Eggplant Plants Research Articles

Evaluation of Spray Droplets Characteristics Depending on the Configuration of Boomless Nozzle

Using hollow cone nozzles is a common in different spraying processes for controlling the pests. The aim of the study was to evaluate the spray droplet characteristics deposited on the eggplant plants at flowering vegetative growth stage. The study was performed in a Complete Block Random Design (CBRD) with a 3x4 factorial scheme, consisting of three working pressures 2, 3, and 5 bar, and four spray patterns of nozzles with three blocks. For obtaining micro details about spray droplets characteristics, white paper cards were used, which later had their images digitized and analyzed by the ImageJ software. The following values were measured in this study: volume median droplet diameter, spray coverage percentage, and droplet density per centimeter square. Then, the values found were subjected to analysis to show the significance between them. These values were compared by t test at 5% probability level. For each factor, separately, the coefficients of variation were analyzed and then the correlation between these factors was performed. The main results showed that the spray droplet characteristics were affected by both of operating pressure and spray pattern configuration. Higher operating pressure of 5bar produced the smallest median diameter and greatest number of droplets, and spray coverage percentage. Results also showed that the using of a combination spray pattern led to an increase in droplet density thereby coverage percentage into plant canopy in comparison to other pattern configurations.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SERAI (Cymbopogon citratus) UNTUK PENGENDALIAN SERANGAN WERENG HIJAU PADA TANAMAN TERUNG

Green leafhopper is one of the important pests found in eggplant cultivation, especially in the Solanaceae family. To control the attack of green leafhoppers, in general, farmers will spray pesticides. This activity is an activity that aims to determine the effectiveness of lemongrass leaf extract for controlling green leafhopper attacks on eggplant plants tested. This activity was carried out at the Experimental Field of the Horticultural Crop Cultivation Study Program, Rejang Lebong State Community Academy. This activity was carried out from February to March 2022. In its implementation, this activity used an experimental design with a single Completely Randomized Design where each treatment was P0 (without spraying lemongrass leaf extract), P1 (Spraying Lemongrass Leaf Extract with a Concentration of 100 ml/ L), and P2 (Spraying Lemongrass Leaf Extract with a Concentration of 250 ml/L). the results of observations made it was known that there was a decrease in the population of green leafhoppers on plants after spraying treatment with lemongrass leaf extract. Although the analysis did not show a significantly different effect.

Evaluation of New Polyclonal Antibody Developed for Serological Diagnostics of Tomato Mosaic Virus.

Plant viruses threaten agricultural production by reducing the yield, quality, and economical benefits. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) from the genus Tobamovirus causes serious losses in the quantity and quality of tomato production. The management of plant protection is very difficult, mainly due to the vector-less transmission of ToMV. Resistant breeding generally has low effectiveness. The most practical approach is the use of a rapid diagnostic assay of the virus’ presence before the symptoms occur in plants, followed by the eradication of virus-infected plants. Such approaches also include serological detection methods (ELISA and Western immunoblotting), where antibodies need to be developed for an immunochemical reaction. The development and characterization of polyclonal antibodies for the detection of ToMV with appropriate parameters (sensitivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity) were the subjects of this study. A new polyclonal antibody, AB-1, was developed in immunized rabbits using the modified oligopeptides with antigenic potential (sequences are revealed) derived from the coat protein of ToMV SL-1. the developed polyclonal antibody. AB-1, showed higher sensitivity when compared with commercially available analogs. It also detected ToMV in infected pepper and eggplant plants, and detected another two tobamoviruses (TMV and PMMoV) and ToMV in soil rhizosphere samples and root residues, even two years after the cultivation of the infected tomato plant.

Root-Knot Disease Suppression in Eggplant Based on Three Growth Ages of Ganoderma lucidum.

