ecting various lags associated with fi scal policy. The fourth and the fi fth columns report the massive “bailout” transfers to the banking system in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom that attempted to stabilize the fi nancial panic. It is noteworthy that the size of

Bending moments and stress state in the protective roof shelf of exploitation field, left between different mining technologies

This paper analyzes the protective roof shelf as a continuous loaded carrier beam of rectangular cross section. In this case, the statically undetermined sizes are moments in the supports. Support moments are determined using the equation of 'three moments' by Clapeyron. Stress control in the carrier beam is carried out starting from the differential equation of elastic line that has a form per the second statement.

Relaxation and glassy dynamics in disordered type-II superconductors

We study the non-equilibrium relaxation kinetics of interacting magnetic flux lines in disordered type-II superconductors at low temperatures by means of a three-dimensional elastic line model and Monte Carlo simulations. Investigating the vortex density and height autocorrelation functions as well as the flux line mean-square displacement, we observe the emergence of glassy dynamics, caused by the competing effects of vortex pinning due to point defects and long-range repulsive interactions between the flux lines. Our systematic numerical study allows us to carefully disentangle the associated different relaxation mechanisms, and to assess their relative impact on the kinetics of vortex matter at low temperatures.

Downscaling of fracture energy during brittle creep experiments

We present mode 1 brittle creep fracture experiments along fracture surfaces that contain strength heterogeneities. Our observations provide a link between smooth macroscopic time-dependent failure and intermittent microscopic stress-dependent processes. We find the large-scale response of slow-propagating subcritical cracks to be well described by an Arrhenius law that relates the fracture speed to the energy release rate. At the microscopic scale, high-resolution optical imaging of the transparent material used (PMMA) allows detailed description of the fracture front. This reveals a local competition between subcritical and critical propagation (pseudo stick-slip front advances) independently of loading rates. Moreover, we show that the local geometry of the crack front is self-affine and the local crack front velocity is power law distributed. We estimate the local fracture energy distribution by combining high-resolution measurements of the crack front geometry and an elastic line fracture model. We show that the average local fracture energy is significantly larger than the value derived from a macroscopic energy balance. This suggests that homogenization of the fracture energy is not straightforward and should be taken cautiously. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results in the context of fault mechanics.

Collective buckling of line arrays created by soft lithography

The authors analyze the collective buckling of an array of elastic lines with their lower edges built into an elastic substrate of the same material. These lines can interact among themselves through the deformation of the substrate. From the theory of elasticity and elastic structures, an eigenvalue problem is formulated and solved. Calculations show that the lines can buckle collectively into certain ordered patterns, where some of which have been confirmed by experiments. The results are useful for the understanding, design, and application of the nanostructures produced by soft lithography and other embossing techniques.

Transverse Standing Waves in a Nonuniform Line and their Empirical Verifications

We consider a one-dimensional elastic line with a linear varying density. Utilizing a Computer Algebra System (CAS), such as Mathematica symbolically we solve the equation describing progressive transverse waves yielding standing waves. For a set of suitable parameters the numeric mode of Mathematica displays and animates vibrating normal modes bringing the vibrations to life. We tailor a device that mimics the characteristics of the non-linearity; experimentally we explore its integrity.

Thermal Chopper Spectrometer for the European Spallation Source

One of the instruments being considered for the ESS is a thermal chopper spectrometer, intended for the study of lattice vibrations and magnetic excitations. However, as the ESS will be a long pulsed source, we propose a very long instrument (180–300 m). We here present a guide system that can achieve a flux of 3.47 ×10 8 n/(s·cm 2 ) and a resolution of d E / E = 5.3% for 1 Å neutrons on the sample with a transport efficiency of 80%. Furthermore, we demonstrate the efficiency of the instrument using a virtual experiment measuring an elastic line width.

