Eicosapentanoic Research Articles

Organic production of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) using organic certified green pea protein and seaweed. Effects on growth, feed conversion and final product quality.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of novel ingredients such as green pea protein and Ascophyllum nodosum, a brown seaweed for the replacement of fish meal in feeds suitable for organic production. The growth, feed utilization and fillet composition of gilthead seabream were examined under a lab scale trial and based on the results a large-scale field trial was conducted in the facilities of Galaxidi marine farms in order to compare a novel feed with a typical commercial feed suitable for organic production.Final weight, growth rate and somatic indices of the fish fed these alternative ingredients did not show significant differences compared to the control group fed the commercial diet. Muscle protein content was higher in the fish fed the higher inclusion level of green pea protein, whereas lipid content was lower in both experimental diets. Fatty acid composition, in terms of n-3 and n-6 polyusaturated (PUFA), eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid content was higher in the muscle of the fish fed the experimental diets. In the case of the liver, the fatty acid profile reflected the feed composition, and the fish fed the diet with an inclusion of 19% green pea protein showed a lower content of protein and a higher content of n-6 PUFA, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA).In view of the results obtained, the ingredients assayed in this study could be used in organic feed formulations as alternatives to fish meal obtained from trimmings since no negative effects were detected neither on fish growth, muscle composition, fish health nor end product quality and nutritional value.

Nigella sativa (black seed) oil ameliorates CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity and mediates neurotransmitter levels in male Sprague Dawley albino rats.

The liver is a metabolically active organ which is prone to oxidative damage. The hepatoprotective effect of Nigella sativa (black seed oil extract) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley albino ratswas determined. There were four groups of eight rats; Group 1 (control) was administered with distilled water for 28days, Group 2 was administered with 4ml/kg of CCl4 (70% olive oil: 30% CCl4 ) on alternate days for 28days. Group 3 was administered with 4ml/kg of CCl4 (70% olive oil: 30% CCl4 ) and 2ml/kg of Nigella sativa oil orally for 28days. Group 4 was administered with 4ml/kg of CCl4 (70% Olive oil: 30% CCl4 ) and 4ml/kg of Nigella sativa oil orally for 28days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment. Liver, kidney, and brain tissues were determinedfor antioxidant enzymes and histopathological features. There were significant ameliorative effects of the oil extract in the treatment groups compared to control (p<.05). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nigella sativa (black seed oil) also known as Habbatus sauda has been used for therapeutic and nutritional purposes for decades due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. It is a potent brain tonic due to the presence of linoleic, palmitic, oleic, eicosapentanoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), hence, may enhance brain and heart functions. This research analysis carried out on the neurotransmitter (glutamate and GABA) levels showed a significant decrease at p<.05 in the group administered with CCl4 alone, which was reversed significantly upon the administration of Nigella sativa oil. The histological features reported in the current study correlated with the biochemical parameters. The CCl4 induced severe histological changes on the hepatic, renal, and brain tissues, which, was ameliorated by the Nigella sativa oil administration. The administration of Nigella sativa oil exerted a protective effect on the brain, liver, and kidney during CCl4 -induced oxidative stress.

Development of green extraction processes for Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass valorization.

In the present work, the valorization of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass is proposed within the concept of biorefinery. To this aim, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to break down the strong cell wall and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure CO2 was applied as a first step to extract valuable compounds (such as non-polar lipids and pigments). Extraction of the remaining residue for the recovery of bioactive compounds was studied by means of an experimental design based on response surface methodology (RSM) employing pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with green solvents such as water and ethanol. Optimum extract was achieved with pure ethanol at 170°C for 20min, providing an important antioxidant capacity (0.72±0.03mmol trolox eq g-1 extract). Complete chemical characterization of the optimum extract was carried out by using different chromatographic methods such as reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD), normal-phase HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection (NP-HPLC-ELSD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS); carotenoids (e.g. violaxanthin), chlorophylls and polar lipids were the main compounds observed while palmitoleic, palmitic, myristic acids and the polyunsaturated eicosapentanoic (EPA) acid were the predominant fatty acids in all PLE extracts.