This investigation presents a novel finding showing the effect of culture filtrates (CFs) of macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, against Meloidogyne incognita evaluated in vitro and in planta. To determine the nematicidal activity, juveniles of M. incognita were exposed to Ganoderma CFs of three different ages (Two, four and eight weeks old) of pileus and stipe at different concentrations, i.e., 100%, 50%, 10% and 1% for different time intervals (12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Ganoderma species were examined morphologically based on external appearance and analytically using SEM. The ethanolic samples of basidiocarp were prepared and analyzed for in vitro nematicidal assay and different bioactive compounds. The in vitro experiment results revealed that among all three ages of pileus and stipe, two-week-old pileus and stipe exhibited great nematotoxic potency and caused 83.8% and 73.8% juveniles’ mortality at 100% concentration after 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Similarly, the two-week-old pileus and stipe showed the highest egg hatching inhibition of 89.2% and 81.0% at the 100% concentration after five days. The eight-week-old pileus and stipe were not more effective than the two- and four-week-old pileus and stipe. The metabolites were characterized using GC-MS, including sugar alcohol, steroids, silanes, glucosides, pyrones, ester, oleic acid, phthalic acid, linoleic acid, palmitates and ketones. The in planta study conducted in the greenhouse demonstrated that the root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFs curtailed the infection level of M. incognita and promoted the eggplant plant growth. The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters. It was concluded from the study that Ganoderma CFs can be explored as an effective and eco-friendly antinemic biocontrol agent in fields infected with root-knot nematodes.

Pengaruh Pemberian Zat Pengatur Atonik Dengan Konsentrasi Berbeda Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Terung

A study has been conducted in the village of Noelbaki research was conducted in August to October 2022 Month in the Village Oebelo District of Central Kupang Kupang regency, with the aim of knowing the effect of growth regulators on the growth, hasildan konsentari most effective plant eggplant. Research using a completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of four fertilizer treatments Atonik namely T0: without treatment (control); T1: 0.5 ml / liter of water; T2:: 0.75 ml / liter of water -; T3:: 1.0 ml / liter of water is repeated 3 times. Anova test results if there is a real effect then continued with Duncan Multiple Test.The results showed that treatment Atonik fertilizer with a dose of 1.0 ml / liter of water provide the best results on plant height number of leaves and number of fruits and fruit number even though the treatment is not significant to the treatment amount of interest and the amount of fruit.

The synthesis of polysaccharide crude nanoparticles extracts from Taif rose petals and its effect on eggplant seedlings under drought and salt stress

ObjectivesNatural biopolymer nanoparticles are an emerging area of research in green electronic devices and biomedical and agricultural fields. However, because drought and salt are two keys environmental aspects that affect agricultural crop yields around the world, a new strategy has been suggested to valorize the waste of Taif rose petals (Rosa damascenaMiller var.trigintipetala) in the production of polysaccharide material on the nanoscale. In this study, we explore the effects of drought and salinity stress on the physiology of eggplants. MethodsThe key objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of polysaccharide crude nanoparticles extract (PCE) in the alleviation of drought and salinity stress in eggplants. ResultsReduced chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) were seen in the plants that had been subjected to drought and salt stress. Under drought and salt stress, proline, total soluble protein, and sugar levels were all shown to be higher. However, polysaccharide crude nanoparticles extract reverses the negative effects of drought and salt stress and increases the chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) in the presence of drought and salt stress. When PCE was supplemented, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation was reduced, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, GR) were raised. ConclusionIn summary, the results suggest that exogenous PCE can mitigate the detrimental effects of drought and salt stress in eggplants by modulating antioxidant systems. Furthermore, the findings of this study give experimental proof that PCE can be used to increase drought tolerance as well as production in eggplant plants.

The effects of drought, salt and combined stresses on ion exchanges of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings

In this study, ion exchanges in eggplant plants exposed to drought, salt, and combined stress were researched. While drought-stressed plants were irrigated at 60% FC, salt-stressed plants were irrigated with water containing 50 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Plants under combined stress were irrigated with water containing 50 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) at 60% FC. The plants remained under stress conditions for 90 days, after which they were harvested and evaluated for their ion content. Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ contents in the shoot and root decreased significantly under drought, salt, and combined stresses. The most severe losses were detected in plants grown under combined stress. However, while Na accumulations increased under stress, these increases were more pronounced in the root under combined stress. K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios in the shoot and root under salt and combined stress were found to be lower than those under drought stress. In all stress conditions, especially K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios in the root showed significant decreases compared to the control. These findings showed that when drought and salt stress conditions were separately applied, Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ accumulations in the shoot were less. On the other hand, the combination of drought and salt increased the ion losses in each stress factor more.

