Eggshell Filler Research Articles

Eggshell bio‐filler integration in jute/banana fiber‐reinforced epoxy hybrid composites: Fabrication and characterization

AbstractThe use of waste‐based bio‐fillers in composite manufacturing has increased in recent years due to their sustainable and biodegradable characteristics. The current study fabricates jute/banana (JB) fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites incorporating waste‐derived eggshell (ES) bio‐filler and investigates the effect of ES bio‐filler on the mechanical, morphological, and water absorption properties of the composites. JB fibers (1:1) and varying ES filler contents (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were used to manufacture the composites using the hand lay‐up technique. Their tensile, flexural, and impact properties, microstructure, chemical compositions, and water absorption are then examined. It is found that the composite composed of 15 wt% ES exhibits better tensile and flexural properties with a tensile modulus and strength of 4.42 GPa and 95.27 MPa, and a flexural modulus and strength of 3.96 GPa and 117.47 MPa, respectively, whereas the composite filled with 5 wt% ES shows a maximum impact strength of 46.83 kJ/m2 and drops with increasing bio‐fillers. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that composite failures occur due to jute and banana fiber fractures, filler–fiber‐matrix debonding, fiber pullout, and ES filler agglomeration. Moreover, water absorption reduces as the ES content rises, and the 20 wt% ES filler‐based composite shows a minimum water absorption of 7.67% after 240 h. This study provides some insights to promote the usage of ES bio‐filler in natural fiber composites to improve their mechanical and water absorption properties and their potential applications in the internal structures of automobiles, aircraft, and construction.

Utilizing Chicken Eggshells and Waste Glass Powder as Cement Fillers for Environmental Stability

The use of chicken eggshells and waste glass powder as additives in concrete mixes presents an approach for enhancing the concrete properties while also promoting sustainability. This study was conducted to investigate the viability of chicken eggshells and waste glass powder as components in a concrete mixture to improve its durability and strength using an experimental research design. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized and assessed at a significance level of 0.05 to see if there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. The ANOVA results showed that the groups had a p-value of 0.305 from the collected data, which implies that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected because there was also no significant impact of eggshells on the durability and strength of the concrete. Based on the average PSI (pounds per square inch) results: (a) concretes with glass powder filler is more durable and can be used as a strengthening additive. (b) Concretes with eggshell filler are not durable and cannot be used as strengthening additives. (c) Concretes with a combination of both substances cannot ensure their durability because of the eggshell filler. (d) Traditional concrete is durable after waste glass fillers. Nevertheless, concrete mixes with substances can offer an environmentally friendly solution for waste management.

Marshall Performance Analysis Of Eggshells And Cement As Filler In Asphalt Concrete Mixtures (AC - WC)

Roads are transportation infrastructure whose needs in Indonesia continue to increase, along with the increasing number of vehicles. Road construction is a construction that receives traffic loads, therefore it is expected that a road pavement layer must have a strong pavement construction and be able to receive loads from traffic users. AC-WC (Black-top Concrete - Wearing Course) asphalt layer is a road pavement construction consisting of asphalt composition, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and filler. Fillers in asphalt mixtures function to increase the binding power of AC-WC asphalt, so as to improve mixture stability and fillers can fill the voids between aggregate particles, filler commonly used is stone ash. This research will be conducted with the addition of broiler eggshell filler and porland cement in the Asphalt Concrete wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture. The research was conducted with an experimental method conducted in the Civil Engineering laboratory of Abdurrab University. The specification used in this study is Public Road Revision 2 Year 2018, The optimum asphalt content (KAO) used was 6.5%. Based on the results of the study, the largest marshall stability and melting value is found in the 100% cement filler variation, which is 1772.7 Kg and the value of flow value (melting) 3.77 mm while the largest marshall quotient (MQ) value is found in the 25% eggshell filler variation, 75% cement, which is 529.2 Kg/mm.