Formation of chitosan nanoparticles to encapsulate krill oil (Euphausia superba) for application as a dietary supplement

Encapsulation of krill oil (KO), a rich source of eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) was carried out in chitosan-TPP (tripolyphosphate) nanoparticles using a newly developed two-step process (i.e, formation of emulsion and later electrostatic interaction of chitosan with TPP). The encapsulation of KO in chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) was confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the obtained particles were about 9–25 and 33–59% respectively, when the initial KO content was in the ratio of 0.25–1.25 g/g of Chitosan. Bulk KO showed less protection to oxidation and showed more formation of hydroperoxides during first week as noted by FTIR. However, KO loaded CSNPs showed better prevention of KO towards oxidation with less hydroperoxide formation even after two weeks of storage at elevated temperature (45 °C). The obtained KO-loaded CSNPs were irregular in shape with an average particle diameter of <130 nm as observed by SEM. The results obtained confirmed the suitability of the emulsion and later electrostatic interaction of CS with TPP for the formation of KO loaded CSNPs with greater EE & LC, which will enhance their usage in the Food and Pharmaceutical industries.

English

Proximate composition, fats and amino acids of Atlantic Mackerel fillets (Scomber scombrus) from the South East of Tunisia in different seasons, were analyzed in order to assess nutritive characteristics of this species. Samples were collected monthly from Zarzis fishing port located in the South-East of Tunisia. Total fats and protein contents varied significantly (P<0.05) according to the season. The highest values were obtained in spring (11.53 and 24.1% DM, respectively). Gas chromatography analysis showed the existence of saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids. Palmitic and stearic acids were the major fatty acids in SFA family. Palmitoleic and oleic acids were the predominant in MUFA family. Arachidonic acid was the dominant in n-6 PUFA family. While eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic (DHA) were the most abundant in n-3 PUFA series. We observed that high PUFAs percentages were related to those of n-3 PUFA family, mainly DHA which was present at a high level and varied significantly with season (P< 0.01) with the highest value in winter (40%). The n-6 PUFA series were present at low rates comparatively with those of n-3 PUFA series ranging between 4.5 and 5.7%. The highest level of n-6 PUFAs was observed for arachidonic acid in autumn 3.71%. The n-3/n-6 ratio exhibited the highest level in spring (11.02). The Atlantic Mackerel fillets were high in essential amino acids (34.59 g/100 g of proteins). The highest rates were noted for phenylalanine, valine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine and methionine. It was concluded that Atlantic Mackerel was high in interesting human feeding nutriments, mainly PUFA and essential amino Acids. Even when significant, differences between seasons were not drastic and S. scombrus could be consumed during all the year. Key words: Scomber scombrus, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, seasonal variation.

Whole Rye Consumption Improves Blood and Liver n-3 Fatty Acid Profile and Gut Microbiota Composition in Rats.

BackgroundWhole rye (WR) consumption seems to be associated with beneficial health effects. Although rye fiber and polyphenols are thought to be bioactive, the mechanisms behind the health effects of WR have yet to be fully identified. This study in rats was designed to investigate whether WR can influence the metabolism of n-3 and n-6 long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and gut microbiota composition.MethodsFor 12 weeks, rats were fed a diet containing either 50% WR or 50% refined rye (RR). The WR diet provided more fiber (+21%) and polyphenols (+29%) than the RR diet. Fat intake was the same in both diets and particularly involved similar amounts of essential (18-carbon) n-3 and n-6 LCFAs.ResultsThe WR diet significantly increased the 24-hour urinary excretion of polyphenol metabolites–including enterolactone–compared with the RR diet. The WR rats had significantly more n-3 LCFA–in particular, eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic (DHA) acids–in their plasma and liver. Compared with the RR diet, the WR diet brought significant changes in gut microbiota composition, with increased diversity in the feces (Shannon and Simpson indices), decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased proportions of uncultured Clostridiales cluster IA and Clostridium cluster IV in the feces. In contrast, no difference was found between groups with regards to cecum microbiota. The WR rats had lower concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in cecum and feces (p<0.05). Finally, acetate was lower (p<0.001) in the cecum of WR rats while butyrate was lower (p<0.05) in the feces of WR rats.InterpretationThis study shows for the first time that WR consumption results in major biological modifications–increased plasma and liver n-3 EPA and DHA levels and improved gut microbiota profile, notably with increased diversity–known to provide health benefits. Unexpectedly, WR decreased SCFA levels in both cecum and feces. More studies are needed to understand the interactions between whole rye (fiber and polyphenols) and gut microbiota and also the mechanisms of action responsible for stimulating n-3 fatty acid metabolism.

Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess lipid and phytochemical intake

epidemiological studies have been related food intake with the incidence of non-transmissible chronic diseases. the purpose of the present study was to analyze the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) aimed at assessing lipid and phytochemical intake. FFQ was administered to 45 people of both sexes, aged between 20 and 72 years old and resident in Cordoba, Argentina. The FFQ included 257 questions referring to foods, their consumption frequency and portion size. Regarding consumption of fruit and vegetables, the season was also taken into account. The questionnaire was applied at two different periods (FFQ1 and FFQ2) with a break of six months in between. As a reference, the 24-hour dietary recall was used (24HDR) three times. The mid intake of FFQ1-FFQ2, the 24HDR-FFQ2 median intake, median difference, Mean Absolute Deviation from the median differences (MAD), Wilcoxon signed rank sum test and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients were calculated to analyze the accuracy of the FFQ data. the correlation coefficients for FFQ1-FFQ2 varied from 0.52 for 20:5 n3 eicosapentanoic (EPA) fatty acid to 0.89 for 4:0 butyric fatty acid (p<0.05). For 24HDR-FFQ2, the values ranged from 0.19 for lycopene to 0.93 for EPA fatty acid (p<0.05). the analysis carried out showed an acceptable validity and reproducibility of the FFQ, thus enabling it to be used in research relating the intake of lipids and phytochemicals and the risk of non-transmissible diseases.

Seasonal Variation of Chemical and Fatty Acids Composition in Atlantic Mackerel from the Tunisian Northern-East Coast

Seasonal variation of chemical and fatty acids composition of Atlantic Mackerel populations from the Northern-East coast of Tunisia were investigated in order to assess the best period for its consumption. Fresh specimens were purchased monthly from Bizerte fishing port located in the north-east coast of Tunisia. It was noted that total lipids and protein contents levels varied significantly (P<0.05) according to the season. The highest protein level was registered in autumn (27.6%), while the lowest was in spring (18.7%). Total fat content decreased significantly (P<0.05) from (11.1%) in spring to (4.5%) in summer. The major fatty acids in each season were 16:0 and18:0 (palmitic and stearic) acids as saturated; 16:1 and 18:1 (palmitoleic and oleic) acids as monounsaturated; and 20:4 (arachidonic acid), 20:5 Eicosapentanoic (EPA), 22:6 Docosahexanoic (DHA)as polyunsaturated. These components varied significantly (P<0.05) during the sampling period. It was shown that high PUFA values are related to the high n-3 PUFA proportions, mainly represented by EPA and DHA. Docosahexanoic acid was the most abundant (P 0.05) was observed in autumn (40.1%). It was noted that n-6 PUFA proportions were very low comparatively to those of n-3 PUFA series. The highest level of n-6 PUFA series corresponded to arachidonic acid in autumn (3.9%). The best (n-3)/(n-6) ratio was registered in spring (10.81).

179 INTRAFOLLICULAR CONCENTRATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN GOAT ACCORDING TO FOLLICLE DIAMETER AND AGE OF DONOR

Oocytes from adult goats have better competence to develop up to blastocyst stage than those from prepubertal females. Previous results in our laboratory showed that oocyte developmental competence in prepubertal goats is positively related to follicle diameter, as oocytes from follicles larger than 3 mm have the same competence as adult goat ones, demonstrating that follicular environment affects oocyte competence for embryo development. Other studies concluded that fatty acids (FA) in follicular fluid (FF) play an important role in oocyte and embryo development. The aim of this study was to analyse FF composition regarding FA percentage comparing samples from adult (3 years old, forage diet) or prepubertal (1 month suckling) Murciano-Granadina goats. FF samples were recovered from follicles larger and smaller than 3 mm by laparoscopy (adult) or aspiration of ovaries collected at slaughterhouse (prepubertal). For the FA analysis, the Sukhija and Palmquist protocol was used with some modifications. Briefly, 200 μL of FF sample was vortexed for 60 s with 250 μL of toluene and 1 mL of HCL (5%) and then warmed in water bath for 1 h at 70°C. Subsequently, 1.25 mL of K2CO3 (12%) and 500 μL of toluene was added, vortexed for 30 s, and centrifuged for 5 min (3000 rpm). Finally the supernatant was recovered and dried with Na2SO4. The extracted samples were maintained at –20°C until gas chromatographic analysis (123–2362, Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA). The results are shown in Table 1. The analysis of FA composition in FF showed significantly higher concentrations of C15:0 (pentadecanoic), C16:0 (palmitic), C17:0 (margaric), C18:0 (stearic), linolenic acid (ALA), and EPA (eicosapentanoic) in adult goats compared to prepubertal goats, and C17:0, C18:0 linoleic acid (LA), and ALA in larger follicles of prepubertal females, showing some coincidences in follicular environment that could explain previous studies. These results are in agreement with those of Matoba et al. (2014; Rep. Fertil. Dev. 26, 337) who showed that FF associated with more competent oocytes had a significantly higher concentration in ALA than FF from incompetent oocytes in cattle. Table 1.Concentration of FA (%) in FF in adult and prepubertal goats (top) and in FF of large and small follicles (bottom) from prepubertal goat ovaries (3 replicates)

