Abstract The Zinc oxide is widely explored semiconducting material for its uses in the field of gas sensors, due to its high stability. The ZnO exhibits the lower response and poor selectivity for a gas. To enhance the response and selectivity, this work investigates the impact of natural plant phytochemicals on the ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The ZnO NPs, without and with the dye extract of Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed (EGS), were synthesized via precipitation technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique for gas sensor application. The XRD analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature with average crystallite sizes of 14.40 ± 1.85 nm. The EDX analysis confirmed the purity of the product. The TEM analysis showed the elongated grains of ZnO NPs synthesized with EGS dye extract (Z5). For the gas sensor applications, the pellets of the ZnO NPs synthesized without and with EGC extract were prepared at 10 KN pressure and named them as Z0 and Z5. The gas sensing experiment, performed at room temperature, demonstrated the selectivity of both Z0 and Z5 towards ammonia among the tested vapours. The Z5 exhibited faster and higher response (response, 25.95 ± 1.19 and response time, 31 s) than the Z0 (response, 11.75±0.61 and response time, 45 s) at 1000 ppm ammonia exposure. This enhancement in the response of Z5 is attributed to the elongation of the grains due to phytochemicals present in the EGS extract which increased the specific surface area for the oxygen adsorption and the subsequent interaction of ammonia molecules with the adsorbed oxygen ions. These results confirm that the EGS extract significantly tunes the morphological properties of ZnO which is useful for enhancing the gas sensing capacity of ZnO-based sensor.

Elaeocarpus ganitrus, commonly known as Rudraksha, a diverse genus of tropical and subtropical evergreen trees widely distributed across Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Various species within this genus, based on the review of literature for Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha), have been drawn extensively scientific interest for their medicinal properties, used for treating various disease like stress, palpitation, asthma, migraine, nerve pain, epilepsy, lack of concentration, liver diseases, hypertension, arthritis, infections and metabolic conditions due to its rich repository of bioactive compounds and longstanding use in traditional medicine. Therefore, the traditional medicinal value of tree creates interest for broad scientific research in this direction .This review consolidates comprehensive knowledge on the taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and ecological roles of Elaeocarpus species, highlighting their potential applications in medicine and conservation. Additionally, we discuss conservation challenges and future research directions to enhance the sustainable utilization of these species. Further this article may be useful to the researcher and Scientist for their deep scientific study.

Generically Elaeocarpus belongs to Elaeocarpaceae while spanning from 350-400 rainforest trees that grow in palaeo-tropical areas yet do not exist in mainland Africa. The genus fulfills essential functions for scientists who analyze rainforest ecology while studying evolution and perform geographic analysis using ecological methods. Researchers currently provide information about the taxonomic placements along with geographic distributions and phylogenetic relationships of Elaeocarpus species and their morphology adaptations and human traditional treatments. Tropical and subtropical rainforests heavily depend on Elaeocarpus as it forms a significant link with its related genus Aceratium for maintaining ecological framework operations. Numerous organisms such as fungi and epiphytes use Elaeocarpus species as their ecological habitats while they draw resources from the species. Indian culture venerates Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) because it has become integral to religious worship and healthcare approaches. However, many Elaeocarpus species face severe threats from human activities such as deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and land-use changes. The systematic evolutionary family relationships throughout the entire genus depend heavily on analysis of genetic tree data. Elaeocarpus originated in Australia before its spread across neighboring areas because of regional geological events as well as climate changes and dispersal patterns throughout its history. Traditional medical practices in Ayurveda and Unani systems document the broad application of Elaeocarpus species for medicinal purposes. Plant research has identified four major phytochemical groups found in Elaeocarpus species which contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins and display proved antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant pharmacological actions. Additional research must happen to understand the medical capability of these plants while ensuring their secure usage for medical purposes. The successful management of Elaeocarpus species requires immediate attention because they hold critical value to nature as well as traditional human practices and medicinal applications.

A Review on Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha): Botanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Perspectives

The current study reports the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with aqueous leaf extracts from Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha). The synthesized NPs were characterized using FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. The synthesis of AgNPs was proven by a characteristic peak in the UV-Vis spectra at 432 nm. Functional groups like hydroxyl and carbonyl were found via FTIR analysis. XRD examination confirmed the crystal structure and found their size to be 11.93 nm. XRD showed the crystalline NPs with diffraction patterns matched the face-centred cubic structure of silver. The SEM image exhibited primarily spherical, uniformly sized NPs with some aggregation. The effectiveness of the AgNPs against specific types of bacteria was determined using the agar-well diffusion method. These results highlight the potential of Rudraksha-mediated silver nanoparticles as potent antibacterial agents that are safe for application in biomedical and eco-friendly settings.