Potential of Siam Weed (Crhomolaena Odorata) as Fertilizer and Liquid Pesticide and Its Applications to Increase Crop Production

Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) which can be used as fertilizer and vegetable pesticide in liquid form. Siamese weeds are very abundant and we can find them in almost all areas of uncultivated garden land. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of Siamese weed (C. odorata) as fertilizer and pesticide in liquid form on the growth of horticultural crops. The type of research is experimental as well as quantitative exploratory. Analysis used a randomized block design (RAK), with four treatments and six replications, namely: Treatment K (without Siamese weed fertilizer and pesticide), treatment A (Liquid organic fertilizer for Siamese weeds 20%), treatment B (liquid organic fertilizer for weeds). siam 30 %), and treatment C (liquid organic fertilizer of weedsiam 40%), treatment D (liquid organic fertilizer of weed siam 50%), and treatment E (liquid organic fertilizer of weedsiam 60%), the results obtained were the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) Siamese weed leaves with a concentration of 60% (treatment E) had a significant effect on the growth of purple eggplant and shallot plants.

Pengaruh Variasi Pupuk terhadap Pertumbuhan Benih Terung Hijau (Solanum melongena L.)

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a garden plant grown for its fruit. Some green eggplant farmers in West Lombok, use NPK fertilizer as the main choice to produce quality fruit, they never use organic fertilizer when planting green eggplant for fear that the size of the fruit produced is not as big as the fruit grown using NPK. Low quality green eggplants are rarely in demand by the public, so it will have an impact on decreasing selling prices in the market. This study aims to determine the effect of fertilizer variation on the growth of green eggplant (Solanum melongena L). This research is a true experiment that wants to see the growth of green eggplant plants given a variety of fertilizers. In this study using 3 treatments, namely PA (chicken manure + soil in a ratio of 2:1), PK (goat manure + soil in a ratio of 2:1), PN (NPK fertilizer 20 g given to each polybag size 2 kg). The results of the analysis from the table and the average diagram, the application of fertilizer variations showed that there were differences in the growth of green eggplant plants on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of flowers and number of fruit. The results of the ANOVA statistical test showed that there was an effect of fertilizer variation on the parameters of the number of leaves and the number of branches, but it was not significant on the parameters of plant height, number of flowers and number of green eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).

EFECTO DE ACARICIDAS QUÍMICOS EN LA MORTALIDAD DE LA ARAÑA ROJA Tetranychus urticae KOCH (Acari: Tetranychidae)

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Chemical acaricides with different modes of action are an effective alternative for the management of <em>T. urticae</em> and to prevent the selection of resistant population. Objective. To evaluate the effect of chemical acaricides of different toxicological groups on the mortality of <em>T. urticae</em>. <strong>Methodology.</strong> To evaluate the acute toxicity, mites were exposed to leaf discs of eggplants that had been immersed in the acaricides. The mortality was recorded at 4 h period for a total of 48 h. To evaluate the residual effect, the acaricides were applied to eggplant plants, leaf discs were obtained at different periods (1 - 32 days after acaricide application) and <em>T. urticae</em> adults and nymphs were exposed to the leaf discs. <strong>Results</strong>. Abamectin, spirodiclofen and fenpyroximate had the fastest effects in adults and nymphs (4 h after application). Abamectin, spirodiclofen and fenpyroximate had long-term effects, for up to two weeks. Spirodiclofen, fenpyroximate and acequinocyl had also ovicidal effect. <strong>Implication.</strong> Chemical acaricides with different mode of action represent a viable option for the management of <em>T. urticae</em> and the prevention of the selection of resistant populations. <strong>Conclusión.</strong> Abamectin, spirodiclofen, and fenpyroximate are highly toxic against adults and immature <em>T. urticae</em>.</p>

Evaluation of Inhibition Efficiency of Some Bacteria Isolated from Greenhouse Soils on the Growth of the Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that Causes White Rot Disease on Vegetables in the Laboratory.