Reproductive long-term effects, endocrine response and fatty acid profile of rabbit does fed diets supplemented with n-3 fatty acids

The effect of a diet enriched with polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (PUFA) on endocrine, reproductive, and productive responses of rabbit females and the litters has been studied. Nulliparous does (n=125) were fed ad libitum from rearing to second weaning two diets supplemented with different fat sources: 7.5g/kg lard for the control diet (group C; n=63) or 15g/kg of a commercial supplement containing a 50% ether extract and 35% of total fatty acids (FAs) as PUFA n-3 (Group P; n=62). Dietary treatments did not affect apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, or reproductive variables of does including milk production, mortality and average daily gain of kits over two lactations. However, on Day 5 and 7 post-induction of ovulation, progesterone of Group P tended to increase to a greater extent than in does of Group C. Total PUFAs, n-6 and n-3 and eicosapentanoic (EPA) contents were greater in adipose tissues of does in Group P than in Group C. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were greater in peri-ovarian than in scapular fat with abdominal fat being intermediate in concentration. In PUFA supplemented does, kit mortality at the second parturition tended to be less than in control does. Also, kits born to does of the PUFA-supplemented group weighed more and were of greater length than from does of control group. In conclusion, effectiveness of dietary intervention on reproductive and performance response is greater in the second parity, which suggests an accumulative long-term beneficial effect of n-3 FA supplementation in reproductive rabbit does.

Commercial squids: Characterization, assessment of potential health benefits/risks and discrimination based on mineral, lipid and vitamin E concentrations

The most consumed squid species worldwide were characterized regarding their concentrations of minerals, fatty acids, cholesterol and vitamin E. Interspecific comparisons were assessed among species and geographical origin. The health benefits derived from squid consumption were assessed based on daily minerals intake and on nutritional lipid quality indexes. Squids contribute significantly to daily intake of several macro (Na, K, Mg and P) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn and Ni). Despite their low fat concentration, they are rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentanoic (EPA) acids, with highly favorable ω-3/ω-6 ratios (from 5.7 to 17.7), reducing the significance of their high cholesterol concentration (140–549mg/100g ww). Assessment of potential health risks based on minerals intake, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks indicated that Loligo gahi (from Atlantic Ocean), Loligo opalescens (from Pacific Ocean) and Loligo duvaucelii (from Indic Ocean) should be eaten with moderation due to the high concentrations of Cu and/or Cd. Canonical discriminant analysis identified the major fatty acids (C14:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:3ω-3, C20:4ω-6 and C22:5ω-6), P, K, Cu and vitamin E as chemical discriminators for the selected species. These elements and compounds exhibited the potential to prove authenticity of the commercially relevant squid species.