The preliminary study of applications waste banana peel and egg shell filler as agricultural waste for paper applications

This research investigates the use of banana peel ingredients that are removed from leftover banana peels to make paper. The paper was prepared by using hand sheet press machine. The study explores this non- starch elements’ potential by thoroughly examining their characteristics in an oven setting. Despite being seen as agricultural waste; banana peels include cellulose-rich components that make them a promising resource for the manufacturing of sustainable paper. The investigation uses oven-based procedures to extract and analyse non-starch components, looking at their structural and thermal characteristics. The results show that the waste banana peel with 5g of egg shell showed the highest of tensile strength which is 0.614 MPa followed by 2g of egg shell added. The combinations of waste of waste carbon box (WCB), waste banana peel and egg shell filler as paper gives the maximum loads, deflections and tensile strength. By reusing agricultural by-products for useful purposes, this project aims to support the development of environmentally responsible methods in the paper sector via a comprehensive assessment of oven qualities.

Experimental and numerical investigation of adhesively bonded kfrp/steel double strap joints incorporating eggshell powder-toughened epoxy adhesive

Due to the environmental concerns, the application of natural FRPs to replace synthetic fibre as a strengthening material has increased. Kenaf fibre-reinforced polymer (KFRP) has comparable specific strength with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP). Moreover, epoxy resin is widely used as a matrix of composites and adhesives; however, it has low shear strength. Improvement of epoxy properties is therefore required, for example, by incorporating biofiller such as eggshells from household waste, which contain calcite, to improve its shear strength. Testing series includes variations of KFRP bond length, KFRP thickness and eggshell filler volume fractions. All the DSJ specimens underwent a two-stage testing process, experimentally and numerically. In Stage 1, experimental work was performed on the specimens through quasi-static tensile tests, following the ASTM D3528–96. In Stage 2, numerical studies were conducted to predict the strength using the extended finite element method (XFEM) within ABAQUS CAE. Subsequently, the strength prediction from developed 2-D FEA models was validated by the experimental datasets. All testing specimens exhibited KFRP rupture mode. For all the studied overlap lengths, the joint strength increased with the increase of the studied composite's adherend thickness (1 - 4 mm); however, the overlap length reached the optimum at the overlap length of 80 mm, where beyond that overlap length, the joint strength tended to decrease. The maximum joint strength is achieved with a combination of 80 mm bond length and 4 mm KFRP thickness, resulting in a 226.5% enhancement compared to the baseline (composite thickness of 1 mm, with adhesive without filler). Moreover, it was found that volume fraction of 5% eggshell was the optimum. The strength prediction was performed using an extended finite element method (XFEM), In general, there were good agreements in both experimental datasets and XFEM models, with discrepancies of less than 16.1% (averaging less than 8%). The FEA modelling approaches are promising for predicting the joint strength of KFRP/steel DSJ.

Pembuatan Poliuretan Sebagai Bahan Pelapis Besi Dengan Pengisi Cangkang Kulit Telur

Research on the manufacture of polyurethane as an iron coating material with an eggshell filler has been done. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eggshell weight as an additive on the preparation of polyurethane as an iron coating material and to determine the weight effect of Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) on the manufacture of polyurethane as an iron coating material with an eggshell filler. By mixing Jatropha oil polyols, Methylene Diphenylene Diisocyianate (MDI), and eggshell, then applied to an iron plate. Polyurethane coatings formed in the analysis of thermal adhesion properties of coatings, Thermal (TGA), functional groups (FT-IR), crystal structures (XRD), and coating morphology (SEM). The results obtained which in addition to the ratio of polyol: isocyanate: eggshell shell of 7: 3: 5% obtained the best results that have the strongest adhesion and has a good mixing structure, and has a heat resistance of 300 0C

Improved Thermomechanical and Viscoelasticity Properties of Bio-Epoxy/date Palm Fiber Composite by Addition of Eggshell Particles