Antitumor Activity of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) Bead Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles in Preclinical Models

Elaeocarpus ganitrus, commonly known as Rudraksha, holds immense significance in Sanatana Dharma and has been known for centuries for its spiritual and medicinal properties. This cohort study primarily focuses on the pharmacological activity of Rudraksha, its Ayurvedic perspective, and its formulations, while also giving a gist of its religious significance. The article highlights key experiments conducted on Rudraksha, detailing their procedures and results, exploring the therapeutic potential of its compounds. This article paves the way for future studies for research into its efficacy in treating various challenging ailments that are often difficult to address with conventional treatments.

Bovine mastitis is a significant inflammatory disease in dairy cattle, complicated by the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among its causative pathogens. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing bovine mastitis and evaluated the antibacterial activity of Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Acacia nilotica ethanolic extracts against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus (64%) and E. coli (36%) were isolated from mastitis milk samples which exhibited multidrug resistance with MAR indices >0.2. E. coli showed complete resistance to cefepime and high resistance to streptomycin (88.9%) and tetracycline (77.8%), while S. aureus exhibited complete cefepime resistance and significant resistance to gentamicin (75%), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (62.5%), and streptomycin (62.5%). The extract yields were 9.56% and 13.66% for E. ganitrus and A. nilotica, respectively, both containing alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, and steroids. Both the extracts and their combination extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant isolates. These findings suggest their potential as alternative therapeutics to combat multidrug-resistant mastitis pathogens.

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant-based resources has gained significant attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical approaches. In the present study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) through a controlled biogenic route, followed by systematic optimization, kinetic evaluation, comprehensive physicochemical characterization, and biological assessment. Nanoparticle formation was optimized by varying pH, precursor concentration, and extract-to-precursor ratio, with optimal synthesis achieved at pH 9.0, a 1:9 extract-to-AgNO3 ratio, and AgNO3 concentrations of 500–1000 µM. Under these conditions, stable colloidal AgNPs exhibited a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at approximately 420 nm. Kinetic analysis revealed enzyme-like saturation behavior with a Michaelis constant (Km) of 0.42 mM and a maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of 0.091 Abs/min, indicating efficient Ag+ reduction by Rudraksha-derived phytochemicals. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of predominantly spherical nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution ranging from 17.7 to 27.7 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated the involvement of polyphenolic and flavonoid functional groups in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization, confirming the presence of metallic silver capped by plant biomolecules. Biologically, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited strong, dose-dependent antibacterial activity, reducing bacterial survival to approximately 20% at higher concentrations, and significant antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus niger, with fungal growth reduced to nearly 30%. Cytotoxicity and cytogenetic evaluations using human white blood cells revealed moderate, concentration-dependent reductions in cell viability and a decline in mitotic index from 6.0% in controls to 1.1% at higher nanoparticle exposure. This study highlights Elaeocarpus ganitrus leaf–mediated AgNPs as potent antimicrobial nanomaterials with clearly defined biosafety thresholds.

This study investigates the colorimetric properties of cellulose-based textiles—Lyocell, Rayon, and Cotton—dyed with natural dyes extracted from Jenitri leaves (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) and Sappan bark (Caesalpinia sappan), utilizing two distinct extraction methods: ethanol maceration (EE) and traditional boiling extraction (BE). The role of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) as a natural mordant was explored in both pre- and post-mordanting processes to assess its impact on color fixation and durability. Comprehensive spectrophotometric analysis was conducted, measuring reflectance, L* (lightness), a* (red/green), b* (yellow/blue), color difference (ΔE*), and color strength (K/S). The findings reveal that ethanol maceration significantly enhances color yield and chromaticity, with K/S values at 400 nm ranging from 1.2 to 1.9, surpassing the boiling method’s range of 0.9 to 1.4. The ΔE* values, averaging 3.0 between EE and BE samples, underscore the pronounced color variations resulting from different extraction techniques. Furthermore, lime mordanting notably improved color fastness, with dry rubbing test scores consistently reaching 4 to 5, indicating superior resistance to color transfer. This research highlights the potential of lime as an eco-friendly mordant, particularly when combined with macerated natural dyes, promoting sustainable textile dyeing practices. The study emphasizes that the selection of extraction and mordanting techniques plays a crucial role in determining the final coloristic properties of naturally dyed textiles, thereby supporting the development of more innovative and environmentally conscious textile production methods.