Al-Kubaisy, A.K.A. and H.H. Al-Juboor. 2022. Evaluation of Inhibition Efficiency of Some Bacteria Isolated from Greenhouse Soils on the Growth of the Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that Causes White Rot Disease on Vegetables in the Laboratory. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(2): 140-147. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.2.140147 This study aimed to isolate beneficial bacteria from the soil of plastic houses planted with eggplant and cucumber at different locations of Baghdad Governorate and characterize them molecularly in addition to determining their antagonistic ability to inhibit six isolates of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white rot disease. The isolation results showed that 18 different bacterial isolates were obtained from several fields in Baghdad governorate. Bacterial isolates showed antagonistic ability towards six isolates of the pathogenic fungus S. sclerotiorum (ScE1, ScE2, ScE3, ScE4, ScC1 and ScC2), and the inhibition rate ranged between 84.25 and 93.75%. The two bacterial isolates BE1 and BE6 excelled in plastic houses grown with eggplant plants, and the inhibition rate of the fungal pathogen reached 93.75%. Whereas, the bacterial isolate BC9 isolated from soils planted with cucumber plants achieved the highest inhibition rate of all fungal isolates, except isolate ScE1, which reached 84.25%. Bacterial isolates were identified molecularly and they were registered in the GenBank under accession numbers MZ436922, MZ436923, MZ436921 and MZ436920 for the isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Keywords: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, biological control, molecular identification, eggplant

Agrobiological features of eggplant cultivation in protected ground

The interest and spread of eggplant culture are defined worldwide due to the nutritional and dietary properties of the fruits. Nowadays, there is a rising trend towards increasing the areas under eggplant in plastic ground greenhouses. Nevertheless, the issues of the production of high-quality eggplants are essential. The studies were performed from 2018 to 2021 on the territory of the V.I. Edelstein Educational and Scientific Production Center for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing at the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. Two methods of plant formation (two and three stems), rationing of flowers in the inflorescences of eggplant plants (without rationing, rationing for a flower, rationing for 2 flowers), and eggplant hybrids were studied. As a result of the study, the agrobiological features of growing eggplant plants in plastic ground greenhouses were defined. The highest vendibility of the fruits of the studied hybrids was observed during the formation of plants in three stems, with rationing and preservation of the first flower in the inflorescence - 87.6%, rationing for two flowers – 82.8%, and without rationing of flowers – 77.2%.

Pengaruh Aplikasi Pupuk Organik dan Pestisida Organik terhadap Produktivitas Terung (Solanum melongena) dan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi

This study aims to analyze the effects of the use of organic fertilizers and organic pesticides on eggplant productivity and the level of erosion hazards that occur on these intensive agricultural lands. The use of organic fertilizers and pesticides is expected to improve soil quality which in turn will increase crop productivity and reduce erosion yield. Randomized block design (RBD) was used with a combination of dosage treatment of organic fertilizers (P) and organic pesticides (B). The dosages of organic fertilizers used were: 0 kg/bed (P1/control), 1 kg/bed (P2), 1.5 kg/bed (P3) and 2 kg/bed (P4). The doses of pesticides used were chemical pesticides 2 ml/liter (B1/control), organic pesticides 7 ml/liter (B2), 9 ml/liter (B3) and 11 ml/liter (B4). The highest productivity research results were obtained from combination of P4B1 (fertilizer dose 2kg/bed + chemical pesticides). This shows that organic fertilizers and pesticides can increase plant productivity. However, organic pesticides have not been able to reduce pest attacks during the fertilization phase. On the other hand, the rate of erosion has actually increased which is not significantly different between the use of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. This is due to the increase in the content of organic matter and changes in soil texture which cause the soil to become loose and crumb so that it is more easily eroded. Thus the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides can be used continuously in intensive agriculture but must be accompanied by other conservation activities to reduce the erosion yield. In addition, it is necessary to develop more effective organic pesticides to eradicate pests and plant diseases. Keywords: erosion, eggplant plants, intensive agriculture, organic fertilizer, organic pesticide.