Relaxed hyperelastic curves

We define relaxed hyperelastic curve, which is a generalization of relaxed elastic lines, on an oriented surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space $E^{3}$, and we derive the intrinsic equations for a relaxed hyperelastic curve on a surface. Then, by ex

Induced eruption techniques of maxillary impacted canines with labial medial inclination

Objective To explore induced eruption techniques of the impacted maxillary canine with labial medial inclination. Methods A total of 38 cases with upper impacted canines with labial medial inclination were selected. The impacted canine was connected to the buccal hook of the upper first molar band, moved distantly and uprightly and then drawn to the dental arch after the pressure to the adjacent teeth was removed. Results After average 18 months treatment, 38 patients had good functions. The deeper impacted canines in 5 patients were extracted, and then the dental arch spaces closed. The lateral incisors of root resorption in 4 patients were extracted. The premolars in 19 patients were removed, and 10 patients without extractions. Then the impacted canines were moved into dental arch. There was no aggravated root resorption during the treatment process. Conclusion When the maxillary canine with labial medial inclination is impacted, it is moved distantly and uprightly by elastic line connected to the buccal hook of the maxillary first molar band, and then drawn to the dental arch. The process is smoothly and the neighbor teeth are protected. Key words: Impacted maxillary canine; Labial medial inclination

Combined effects of elastic band exercise and line dance on health-related fitness

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of elastic band exercise and line dance on health-related fitness, oestrogen, bone metabolism indicators and immune functions in menopause women....

Identification of a multi-crack in a shaft system using transverse frequency response functions

The identification of multiple cracks in a shaft is still a real challenge. In the present work, a two-stage identification methodology has been developed, which identifies a number of cracks, their locations on a cracked shaft and its sizes. The methodology uses transverse forced responses of the shaft system at different frequencies of a harmonic excitation. In the first stage, a multi-crack detection and its localization algorithm are developed. Transverse forced vibrations of a non-rotating cracked shaft in two orthogonal planes are analyzed with the help of the finite element method by using the Timoshenko beam theory. The presence of a crack in a shaft introduces a slope discontinuity in the elastic line of the shaft. This causes a jump in the value of the curvature of the shaft elastic line, and it is difficult to measure in the presence of measurement noise. In the present work, the shaft curvature is obtained by approximating forced responses of the shaft at consecutive axial measurement locations by a polynomial. The effect of noise is reduced by utilizing forced responses of the shaft at several frequencies. This stage of the algorithm gives the number of cracks and their approximate locations over the shaft. In the second stage of the algorithm, the size and the accurate location of cracks are obtained by using multi-objective genetic algorithms. Responses of the shaft at several frequencies are used to define objective functions in GA. The proposed two-stage methodology is tested with numerically simulated noisy forced responses from the finite element modeling of a simply supported shaft having two cracks. The methodology identifies very well the presence of cracks and also estimates quite accurately the location and the size of cracks on the shaft.

Atomic-scale models for hardening in fcc solid solutions

Atomic-scale simulations are associated with an elastic line model to analyze thoroughly the pinning strength experienced by an edge dislocation in some face-centered-cubic solid solutions, Al(Mg) and Ni(Al) with solute concentration comprise between 1 and $10\text{ }\text{at}\text{.}\text{ }\mathrm{%}$. The one-dimensional elastic line model is developed to sketch out the details of the atomic scale. The account of such details is shown to yield a proper description of the dislocation statistics for the different systems. The quantitative departure between hardening in Al(Mg) and Ni(Al) is then demonstrated to hinge on the difference in the short-range interaction between the partial dislocations and the isolated impurities. It is also shown that an accurate description of the solid-solution hardening requires the account for the dislocation geometry and the dislocation interaction with clusters of solute atoms. The elastic line model allows us to perform some computations at the microscopic scales meanwhile accounting for the most important atomic details. A comparison with experimental data is attempted.

FeSiB Annealing Technology Based on Amorphous Ribbons of the Linear Expansion Coefficient

The 4.5mm wide 25μm thick Fe78Si9B13 amorphous alloys were prepared by single-roller method, and it was annealed. The elastic modulus, tensile deformation and line expansion coefficient were investigated by Q800 (dynamic mechanical thermal analyses, DMA). The results showed that the elastic modulus, tensile deformation and line expansion coefficient were enhanced when annealed. Comparing with the annealed ribbons, the change rules of elastic modulus, tensile deformation and line expansion coefficient of the quenched are evident, that the elastic modulus decreases and tensile deformation increase with temperature increases, but line expansion coefficient firstly increase then decrease with temperature increases.