Evaluation of the Medicinal Potential of Elaeocarpus Ganitrus (Rudraksha) in High Fat Diet- Induced Diabetic Rats: A Review

Meta-heuristic optimization algorithms are widely applied across various fields due to their intelligent behavior and fast convergence, but their use in optimizing engine behavior remains limited. This study addresses this gap by integrating the Design of Experiments-based Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with meta-heuristic optimization techniques to enhance engine performance and emissions characteristics using Tectona Grandi’s biodiesel with Elaeocarpus Ganitrus as an additive. Advanced Machine Learning (ML) models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Random Trees (RT), were employed for predictive analysis, with ANN outperforming RSM in accuracy. The study identified the Teak biodiesel blend (TB20) with a 5 ml Elaeocarpus Ganitrus additive (TB20 + R5) as the optimal formulation, achieving the highest Brake Thermal Efficiency and reduced Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption. Desirability analysis further confirmed the blend’s superior performance and emissions characteristics, with a desirability rating of 0.9282. This work highlights the potential of hybrid optimization approaches for improving biodiesel performance and emissions without engine modifications, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy practices in internal combustion engines.

Ayurveda and Hindu mythology both place great emphasis on the healing and spiritual virtues of rudraksha <i>(Elaeocarpus ganitrus)</i>. A wide range of medical conditions, such as anxiety, sleeplessness, depression, hypertension, palpitations, infertility, rheumatism, and asthma, have been linked to the pharmacological effects of physically wearing rudraksha. The objective of this review is to examine the scientific data found in the literature about their compositional and biochemical properties, <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> activities, and clinical analysis. It makes it abundantly evident that more research is required in various areas, including clinical, pharmacological, and physical investigations, in order to fully comprehend and share the medical benefits of rudraksha for the benefit of humankind. The information currently known about the pharmacology, physical characteristics, chemical makeup, and toxicology of E. ganitrus is compiled in this study. Information was located using a literature search that made use of internet resources such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys, and Cochrane.

Background: Cancer is considered one of the leading causes of death internationally, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. It was reported that between 30 and 50% of cancers may be prevented by warding off risk factors and imposing existing proof-based prevention techniques. The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and appropriate remedies and care for patients who develop most cancers. Objective: The objective of the research work is to check out the importance of shortlisted medicinal plants of mythological importance in cancer management. Methods: Michelia champaca and Elaeocarpus ganitrus have been obtained from the BBD Group campus and NBRI Garden, Lucknow, and authenticated by CSIR Institute NISCAIR (Raw Material & Herbarium Division), New Delhi. Extraction was performed by use of a warm system known as the Soxhlet extraction method with the utilization of hydroalcoholic solvent, and the plants were further studied for their anticancer activity in various cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines. Results: Phytonutrients are found in both shortlisted plants; Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Michelia champaca are responsible for their medicinal importance. Both medicinal plants have been investigated for anticancer activity, and it was found that both plants have the capacity to reduce the proliferation rate and also induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Michelia champaca (leaves) extracts were found to have alkaloids, flavonoid content material, phenolic compounds, and many others., and exceptional antioxidant properties. Ultimately, Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Michelia champaca have a satisfactory capacity to supply pure antioxidants for livestock, and further relevant research along these lines would be profitable.

This study explores the potential of Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed (EGs) powder as a sustainable composite biomaterial, focusing on its particle size effects on the mechanical, frictional, and thermal properties of composite materials for potential biomedical applications such as prosthetics and implants. Composite specimens were produced using the compression hot molding method, utilizing EG powder particles of varying sizes (120, 140, and 200-mesh sieving). The influence of EG powder particle size on key properties was systematically investigated. The findings reveal that reducing the particle size of EGs leads to a decrease in density and hardness of the composite, with the largest particle size (BP1) resulting in the highest density and hardness. Friction coefficient measurements indicated suitability for biomedical applications where surface interaction and wear resistance are critical, such as joint prosthetics. Thermal analysis showed that BP1 exhibited superior thermal stability, with a maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) exceeding 375 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry identified significant differences in glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tc) across specimens. The composites demonstrated exceptional thermal performance, surpassing previous benchmarks for biomaterials in high-temperature environments. The mechanical and thermal characteristics of Specimen BP1—2.725 g/cm3 density, 74 Shore D hardness, 0.159 coefficient of friction, 93.3% total residual, 378.14 °C Tmax, 426.25 °C Tc, and 376.87 °C Tg—suggest its potential for biomedical applications requiring durability and thermal resilience, such as in orthopedic devices and tissue engineering scaffolds.

Antibacterial Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Secondary Metabolites produced by Fungi Fusarium avenaceum Isolated from Leaf Litter of Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) in Kodai Lake, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India.