POTENTIAL OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ON THE INTENSITY OF THE BEMESIA TABACI PEST IN HORTICULTURAL PESTS

This study aims to analyze the potency of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and the best concentration on the population of whitefly Bemesia tabaci on horticultural crops. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) on eggplant and chili plants with 4 treatments, namely control, Bb 100g/10ltr water, 150g/10ltr water and 200g/10ltr water. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. Data analysis used analysis of variance and continued with the BNT test. The results of the potency test of Beauveria bassiana have the best concentration at 200g/10ltr of water. The average whitefly population on eggplant plants was 65.57%, the population decreased to 6.37% and chili with an average population of 39.37% chili, the population decreased to 15.87%. This is also influenced by agricultural systems in eggplant fields which often rely on synthetic pesticides which cause pests to become resistant and also destroy natural enemies. compared to whitefly pest populations in chili fields which often use organic materials that are far from pest resistance and anti-natural enemies. In addition, the leaves of the eggplant plant are larger than the chili leaves which allow them to lay more eggs and also have a number of trichomes as a shelter for whitefly from natural enemies (predators). The conclusion of the study was that Beauveria Bassiana had good potency at a concentration of 200g/10ltrair against the whitefly Bemesia tabaci on horticultural crops, both eggplant and chili plants. It is suggested to analyze the relationship between leaf structure and preference level of whitefly on horticultural crops.

POTENTIAL OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ON THE INTENSITY OF THE BEMESIA TABACI PEST IN HORTICULTURAL PESTS

This study aims to analyze the potency of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and the best concentration on the population of whitefly Bemesia tabaci on horticultural crops. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) on eggplant and chili plants with 4 treatments, namely control, Bb 100g/10ltr water, 150g/10ltr water and 200g/10ltr water. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. Data analysis used analysis of variance and continued with the BNT test. The results of the potency test of Beauveria bassiana have the best concentration at 200g/10ltr of water. The average whitefly population on eggplant plants was 65.57%, the population decreased to 6.37% and chili with an average population of 39.37% chili, the population decreased to 15.87%. This is also influenced by agricultural systems in eggplant fields which often rely on synthetic pesticides which cause pests to become resistant and also destroy natural enemies. compared to whitefly pest populations in chili fields which often use organic materials that are far from pest resistance and anti-natural enemies. In addition, the leaves of the eggplant plant are larger than the chili leaves which allow them to lay more eggs and also have a number of trichomes as a shelter for whitefly from natural enemies (predators). The conclusion of the study was that Beauveria Bassiana had good potency at a concentration of 200g/10ltrair against the whitefly Bemesia tabaci on horticultural crops, both eggplant and chili plants. It is suggested to analyze the relationship between leaf structure and preference level of whitefly on horticultural crops

Prospects of Neem Essential Oil as Bio-Pesticide and Determination of Its Residues in Eggplant Plants During Crop Production Cycle

Essential oils and their derivatives are considered alternative means for controlling many harmful insects. As well, their rapid degradation in the environment and increased specificity do not harm beneficial insects. A method for the determination of Neem oil residues in eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) by GC/Ms Mass is described. In this study, the effect of Neem essential oil (Azadirachta indica Juss) as biopesticide on the economical production of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) was investigated. Prior to use, the volatile and organic constituents of commercial applied Neem essential oil were identified using FTIR analysis. After application, Azadirachtin is an active ingredient in neem oil which appears to cause 90% of the effect on most sucking pests. Among them, the major constituents are triterpenes known as limonoids, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Floride and Carbon atoms. Neem oil residues were detected in all samples from eggplant which were collected from the field after 12, 24 days of spraying. It appears that no effective material residue present.

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Hortikultura di Lahan Pasir melalui Pemanfaatan Kayambang (Salvinia molesta) sebagai Trichokompos

Lebak swamp weeds such as Kayambang (Salvinia molesta) grow abundantly. They can be used as compost, which effectively improves soil fertility, increasing nutrients N, P, and P K quickly and environmentally friendly. The effectiveness of compost fertilizer needs to be increased by adding indigenous microbes as decomposers and biological agents to control plant diseases. The activities carried out to empower horticultural farmer groups on sandy land in Tanjung Pinang Village, Palangka Raya are through socialization, training in composting with three types of antagonist fungus Trichoderma sp. (Trichocompost), facilitate the procurement of weed chopping machines, assist farmers in horticultural crop cultivation, and increase farmers' independence in self-supporting organic fertilizers. The use of Kayambang as Trichocompost with microbial decomposers and indigenous biological agents is new knowledge for partner farmers. The application of Trichocompost on the demonstration plots shows that eggplant plant growth and yields are excellent, meaning that Trichocompost can improve the fertility of sandy soils. Farmers participating in the training stated that the use of Trichocompost could reduce farming costs because it can substitute for manure that has been used by farmers and can meet the self-help needs of organic fertilizers. Participants wanted an advanced mentoring program because the farmers had not yet mastered the isolation or propagation of biological agents and decomposer microbes.