Line Creep in Paper Peeling

We have studied experimentally the dynamics of the separation of a sheet of paper into two halves in a peeling configuration. The experimental setup consists of a peeling device, where a fracture front is driven along the plane of the paper, with a constant force. The theoretical picture is how an elastic line interacts with a random landscape of fracture toughness. We compare the results with theoretical simulations in several aspects. One recent finding concerns the autocorrelation function of the average front position. The data from the experiments produces so-called cusps or singularities in the correlation function, as predicted by the functional renormalization group theory for elastic lines. Comparisons with simulations with either a short range or a long range elastic kernel demonstrate that the latter agrees with the experimental observations, as expected.

Patrick Modiano by John E. Flower

MLR, 105.2, 2010 571 in a quotation fromArthur Adamov, who comments: 'La vie n'etait pas absurde, difficile, tres difficile seulement. Rien qui ne demandat des efforts immenses, dis proportion's' (p. 9). In general, the choice and application of quotation in this volume develop the potential for critical engagement with thematerial discussed in a particularly rewarding manner. Despite the fact that this study is framed as a testimony of, and testimonial to, the theatre under discussion, rather than as a sustained, analytical enquiry, some useful definitions of particular trends in the theatrical modes of the years 1950-68 are suggested. One such example is themapping of the transformation that gradually undermined public commitment to JeanVilar's vision of theatre as a venue from which the transmission of a cultural heritage was possible. His understanding of theatre as ameans of education, a space for reflection thatbrings citizens together, was eventually overtaken by amore explicitly political vision of a Brechtian model of theatre that deliberately set out to divide opinion and instigate action. The six chapters divide the theatre under discussion into categories broad enough to guide a reader without restricting individual lines of enquiry or interest. The survey begins with a discussion of pre-1950 influences, including the imposing figures ofHenri Montherlant and Paul Claudel and the glittering stars of Boulevard theatre, before moving on systematically and with constant attention to detail to outline the trajectory ofwell-known and lesser-known dramatists and producers alike; representatives of thepoetic, the grotesque, the prosaic, and, finally, the poli tical theatre. The author openly recognizes reliance on the testimony and comments of contemporary authors, actors, directors, spectators, and press clippings. This accumulative mode of gathering evidence facilitates the articulation of a democratic and inclusive understanding of theatre as a participatory process brought to fruition by means of a compact between dramatists, those theatre specialists that realize the text on stage, and the audiences that participate in its realization. Itmight seem disappointing that themagnanimity of this approach does not result in a more stimulating engagement with the theatrical event itself. On the other hand, perhaps thiswould be an unreasonable expectation in view of the primacy of information-gathering and documentation in this notable volume. Aberystwyth University Anwen Jones Patrick Modiano. Ed. by John E. Flower. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi. 2007. 296 pp. 60. ISBN 978-90-420-2316-1. The essays collected in Patrick Modiano, edited by John E. Flower, are revised versions of papers delivered at a bilingual international conference held at the University of Kent, Canterbury, inMarch 2004, and bring together work by some of the best-known Modiano critics, such as Colin Nettelbeck and Alan Morris, as well as academics from across Europe and North America. The sixteen essays here published, ofwhich four are in English, are loosely grouped according to theme or subject, and follow an elastic chronological line from Les Boulevards de ceinture (1972) to La Petite Bijou (2001) and Accident nocturne (2003). John Flower's in 572 Reviews troduction provides a detailed overview ofModiano criticism inwhich to position these essays, while looking forward to new directions inModiano research. As is to be expected, the shadow of theOccupation looms large over each of the sixteen chapters, with Dora Bruder (1997) emerging as central to this collection and as a key reference-point ifnot, indeed, a turning-point inModiano's treatment of the recurrent themes ofmemory, lesannees noires, and his quest forhis father.The first half of the collection deals with this preoccupation with the past, concentrating on the period of theOccupation portrayed inLes Boulevards de ceinture and Dora Bruder, and thenmore generally with Modiano's obsession with origins, secrets, and biography. Colin Nettelbeck's introductory chapter argues for Patrick Modiano's unique position among writers of contemporary French fiction, and the diversity of ap proaches evident in the collected essays support his assertion. For theModiano detective, Alan Morris's scoop in revealing the source forLes Boulevards de ceinture makes for fascinating reading. Having convincingly detailed the links between the texts, Morris suggests a rereading of the novel in the light of these revelations and underlines Modiano's use of intertext as part of his postmodern project. In...