ABSTRACT In this research, a novel eco-friendly green composite is fabricated by combining a biomatrix composed of a biopolymer, date palm fiber, and a filler obtained from discarded eggshell (ES) waste material. This research aims to check the influent of ES filler on thermal and viscoelasticity properties of bio-epoxy composite with incorporation of 40 wt.% date palm (DP) fiber. Various ES filler ratios, specifically 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 20 wt.%, are dispersed into the composite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) approach were employed to investigate the properties of fabricated composites as a function of temperature in terms of storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E′′), Tan delta (Tan δ), glass transition temperature (Tg), and Cole-Cole plot. Overall, incorporating ES filler into the bio-epoxy/DP fiber composites increased E′, E′′, and Tg significantly. ES-filled composites containing 5 and 10 wt.% exhibited properties comparable to 15 wt.% but less than 20 wt.% ES filler. Thermal tests result show that 20 wt.% ES-filled materials outperform their counterparts in terms of heat resistance or thermal stability. The evidence suggests that the embodiment of ES filler in bio-epoxy/DP fiber composites yields enhancements in both thermal and dynamic mechanical properties. This indicates the potential for utilizing ES filler loading in advanced composite applications that prioritize thermal stability and sustainability.

Serious ecological threat water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) plant into successive hyacinth ash with eggshell filler reinforced polymer composite—waste into zero waste concept

This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties, absorption properties, morphology, and thermal properties of eggshell filler material combined with water hyacinth (WH) plant ash composites. This research aims to develop eco-friendly particle board and medium-density board products using WH plant ash particles for commercial applications. There is only a small amount of previous literature on ash particles with eggshell filler material derived from aquatic wastes of hyacinth plants combined with polymer composites. Eggshell powder is used in this study as a filler. This filler enhances the mechanical properties of hyacinth ash composites. As a result of the drying process and the open-air burning, ash particles are produced from the hyacinth plant. Mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) and absorption tests are conducted according to ASTM standards. In order to measure chemical and essential functions, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared techniques are used. By using a scanning electron microscope, it can be determined how ash particles bond, how eggshell powder combinations work, and how primary (ash particle) and secondary phase (epoxy) materials are absorbed. Based on the final experimental results, it appears that the composite hyacinth ash particle samples made with eggshell filler are highly recommended for particle board and medium-density board because of their mechanical strength and hardness.

Eco-efficient cement production: Investigating water treatment plant sludge and eggshell filler use in LC3 systems

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the use of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) (0–30% wt) and eggshell filler (0–15% wt) as replacements for clay and limestone in the limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) system, reducing the extraction of natural resources and negative environmental impacts of waste. The optimal calcination temperature of WTPS, 700 °C, was determined using the R3 test. Rheological, compressive strength, microstructural (X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry analysis), and environmental analyses of the cement pastes were performed. For high replacement percentages (45% wt), WTPS dominated the rheological behaviour due to its high surface area. Compressive strength was satisfactory (reductions ∼10%) at 91 days, with almost total portlandite consumption by WTPS pozzolanic reactions. CO2 equivalent emissions were reduced by ∼41%, and the CO2 intensity index was decreased by ∼34%. The combined use of WTPS and eggshell filler in the LC3 system allows for high replacement percentages with satisfactory results, contributing to eco-efficient construction.

Jute fibre reinforced unsaturated polyesters laminate preparation using eggshell filler

AbstractThe current work aims to evaluate the properties of unsaturated polyester laminates reinforced with discontinuous randomly oriented chopped jute fibre matrix filled with microsized (57.8 μm) eggshell filler. Laminates with two and three layers of jute fibres were prepared by hand lay‐up process. The mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength were enhanced from 20.16 to 25.8 MPa, 1.42 to 3.98 KJ/m2 and 35.54 to 57.84 MPa, respectively, when the eggshell filler (surface area: 72.64 m2/g, pore volume: 0.297 cc/g) content was increased from 0% to 2.5% in the matrix for the three‐layered laminate. The increase in filler content to 5% enhanced the hardness from 21.95 to 90.35 Rockwell L‐scale (two‐layered laminate); however, there was a declination of the other mechanical properties at a high filler content. The microsized filler has significantly decreased the voids and improvised the homogeneity, microstructure, crystallinity and contact angle (from 70.98 [unfilled] to 74.72 [filled]) of the produced filled laminates, as substantiated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray difffraction (XRD) and contact angle measurements. Thus, the fabricated laminates can be efficiently utilised as an eco‐friendly, high‐strength, low‐cost, light material for fabricating automobile dashboards.