PENGARUH LOKASI TUMBUH TERHADAP SENYAWA FITOKIMIA PADA BUAH, BIJI, DAUN, KULIT BUAH TANAMAN TAKOKAK (Solanum torvum)

Takokak was a plant that was widespread in Indonesia and quite a lot is made culinary at this time. Research on takokak eggplant was developed due to the high content of phytochemical compounds. The problem that exists was that this plant had not been planted by many people but grows by itself in various locations. The purpose of this study was to know the content of phytochemical compounds in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of takokak that grow and develop in different locations. The experimental design used quantitative tests including antioxidant activity, total phenol, tannin content, flavonoids. The locations studied are at Mojokerto and Malang city. The research resulted show that there were differences in phytochemical content, the best data was eggplant takokak originating in the city of Batu, East Java. The Takokak eggplant plant thrives and had higher levels of bioactive/phytochemical compounds in the sub-tropical climate highlands near the mountains of Batu, Malang.

Potential of the indirect and direct beneficial effects of the use of Trichoderma koningii, Aspergillus niger and Mucor sp. on eggplants plants: Plant growth and systemic resistance induction

Several pathogens fungi responsible for total yield losses are worldwide spread notably in Iraq. The alternatives strategies to decrease disease development are those able to destruct a total or partial population density using eco-friendly approach treatments. In this investigation, we demonstrate the symbiotic interaction with Trichoderma koningii, Aspergillus niger and Mucor sp. on the eggplant plants growth and development, and on the defence response induction. The results revealed that the highest fungal frequency from eggplant rhizosphere was registered for A. niger, followed by Mucor sp. and T. koningii. Seeds treatment with T. koningii showed a higher value of length of shoots (2.83 cm), roots (3.00 cm), and leaves (3.50 cm). Obtained results revealed that T. koningii ameliorates the seedling fresh (3.91 g), dry weight (0.24 g), and accelerates plant length (48.67 cm). Obtained results revealed increasing of peroxidase activity (12.53, 12.68, and 11.28 10-1 units.g.mL.min-1, respectively) and chlorophyll content (2.11, 1.70, and 1.90 mg.g-1 fresh weight, respectively) eggplants treated with combination Mucor sp. + A. niger + T. koningii, T. koningii + Mucor sp., and T. koningii alone. To control pathogens fungi within integrated management strategies, the biological control should be taken into consideration.

Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens application reduces root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infestation in eggplant.

Eggplant cultivation is subjected to attacks by numbers of pests and diseases from the nursery stage until harvest. Root-knot nematode (M. javanica) is one of the most significant restrictions in the successful cultivation of eggplant as it damages the crop year-round. One of the most essential classes of plant symbionts is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), which significantly impact plant development, feeding, disease tolerance, and resistance to M. javanica. Eggplant seedlings were inoculated with two mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae (Gm) and Gigaspora gigantea (Gg), together with the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf; ATCC-17400) under the presence of nematodes inoculation of Meloidogyne javanica as 1000 eggs of M. javanica in each pot. Observations were recorded for 9 morphological traits, 6 fruit morphometric traits using Tomato Analyzer (version 4) software program, and 4 fruit biochemical traits. Along with the data recorded for mycorrhization (%), number of galls and reaction to RKN. Plants inoculated with the consortium (Pf + Gm + Gg) performed substantially better for most traits. Furthermore, the eggplant plants treated with consortium developed the highest levels of fruit biochemical content along with the highest level of mycorrhization (68.20%). Except for certain fruit morphometric traits, the treatment containing Pf + Gg outperformed the treatment containing Pf + Gm. Overall, this research showed that AM fungi could be a sustainable solution to the eggplant RKN problem.