This study evaluated the effects of pH and inorganic nitrogen sources (KNO3 and NH4NO3) on the regeneration of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. The pH and nitrogen concentration in the medium were crucial for the successful micropropagation of E. ganitrus. The concentration of nitrogen in the medium significantly affected the development and growth rate of cultures. As a basal medium, Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) was employed together with various nitrogen concentrations and plant growth hormones. After 4-5 weeks of inoculation, BAP (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l) produced the maximum number of shoots (4.42 ± 2.17) among all the growth hormones tested. To obtain the maximum number of shoots and shoot length, different strengths of KNO3 (500-3500 mg/l), NH4NO3 (500-3500 mg/l), and pH (5-7.5) were adjusted in the medium. The largest number of roots was contained in MS medium with 1.0 mg/l NAA (4.47 ± 1.38) after root induction was carried out on MS with NAA, IBA, and IAA (0.2-2.0 mg/l). When the medium contained 1500 mg/l KNO3 and 2000 mg/l NH4NO3 (3.02 ± 1.60), the highest root initiation was observed. The rooting medium with a pH of 6.0 had the most influence and produced the maximum number of roots (4.8 ± 0.48). The plantlets were allowed to harden and acclimate in a greenhouse. A 76% survival rate was noted in the field.

Background:: Depression is a psychiatric and mood disorder that impacts a person's mental health and behavior and is frequently linked to suicide. As per the World Health Organization's estimate, depressive disorder will be the main cause of mental disorders by the year 2030, and it has a huge impact on the burden of disease in the world. To treat depression, there are pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy alternatives. With little to no consideration of other neurochemicals altered in depression, most antidepressant preparations are based on the monoamines, neuroendocrine, and neuro-inflammation concepts. Objective:: The present study aims to provide comprehensive data related to depression, the factors associated, the mechanism involved, herbal plants effective for managing depression, and novel formulations along with patents and clinical trials. Methods:: A thorough assessment of herbs and novel formulations that have been proven effective in treating depression was conducted. After extensive review, the present study includes a mechanism of action of herbal plants showing antidepressant effects, novel formulations, patents, and clinical trials related to depression. Results:: Numerous studies reported that diverse herbal plants have been found to have a positive effect on depression management, such as Panax ginseng, Melissa officinalis, Piper methysticum, Schinus molle L, Kielmeyera coriacea Mart, Elaeocarpus ganitrus, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula angustifolia Mill, Crocus Sativus L. Conclusion:: Herbal plant research could help establish the potential of isolated compounds from plants with medicinal properties for managing depressive illnesses.

Backgrounds: Hyperlipidemia is traditionally defined as conditions in which the concentration of cholesterol or triglyceride- carryingnlipoproteins in plasma exceeds an arbitrary normal limit. Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) is an average-sized evergreen tree with a various biological activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of E. angustifolius Blume leaves in albino Wistar rats. Materials and Methodology: The investigation was intended to scrutinize the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of extract which is ethanolic of EAB in high-fat fructose-fed hyperlipidemic rats. The EEEAB was managed at an amount level of 125, 250, and 500mg/kg p.o for 21 days in hyperlipidemic rats and atorvastatin was set as standard control. At the end of the 21 days, samples of blood were poised by the orbital retro and the profile of lipids was determined. For antioxidant activity in vitro of EEEAB was judged by using Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging analysis. Result: The high-fat fructose diet-treated group exhibited hyperlipidemia with increased lipid concentrations along with an increase in body weight and downfall in temperature in contrast to the group regarded as control. EEEAB showed a decrease in the lipid levels (p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.05) in a dose dose-dependent manner in treated rats and the HDL ratio improved after administration with EEEAB. For the in vitro study, the IC50 worth of EEEAB was calculated to be 22μg/ml. Conclusion: The complete experimental outcomes suggested that the pharmacological operative phytoconstituent for instance flavonoids present in the EEEAB exhibited significant antihyperlipidemic activity on hyperlipidemic rats.

Elaeocarpus Ganitrus Roxb, commonly known as Rudraksha, holds a significant place in traditional medicine systems due to its purported medicinal properties. This review aims to comprehensively examine the pharmacological aspects of Rudraksha and explore its potential for pharmaceutical innovation. The study encompasses an in-depth analysis of the existing literature to compile and synthesize information on the various pharmacological activities associated with Rudraksha, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties. The review highlights the diverse chemical constituents present in Rudraksha, emphasizing the bioactive compounds responsible for its therapeutic effects. Additionally, the paper delves into the traditional uses of Rudraksha in Ayurveda and other indigenous healing practices, providing a historical context for its medicinal significance. Furthermore, the potential synergistic interactions among Rudraksha compounds and their mechanisms of action are explored to elucidate the multifaceted nature of its therapeutic effects. In the context of pharmaceutical innovation, this review discusses the prospects of incorporating Rudraksha extracts or bioactive compounds into modern drug development. The exploration of Rudraksha's medicinal attributes opens avenues for novel drug formulations and therapeutic interventions. The paper also underscores the need for further research, clinical trials, and standardization of Rudraksha-based formulations to establish its efficacy and safety in mainstream healthcare.