Validation of a FFQ for estimating ω-3, ω-6 and trans fatty acid intake during pregnancy using mature breast milk and food recalls

To assess the performance of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for estimating ω-3, ω-6 and trans fatty acid intake during pregnancy. Moreover, we determined whether the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk represents a valuable biomarker for fatty acid intake during pregnancy. A prospective study in 41 pregnant women, aged 18-35 years, was conducted. Food intake during pregnancy was evaluated by three 24-h recalls (24 hR), and 2 FFQ. The fatty acid composition of mature breast milk was determined by gas chromatography. The method of triads and joint classification between quartiles of intake were applied. The FFQ was accurate for estimating docosahexanoic (DHA), linoleic and total ω-6 fatty acids according to validity coefficients. Higher agreements (>70%) into the same or adjacent quartiles between the dietary methods were found for α-linolenic, total ω-3, linoleic and trans fatty acid intake. High validity coefficients for eicosapentanoic (EPA) and DHA acids of human milk were found (0.61 and 0.73, respectively), and the method was adequate for categorizing the intake of α-linolenic, total ω-3 and trans fatty acids compared with FFQ estimates, and for arachidonic acid and trans fatty acids compared with food recall estimates, during pregnancy. The FFQ was an accurate tool for categorizing α-linolenic, total ω-3 and trans fatty acid intake. According to the validity coefficients observed, the FFQ accurately estimated DHA, linoleic and total ω-6 fatty acids and the composition of mature breast milk was shown to be a suitable biomarker for EPA and DHA fatty acid intake during pregnancy.

Fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition

Background and aimsMilk contains numerous nutrients. The content of n-3 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. In Western societies, cow’s milk fat is perceived as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. Recently, there has been increasing interest in donkey’s milk. In this work, the fat and energetic value and acidic composition of donkey’s milk, with reference to human nutrition, and their variations during lactation, were investigated. We also discuss the implications of the acidic profile of donkey’s milk on human nutrition.MethodsIndividual milk samples from lactating jennies were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210days after foaling, for the analysis of fat, proteins and lactose, which was achieved using an infrared milk analyser, and fatty acids composition by gas chromatography.ResultsThe donkey’s milk was characterised by low fat and energetic (1719.2kJ·kg-1) values, a high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), a low n-6 to n-3 FA ratio or LA/ALA ratio, and advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Among the minor PUFA, docosahesaenoic (DHA), eicosapentanoic (EPA), and arachidonic (AA) acids were present in very small amounts (<1%). In addition, the AA/EPA ratio was low (0.18). The fat and energetic values decreased (P < 0.01) during lactation.The fatty acid patterns were affected by the lactation stage and showed a decrease (P < 0.01) in saturated fatty acids content and an increase (P < 0.01) in the unsaturated fatty acids content. The n-6 to n-3 ratio and the LA/ALA ratio were approximately 2:1, with values <1 during the last period of lactation, suggesting the more optimal use of milk during this period.ConclusionsThe high level of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and PUFA-n3 content and the low n-6/n-3 ratio suggest the use of donkey’s milk as a functional food for human nutrition and its potential utilisation for infant nutrition as well as adult diets, particular for the elderly.

Anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA are dependent upon time and dose-response elements associated with LPS stimulation in THP-1-derived macrophages

The long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) of fish oil, eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic (DHA) acids are considered cardioprotective. Inflammation elicited by macrophages is increasingly recognised in the aetiology of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the differential anti-inflammatory potential of EPA and DHA through cytokine production and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling in a human macrophage model. We investigated the dependency of LC n-3 PUFA immune-modulation on concentration and duration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion from EPA, DHA and control cells were differentially limited by LPS concentration. In all cases, there was no benefit in activating cells with >0.1 μg/ml LPS. LC n-3 PUFA decreased proinflammatory cytokines production, an effect modulated by LPS concentration. Expression of the transcription factor NF-κB p65 was significantly reduced in the nucleus and retained in the cytoplasm of EPA- and/or DHA-treated macrophages during 5-h activation with 0.1 μg/ml LPS. Nuclear binding of p65 was significantly reduced in EPA- and DHA-treated cells at 2-h LPS activation. Over the time course, expression of nuclear IκBα was significantly reduced, cytoplasmic NF-κB p50 significantly increased and cytoplasmic cleaving enzyme IκB inhibitor complex significantly reduced in LC n-3 PUFA-treated cells. EPA and DHA down-regulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with the aetiology of metabolic syndrome, NF-κB transcriptional activity and upstream cytoplasmic signalling events. Immune responses are dynamic, and the present study suggests a nutrient sensitive window of LPS activation at which EPA and DHA are strongly anti-inflammatory.