Potstro Fongers by Sietse de Vries

Potstro Fongers by Sietse de Vries

Nonequilibrium steady states of driven magnetic flux lines in disordered type-IIsuperconductors

We investigate driven magnetic flux lines in layered type-II superconductors subject tovarious configurations of strong point or columnar pinning centers by means of athree-dimensional elastic line model and Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations.We characterize the resulting nonequilibrium steady states by means of theforce–velocity/current–voltage curve, static structure factor, mean vortex radius ofgyration, number of double-kink and half-loop excitations, and velocity/voltage noisespectrum. We compare the results for the above observables for randomly distributedpoint and columnar defects, and demonstrate that the three-dimensional fluxline structures and their fluctuations lead to a remarkable variety of complexphenomena in the steady-state transport properties of bulk superconductors.

Deformation of thin-walled rings under the action of n concentrated and distributed forces

Equations for displacement of the elastic line of the cross-section of a ring under the action of n lumped forces with allowance for radial displacements due to bending and compression (tension) and to n forces applied over arcs are derived. The maximum displacement values and the associated shape deviations and possibilities of their reduction are presented. Application of the obtained results in design and in technological calculations is illustrated by examples.

Comparison of Three-Dimensional Flexible Beam Elements for Dynamic Analysis: Classical Finite Element Formulation and Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation

Three formulations for a flexible spatial beam element for dynamic analysis are compared: a Timoshenko beam with large displacements and rotations, a fully parametrized element according to the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), and an ANCF element based on an elastic line approach. In the last formulation, the shear locking of the antisymmetric bending mode is avoided by the application of either the two-field Hellinger–Reissner or the three-field Hu–Washizu variational principle. The comparison is made by means of linear static deflection and eigenfrequency analyses on stylized problems. It is shown that the ANCF fully parametrized element yields too large torsional and flexural rigidities, and shear locking effectively suppresses the antisymmetric bending mode. The presented ANCF formulation with the elastic line approach resolves most of these problems.

Double-Differential Neutron Emission Cross-Section Measurements of 6Li and 7Li at Incident Neutron Energies of 8.17 and 10.27 MeV

Energy angular neutron emission double-differential cross sections (DDXs) of 6Li and 7Li were measured at incident neutron energies of 8.17 and 10.27 MeV, respectively, using normal and normal + abnormal fast neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometers. The effects of breakup neutrons from a D(d,n) source and the influence of an aluminum container of Li samples, as well as 7Li in the 6Li sample and 6Li in the 7Li sample, on the secondary neutron spectra were eliminated. The data were derived by comparing the net TOF spectra with the calculated spectra using a realistic Monte Carlo simulation. The differential cross sections were determined by comparing the measured and simulated TOF spectra with respect to specific scattering fractions, i.e., with respect to the elastic lines and the resolved inelastic lines related to single levels or level groups, and normalized to n-p scattering. The angular distributions for the 6Li and 7Li elastic and inelastic neutron scattering were obtained also. The angle-integrated cross sections were derived for elastic scattering from 6Li and for the sum of elastic and 0.478-MeV state inelastic scattering from 7Li. Inelastic scattering cross sections were obtained for the 2.186-MeV state in 6Li and the 4.652-MeV state in 7Li. Meanwhile, based on the unified Hauser-Feshbach and exciton model, the calculated results of the DDXs for n + 6,7Li were compared with measurements.