Local Government Efforts Research Articles

지방정부의 정책추진과 갈등관리 -남양주시 소각잔재매립장 입지선정 및 건설갈등 사례-

본 연구는 오랜 기간 동안 난항을 거듭해왔던 한 사례를 통해 지방정부의 정책추진과정에서 갈등관리능력이 차지하는 중요성을 부각시켜보고자 하는 목적으로 시도되었다. 본 연구가 주목한 사례는 지난 1991년 입지선정에서 시작하여 무려 20년이란 긴 세월 동안 정책추진의 난항을 거듭해오다가 최근에 이르러서야 해결의 문턱을 넘어 비교적 안정적인 정책추진의 기미를 보이고 있는 경기도 남양주시의 쓰레기 소각잔재 매립장 건설사례다. 유사한 입지선정 및 건설과정의 갈등을 겪었음에도 불구하고 상대적으로 짧은 기간 내에 성공적인 정책추진을 경험했던 기타의 많은 지방정부 사례와 달리 남양주시 사례의 경우 장기간 동안 대립적 상황을 거듭해 왔던 점은 갈등관리의 차원에서 주목해 볼만한 특이사례다. 과연 남양주시는 왜 정책추진에 그토록 오랜 세월을 허비하며 난항을 거듭해 온 것일까? 본 연구는 일정한 분석모형에 입각하여 정책 성패요인의 인과관계를 검증하는 연역적 접근과는 달리, 정책단계별 사례의 개요와 쟁점 및 구조를 기술하는데 치중함으로써 정책단계별 갈등관리의 중요 요소를 귀납적으로 추론해 나가는 방식을 취했다. 분석 결과, 지방정부의 정책추진과정에서 갈등관리는 정책수립 및 결정단계와 홍보단계 그리고 집행단계에 이르기까지 지속적인 민주적 절차와 토론 및 주민과의 협력을 도출하기 위한 노력을 요하는 연속적 과정임을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 궁극적으로 정책성공의 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있음을 확인하고 있다. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of conflict management by local government by explaining a peculiar case of Namyangju city's construction project of landfill site for incineration remnants. Policy stage and internal dynamics of conflict between city and opposition group of local residents are used as major tools of case observation. From this analysis, this study finds that the conflict management effort of local government is critical to bring a success of a public policy. The local government needs to assess possible sources of conflict, and to prepare reasonable solutions through sincere communication with local residents. Also we need to reconsider the concept of administrative efficiency. Sometimes "slow" is better than "fast". Authoritative and hasty policy process may face unexpected obstacles, then consume more time to fulfill the policy goals. It means that the local government needs to spend more time for policy formulation. It also shows the importance of democratic process in reaching a public policy decision. In conclusion, this study confirms that the cooperative relationship between local government and residents, so-called governance, is the key to the success of public policy.

A Home in the City: Women's Struggle to Secure Adequate Housing in Urban Tanzania

This Report represents the culmination of a year-long project undertaken by the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice at Fordham University School of Law to study women’s access to adequate housing in urban Tanzania and their experiences of informal settlements in light of Tanzania’s international commitments. Despite national and local government efforts, both independently and via international partnerships with such entities as the World Bank and UN-HABITAT, Tanzanian women continue to fight for access to adequate housing in the face of discriminatory inheritance laws, an entrenched patriarchal culture, and pervasive domestic violence, among multiple other discriminatory practices. This battle is taking place in Tanzania’s rapidly growing cities, where women disproportionately suffer the unhealthy and often dangerous consequences of informal settlements.

Reflections on the Spirit and Work of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations

What did the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) accomplish before it was disbanded in 1996? Were its accomplishments sufficiently valuable to justify reestablishing the organization? This article reviews the commission’s origins, history, and accomplishments, and addresses future intergovernmental needs. The ACIR’s accomplishments were substantial, but are largely unavailable today. Lessons learned from the ACIR suggest the need to (1) recreate a network of intergovernmental advocates within the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; (2) restart the information flows and high‐level federal, state, and local policy dialogues that withered after the ACIR’s demise; (3) strengthen boundary‐crossing institutions capable of addressing metropolitan and multistate problems; and (4) develop new opportunities to achieve public policy outcomes that can be attained only by the cumulative efforts of federal, state, and local governments working together—often with private parties as well.

COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: LESSONS FROM RECENT DISASTERS

Resilience occurs at many levels, from global and national to family and individual. Community and local government efforts for resilience fit in the middle of this spectrum. Major community elements that are important both for minimizing vulnerability and hasten recovery include transportation, communication, water, energy, emergency services and housing. Coastal areas have some special concerns for vulnerabilities that can arise from coastal hazards such as tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, flooding, and erosion; lessons from recent coastal disasters provide recommendations for improved disaster management and community resilience. Resilience is not a one-time effort that can arise from a single approach; it is an ongoing community process, resulting from a combination of approaches. A Community Resilience Index (CRI) can help communities recognize their resilience strengths and opportunities for improvement. A “bare-bones” Community Resilience Index (CRI) has been developed based upon lessons learned from recent coastal disasters. The utility of the CRI is tested for recent community disasters at Galveston, Texas from Hurricane Ike, at American Samoa from the 2009 Samoan tsunami and at Pacifica, California from the 2009/2010 winter storms. Case studies will help identify additional CRI factors that will expand the focus of the CRI and improve overall community disaster management and coastal resilience.

A Home in the City: Women's Struggle to Secure Adequate Housing in Urban Tanzania

This Report represents the culmination of a year-long project undertaken by the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice at Fordham University School of Law to study women’s access to adequate housing in urban Tanzania and their experiences of informal settlements in light of Tanzania’s international commitments. Despite national and local government efforts, both independently and via international partnerships with such entities as the World Bank and UN-HABITAT, Tanzanian women continue to fight for access to adequate housing in the face of discriminatory inheritance laws, an entrenched patriarchal culture, and pervasive domestic violence, among multiple other discriminatory practices. This battle is taking place in Tanzania’s rapidly growing cities, where women disproportionately suffer the unhealthy and often dangerous consequences of informal settlements.

지속가능 환경평가지표의 개발에 관한 연구

This study investigated the environmental indices in environmental administration, and to presents how to develop a sustainable environmental evaluation index. The index should be used to evaluate composite plans in the environmental aspects as well as means for setting goals of basic plans for the environment and its management. Specifically, the goals of composite plans are to check environments and land use frame, and evaluate individual measures (public projects). Environment policies are required to be 'a policy creating a clean environment' from 'a policy of environment regulation'. For the organization of a basic framework of environment policies, five topics are needed to be considered, such as the clarification of the idea of environment, establishment of environment regulations, environment management plan, plan to support civilian's action, and local government's efforts for the global matters of environment. For the amenity environments, people should expand their environmental behavior based on their voluntary intentions in transformation of personal life styles, projects with less load on the environment, development of environmentally-friendly projects with consideration for their impact on the earth. This study suggests that they should put more efforts into the development and implementation of useful environmental indices which effectively analyse the regional character to protect the natural ecology and create an sustainable environment with wide coverage.

Post-Disaster Redevelopment Planning: Local Capacity Building Through Pre-Event Planning

Drawing upon the lessons learned from the impacts of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, in 2006 local governments and the State of Florida sought to find a way to change behavior toward creating greater community resiliency. They turned to the State’s growth management law that contains a requirement for coastal jurisdictions to develop a post-disaster redevelopment plan (PDRP), as an effective mechanism to begin to rethink current approaches to disaster recovery. This paper will summarize the combined and coordinated efforts of local, state, and federal government, as well as other stakeholders from 2006 to present, in promoting and facilitating community resiliency through post-disaster redevelopment planning. It will describe: the challenges faced by local communities and state and federal officials; the approach that defined a sound pilot planning initiative; the journey undertaken by one pilot county; lessons learned from looking back on the planning process; the future of advancing community resiliency not only throughout the state but across the nation. It will also highlight key outcomes yielded by the pilot initiative, including methodologies for integrating risk-based decision making within existing community processes and a best practice example of successfully merging recovery, mitigation, response and preparedness principles by organizing, engaging and facilitating communication with stakeholders.

A Preliminary Study on Korean Local Government's Efforts to Increase the Budget Financed by the Central Government and its Results

A Preliminary Study on Korean Local Government's Efforts to Increase the Budget Financed by the Central Government and its Results

The "Greening" of Local Governments

Local governments have taken the lead in "greening" in the United States. Urban, suburban, and rural areas each green themselves through practices specific to their own level of development. While local communities do not enjoy equal amounts of public support or funding for greening, they can choose to contribute more or less to these efforts. In taking "direct" or "indirect" actions internally or externally, the seemingly piecemeal efforts of local governments to promote greening can lead to a significantly greener nation as a whole.