High chronic intakes of eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic acids (DHA) are associated with desirable lipid profile and reduced C‐reactive protein (CRP), and attenuate effects of obesity on triglycerides (TG) and CRP

We studied associations of high intake of EPA + DHA, measured as percentage of total red blood cell fatty acids (the ω‐3 index [ω3I]), with markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a unique, population‐based sample of 357 Yup'ik Eskimos, whose mean ω3I (10%±3%) is roughly 3 times higher than the US average. Generalized additive models were used to examine covariate‐adjusted associations of ω3I with lipids, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. Each 1% increase in ω3I was associated with linear increase in total cholesterol (3.7 mg/dl), LDL (3.97 mg/dl), HDL (0.84 mg/dl), and ApoA1 (1.2 mg/dl) (all P&lt;0.001), and a 5% decrease in CRP (P=0.02). Negative associations of ω3I with TG and IGF‐I were nonlinear: the association with TG was stronger at ω3I &gt;12%; for IGF‐1 the association was restricted to ω3I &lt;8%. Positive associations of obesity with TG and CRP were significantly weaker at high compared to low ω3I. Compared to normal weight participants, obesity was associated with a 40.7 mg/dl increase in TG and a 0.06 mg/L increase in CRP at 5% ω3I; at 15% ω3I these differences were reduced to 20.3 mg/dl and 0.03 mg/L respectively. For most biomarkers of disease risk, associations with ω3I were constant across a broad range of ω3I. The negative consequences of obesity on TG and CRP, both strong predictors of CVD, may be partially ameliorated by high intakes of EPA + DHA. Supported by NIH grant P20 RR16430 (Mohatt, PI).

Estrogen receptor-dependent genomic expression profiles in breast cancer cells in response to fatty acids

Context:The estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer plays a major role in the progression and metastatic potential of breast cancer in women. Breast cancer cells lacking the ER are usually more advanced and more difficult to treat than ER+ breast cancer cells. ER− women have more advanced breast cancer at the time of diagnosis than ER+ women. ER− breast cancer cells in women, regardless of age, are more likely to have tumor Grade III or IV with fewer Grade I and II tumor stages combined for each individual stage group. Studies have suggested a strong correlation between fat intake and the elevated risk of ER+ breast cancer cells.Materials and Methods:We studied the role of ER status on the gene expression in breast cancer cells in response to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids using microarrays. We have studied gene expression patterns in 8 breast cancer cell lines (4 ER− and 4 ER+) in response to Eicosapentanoic (EPA) and Arachidonic (AA) acids.Statistical Analysis:Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) t-test analysis was carried out to identify genes differentially expressed between the two groups.Results:We identified genes which were significantly correlated with the ER status when breast cancer cells were treated with these fatty acids.Conclusion:We have determined ER-related gene expression patterns in breast cancer cells in response to fatty acids. Additional studies of these biomarkers may enlighten the importance of the ER status on the mechanistic and therapeutic roles of fatty acids in breast cancer.

Double enrichment of chicken eggs with conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 fatty acids through dietary fat supplementation

Yolk fat fatty acid (FA) concentrations, sensory quality and firmness of eggs and laying hen performance were evaluated with respect to the combined inclusion in the diet of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), high n-3 oil sources and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO). Nine diets were arranged factorially, with three levels of n-3 FA supplementation (2.9, 3.7 and 4.5 g/kg) from three different sources (two fish oils highly concentrated in eicosapentanoic (EPA) or docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and one algae oil with a very high-DHA content) in diets added with fixed amounts of CLA (2.5 g/kg) and HOSO (30 g/kg). A commercial feed with no CLA, n-3 or HOSO added, and another one containing 4.5 g/kg of high-DHA fish oil but not CLA or HOSO were also formulated. An increase in n-3 FA supplementation had little effect on proportions of CLA, monounsaturated FA, saturated FA or total polyunsaturated FA in yolk fat, but increased (P<0.005) long-chain n-3 FA and decreased (P<0.001) long-chain n-6 FA. An increment of dietary n-3 FA also impaired linearly (P<0.001) egg acceptability by consumers. An increment in the proportion of DHA with respect to total n-3 FA from 0.28 to 0.96 increased yolk concentrations of DHA (P<0.001) and total n-3 FA (P<0.01), but decreased (P<0.001) concentrations of EPA and docosapentanoic acid FA. Current data indicate that addition of HOSO to diets supplemented with moderate amounts of CLA and n-3 FA allows the production of double enriched eggs while maintaining sensory quality for consumers at acceptable levels.