Mechanical Properties of Post-Cured Eggshell-Filled Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Eggshells are a potentially polluting industrial waste that are disposed of as landfill which has proven to be hazardous to the environment. The usage of chicken eggshells as a biofiller for polymer matrix composites instead of its disposal as landfill has proven advantageous in various studies. On the other hand, using eggshells as a filler material to replace inorganic calcium carbonate usage would be another environment friendly act. The present study is focused on studying the effects of eggshell filler addition and post-curing on polymer composites which could be utilised for domestic applications. Herein, uncarbonised and carbonised eggshell filler material were processed from waste eggshells. Hybridisation of the carbonised and uncarbonised eggshell filler was carried out. All three variants of eggshell fillers (10 wt.%) were used in the fabrication of composites. A hand lay-up technique was employed in the fabrication of unfilled composites along with three variants of filled composites, namely, uncarbonised, carbonised, and hybrid eggshell filled composites. The fabricated and cured composites were further subjected to post-curing at a temperature of 60 °C for a period of 2 h. All four variants of post-cured composites were then subjected to mechanical testing according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The tests revealed that all three variants of filled composites possess better mechanical properties in comparison with unfilled composites. Further, in comparison with unfilled composites, the carbonised eggshell filled composites showcased 42% and 49% improvement in flexural and tensile properties, respectively. The modes of failure of the specimens were observed and tabulated. SEM imaging revealed that the eggshell filler contributed to the strengths of the composites by means of arresting and deviating cracks. It was also observed that the post-cured specimens displayed improved properties when compared with our previous studies on non-post-cured specimens. In summary, the study showcased the benefits of eggshell filler addition and the post-curing of polymer composites.

Effect of eggshell fillers on the tensile and flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites

The natural bio-filler collected from waste such as chicken eggshells have been widely used as a value-added product in many applications. Recently, the utilization of eggshell bio-filler has also been found in polymer composites. This paper reports the effect of eggshell filler loading percentage and size on the tensile and flexural properties of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. Epoxy composite panels with four layers of plain-woven fabric of 800 gsm fabricated with 0 wt%, 10 wt%, 25 wt%, and 40 wt% eggshell powder (ESP) fillers using the wet hand lay-up technique. The chicken eggshells were dried, ground, and sieved into 53 μm and 150 μm filler size. The tensile and flexural tests were conducted according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D7264. The tensile and flexural properties (both stress and modulus) were reduced with increasing filler loading from 10 wt% to 40 wt% for both filler sizes. The optimal filler loading has been achieved in 10 wt% of eggshell fillers for both filler sizes of 53 μm and 150 μm.

Investigation on the Effects of Uncarbonised, Carbonised and Hybrid Eggshell Filler Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre/Polyester Composites

Investigation on the Effects of Uncarbonised, Carbonised and Hybrid Eggshell Filler Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre/Polyester Composites

Degradation of Virgin and Recycled Polylactic Acid/Eggshell Composites Buried in Soil