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in early pregnancy in pigs (2007)

The IGF system of growth factors, receptors and binding proteins functions from early in pregnancy. Recent evidence indicates improved embryo survival in gilts fed supplemental omega-3 fatty acids beginning before conception. Here we report effects of supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet (control) with a marine source of protected omega-3 fatty acids (PFA, 1.5% of diet) on mRNA expression for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and IGFBP-5 in the porcine gravid uterus. The PFA (Gromageâ„¢) contained equal amounts of eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic (DHA) acids and replaced corn in the diet beginning when gilts were approximately 170 d old (n = 13/treat-ment). Gilts were artificially inseminated at approximately 205 d of age. Conceptus and endometrial samples were collected on d 11, 15, and 19 of gestation. All gilts were pregnant. In the conceptus, message for IGF-II and IGFBP-3 increased (P<0.001) from d 15 to d 19, while there was an increase (P < 0.001) in IGF-I and IGFBP-5 from d 11 to 15 and a decrease (P<0.001) to d 19. In the endometrium, message for IGF-I was stable over the interval, but message for IGF-II and IGFBP-5 were increased by d 15 and IGFBP-3 by d 19 (P<0.01). There were trends for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to increase endometrial IGF-II (P = 0.09) and IGFBP-5 (P = 0.12) on d 15. In the d-19 conceptus, embryonic but not extraembryonic IGF-I mRNA tended to be greater (P = 0.13) for PFA compared to control gilts. During d 11 to 19 the conceptus is elongating, attaching to the uterus, and the embryonic disc is differentiating from a homogenous tissue to form the tissues and organs of the adult. One mechanism for omega-3 fatty acid effects in early pregnancy could involve epigenetic effects on mRNA expression for the IGF and IGFBP proteins.; Swine Day, 2007, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2007

P.191 HLA-associated sequence polymorphisms in HCV reveal the reproducibility of immune responses and constraints on viral evolution

The effect of a diet enriched with polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (PUFA) on endocrine, reproductive, and productive responses of rabbit females and the litters has been studied. Nulliparous does (n = 125) were fed ad libitum from rearing to second weaning two diets supplemented with different fat sources: 7.5 g/kg lard for the control diet (group C; n = 63) or 15 g/kg of a commercial supplement containing a 50% ether extract and 35% of total fatty acids (FAs) as PUFA n-3 (Group P; n = 62). Dietary treatments did not affect apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, or reproductive variables of does including milk production, mortality and average daily gain of kits over two lactations. However, on Day 5 and 7 post-induction of ovulation, progesterone of Group P tended to increase to a greater extent than in does of Group C. Total PUFAs, n-6 and n-3 and eicosapentanoic (EPA) contents were greater in adipose tissues of does in Group P than in Group C. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were greater in peri-ovarian than in scapular fat with abdominal fat being intermediate in concentration. In PUFA supplemented does, kit mortality at the second parturition tended to be less than in control does. Also, kits born to does of the PUFA-supplemented group weighed more and were of greater length than from does of control group. In conclusion, effectiveness of dietary intervention on reproductive and performance response is greater in the second parity, which suggests an accumulative long-term beneficial effect of n-3 FA supplementation in reproductive rabbit does.

In vitro Study of Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, and Steroids on Proliferation of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells

There is a wealth of evidence that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) orchestrate most of the important events in liver fibrogenesis. After liver injury, HSCs become activated to a profibrogenic myofibroblastic phenotype and can regulate net deposition of collagens and other matrix proteins in the liver. The proliferation of HSCs is mainly stimulated by the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In this study, some compounds from natural resources have been tested for their activity to inhibit PDGF-driven proliferative activity of rat HSCs. Apigenin, quercetin, genistein, daidzin, and biochanin A exhibited > 75% inhibitory activity against HSC-T6. It was found that, gamma-linolenic (gamma-Ln), eicosapentanoic (EPA) and a- linolenic (alpha-Ln) acids showed a high inhibitory effect on proliferation of rat HSCs at 50 nmol/1. Cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione and stigmastone-4-en-3,6-dione are the most active steroids with inhibitory activities > 80% and this is most likely due to the presence of the 4-en-3,6-dione moiety in both compounds. These results revealed that the compounds which effectively blocked HSC proliferation may be beneficial in liver fibrosis. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) may provide a basis for rational structure modification.