Development of polylactic acid (PLA) composites using various filler have extensively being been in focus. One of the possible natural filler is eggshell (ES) which are abundantly available derived from food industry waste. This work attempted to investigate the effect of eggshell (ES) filler on the degradation of virgin-PLA and recycled-PLA. The virgin-PLA/ES composites and recycled-PLA/ES composites were prepared using solvent casting method. The content of eggshell filler varied in the range of 0 – 20 wt%. Degradation of virgin-PLA/ES composites and recycled-PLA/ES composites were evaluated by soil buried test. After soil buried for 10 weeks, the maximum weight loss for virgin-PLA/ES composites was 14 wt% which noted at the composition of 95 wt% virgin-PLA/5 wt% ES. Nevertheless, for recycled-PLA/ES composites, the maximum weight loss observed at the composition of 90 wt% recycled-PLA/ 10 wt% ES at the value of 21 wt%. However, further addition of eggshell filler content in PLA/ES composites led to lower weight loss. Hence, the degradation of recycled-PLA/ES composites were more accelerated as compared to virgin-PLA/ES composites. The results revealed the potential of eggshell waste as a bio-filler in PLA matrix.

Bioenveloping Inorganic Filler-Based Eggshell Wastes for Enhancing the Properties of Natural Rubber Biocomposites

ABSTRACT In this study, eggshell (ES) wastes were used as a renewable reinforcing material in natural rubber (NR) composite to limit carbon production. Long bio-alkyd resin (LAR) was also used to envelope the inorganic ES particles and to aid in dispersing the filler in the NR matrix. The effect of the coated ES filler (ESR) in the rubber mix on the morphology, mechanical properties, and swelling was investigated. The ES filler and its biocomposites were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared imaging microscope (FT-IR-IM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis. The morphological data reveal that the resin enhances the dispersion of the ES filler in the NR matrix. These data were confirmed by the results obtained from FT-IR-IM. The swelling and mechanical properties were significantly improved when the coated filler was used in NR matrix, especially at 20 wt.% ESR. DSC thermograms revealed that the increase in the resin caused the glass transition temperature (Tg) to be shifted to a lower temperature. The obtained results show that the bioenveloping ESR can be used as potential alternative for green tire and vehicle applications rather than conventional petroleum-based filler.

REINFORCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONALIZED SILICA AND EGGSHELL FILLED GUAYULE NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT Replacing synthetic fillers, which are commonly used to reinforce rubber, with bio-fillers has potential to improve the sustainability of rubber products. Eggshell (ES) (a powder with a maximum particle diameter of 9.4 μm and a median of 1.1 μm) was added to guayule natural rubber (GNR) composites to partially or fully replace bifunctionally silanized, high surface area, precipitated silica (BSS). The mixing energy consumption, mechanical properties, cross-link density, filler dispersion and final particle size, fracture surface morphology, and dyeability of GNR composites were characterized. ES filler effectively reinforced vulcanized GNR compared with unfilled vulcanized GNR. Energy consumption, modulus at 300% strain (M300), and hardness generally decreased with increasing ES fraction (decreasing BSS), but tensile strength, gel fraction, and elongation at break increased even where cross-link density and M300 were similar. Thus, composite cross-link density was not solely influenced by silane content as the ratio and loading of ES and BSS changed. The production of the composites reduced particle size to submicron size. Even a small amount of ES improved the dispersion of BSS filler particles in the composites and hence the mechanical properties. The contributions of the two fillers to the composite properties are explained. Linear mixed models were built to predict the mechanical properties of a broader range of GNR–ES–BSS composites, and r2 (the quality of the model predictability) was above 0.9 for all models. ES filled GNR, with or without BSS, can be dyed different colors for specific applications. The lower-cost, renewability, dyeability, and excellent performance of ES–GNR composites addresses the need for sustainable rubber products with low carbon footprint.

DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL, PHYSICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BIOCOMPOSITE THIN FILM FROM WASTE BANANA PEEL

This study summarizes the research on organic fillers, where eggshells were used as the reinforcement and banana peels as the matrix in the manufacturing of biocomposite thin film. Banana peel fibers exhibit a good characteristic of renewable material for the substitution of cement-based composites. However, biocomposite properties are limited by the poor adhesion between natural fiber interface and polymer matrix, which can be improved by chemical modification of fibers. In this research, banana peels were subjected to silane treatment. Biocomposite thin film manufacturing processes were carried out using blending and hand lay-up techniques with various concentrations of epoxy/waste banana peels/eggshell filler (EWE) ratios (EWE 0%, EWE 5%, and EWE 10%). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thickness swelling test were conducted on silane-treated and untreated banana peel biocomposite samples. In XRD analysis, it was found that EWE 10% sample had the highest crystallinity compared to EWE 0% and EWE 5%, and silane-treated samples had higher crystallinity than untreated samples. For FTIR test, lignin component was removed in silane treatment based on the changes of IR peak characteristic where the new bonds (-Si-O-C-, -Si-O-Si-, and -Si-C-) were found in treated samples. Besides, TGA results showed that the thermal stability of silane-treated samples was improved significantly with the increase of eggshell filler percentage, which was proven by the decrease in the decomposition stage. In thickness swelling test, the samples achieved higher swelling percentage as the percentage of eggshell filler increased. However, the decrease of 5–6% in thickness swelling of treated samples was possibly offset by the enhancement in fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion.

Moisture Absorption Behavior of Treated and Untreated Eggshell Particulate Epoxy Composites

Weight gain and thickness swelling in bio-waste composites material leads to an adverse effect on properties. In the present investigation the effect of different environments (saline, mineral, kerosene, subzero temperature) on the physical properties of the composites which are fabricated with unboiled(untreated) and boiled(treated 200 °C) eggshell filler materials are studied. XRD, SEM and ultimate analysis of the unboiled and boiled eggshells are also studied. The composites of different weight percentage 4, 8 and 12 wt% of unboiled and boiled eggshell filler epoxy composites are fabricated by a hand lay-up technique. The 12 wt% of boiled eggshell particulates reinforced epoxy composites showed the highest weight gains when exposed to different environments. Least absorption rate observed was for 4 wt% eggshell filler composite in subzero temperature condition. The composites showed a peculiar environmental behavior when exposed to kerosene.

Effects of chicken eggshell filler size on the processing, mechanical and thermal properties of PVC matrix composite

ABSTRACTThe effects of filler particle size of poly(vinyl chloride)/chicken eggshell powder (PVC/ESP) composites on the processing, tensile properties, morphology and thermal degradation were investigated. The mixing of composites was done using Rheomix internal mixer. The processing torque of PVC/ESP composite at a particle of 0.2 μm exhibits lower processing torque compared to that at a particle size of 7 μm due to the dispersive resistance from larger ESP filler particles. Good interfacial adhesion exists between the filler and matrix in composites prepared via a filler particle size of 0.2 μm, which has improved the tensile strength and modulus of PVC/ESP composite compared to a filler particle size of 7 μm as justified from FESEM images on the tensile fracture surface of the composites. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that the filler particle size of 0.2 μm composite exhibits higher thermal stability compared to the filler particle size of 7 μm composite.

Utilization of Chicken Eggshell Waste as a Bio-Filler for Thermoplastic Polymers: Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Polypropylene Filled with Naturally Derived CaCo3

The processing and characterization of polypropylene/eggshell composites was the main objective of this study. Natural source-derived calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was extracted from waste chicken eggshell and compounded with polypropylene polymer. The compound was molded using the Extrusion Compression Molding (ECM) process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were conducted on the eggshell to characterize its constituents. The effects of filler loading, 30 wt.% eggshell and 30 wt.% eggshell with 5 wt.% of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the mechanical and thermal properties were studied. The addition of a small amount of MAPP during melt extrusion improved the dispersion and bonding of CaCO3 particles in polypropylene. 7.49% decrease in tensile strength, 35.51% enhancement in flexural modulus and 66.05% increase in notched Izod impact energy were obtained by adding 30 wt.% eggshell with 5 wt.% MAPP to polypropylene. Adding 30-wt % of eggshell filler and 5 wt.% MAPP to polypropylene delayed the flame propagation time by 99 seconds.