Pulmonary Vascular Disease in the Developing World

The prevalence, cause, and pathobiology of pulmonary vascular disease in the developing world are not known, but estimates put the prevalence at 20 to 25 million. A major contributor is infectious disease. The present review examines the association between infectious disease and other causes in the developing world and pulmonary vascular disease and the need for further research in this area. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzias)1 is the third-leading endemic parasitic disease in the world, following malaria and amebiasis. More than 300 million individuals are infected, and another 600 million are at risk of infection.2 The disease ranks higher in prevalence than HIV/AIDS. It is endemic in eastern South America, the Caribbean Islands, east Asia, and some parts of China and the Middle East, with sub-Saharan Africa being the most endemic area. It is a major public health problem that is closely correlated with socioeconomic conditions. Modern endeavors to develop and construct water schemes to meet local power and agricultural needs have increased the prevalence in many parts of the world.2,3 Few countries have eradicated the disease or undertaken successful and sustainable control programs despite the collaborative efforts of local governments, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the United Nations, and philanthropic organizations. Schistosomiasis is caused by flatworms. There are many species of Schistosoma . S mansoni infects >120 million people in Africa and Brazil. The final target of this species is the intestinal and hepatic circulatory system. S hematobium is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, and east Asia. It targets the genitourinary circulatory system. S japonicum , which is endemic in China and southeast Asia, affects the intestinal and hepatic circulatory system. ### The Life Cycle of Schistosomiasis The worms live in the perivisceral veins of the intestine, liver, and genitourinary systems. Their eggs find their way into the urine and feces of …

Cold War Re-Visions: Representation and Resistance in the Unseen Salt of the Earth

Salt of the Earth is often considered one of the primary counter-narratives of the cold war. Banned in the U.S., the film was written and directed by blacklisted artists, chronicling a Mexican-American union -- also blacklisted from the CIO -- and their fight to end racism in the New Mexico mines, and sexism within their union. Yet for all the effort of federal, local and state government, Hollywood, and conservative labor unions to crush the film for its subversive content, it nonetheless underwent dramatic revision from its pre-production draft to its final filming that actually removed some of the more overtly political material. Looking at the unreleased pre-production draft, the article argues that the changes reveal a new film, one in which a powerful critique of anti-communism, imperialism, and the Korean War figure as central points of the original narrative. Bringing the excised scenes to light, the article complicates the narrative offered by the filmmakers and later critics, that worker-artist collaboration was merely an act of correction on the part of the mineworkers to correct unflattering stereotypes of Mexican-Americans. Rather, the story of Salt of the Earth is a complex negotiation between the needs and desires of two disempowered groups – the blacklisted Hollywood left and a Mexican-American union with a long history of fighting for equality. The final decision to remove critiques of anti-communism, references to the Korean War, and the larger frame of the cold war leaves a film that focuses more tightly on anti-racism, but loses the connection between racism in the U.S. and imperialism abroad. While both the mineworkers' union and the filmmakers were part of 1930s and 40's "popular front" culture and shared many of the same political concerns, the cold war and its subsequent state repression had different effects and were part of different histories for the two communities. The greater threat of violence and persecution faced by the mineworkers, as well as the need to control their representation on the national stage, likely informed their decision to limit the nature of the critique made by film. Examining the original script and the changes can thus tell us much about how different communities within the field of the "old left" responded to the cold war and chose to represent their struggle on film, as well as the way in resistance is always situated within the multiply intersecting meanings of race and power.

Local Government Efforts to Promote the “Three Es” of Sustainable Development

The purpose of this article is to find out the extent to which local governments in the United States are committed to the principles of sustainable development in their planning practices. This study presents the findings from a survey of all medium to large cities carried out in April 2006. The findings indicate that, instead of adopting sustainable development as a development framework, cities are adopting sustainability initiatives in a piecemeal, ad-hoc manner. A broader level commitment to the concept, as evidenced by presence of sustainability plans, indicators project measuring progress toward sustainability goals, or an office and staff devoted to sustainability activities, is exhibited by very few cities. Finally, there is little evidence that cities are connecting sustainability to equity and social justice issues.

Reasons for Fiscal Insufficiency in the Korean Local Finance

This paper proposes two testable hypotheses to explain the persisting insufficiency of local fiscal resources in Korea. The first hypothesis is related to the revenue structure and the revenue raising efforts of local governments. Based on the fact that the local governments seldom exercise tax autonomy, we hypothesize that the elected local officials concentrate their efforts on obtaining intergovernmental transfers and refrain from exercising their taxing powers. The growth rate of ad hoc transfers obtained during an incumbents' term of office is positively correlated to her or his possibility for re-election. Since the local leaders can be rewarded by the electorates for bringing money from the higher levels of government to their districts, they tend to cry for more money with strong insistences of fiscal insufficiency. The second hypothesis is related to the size of the local governments. The average jurisdictional population is too small to enjoy scale economy in public service provision. By estimating the relationship between local expenditures and population, we found that there exists a scale economy with respect to population in the local public service provision. It is also shown that the average population of local jurisdictions is greatly smaller than the minimum efficient scale. These results imply that a reduction in overall local expenditures may be achieved by consolidating jurisdictions.JEL Classification: H71, H77

Economic Development Incentives: Research Approaches and Current Views

Economic development incentives—state and local government efforts to encourage economic development—are one of a limited number of tools local policymakers have for stimulating local economies. Some broad measures—investments in infrastructure (such as transportation), human capital (education, for example), and social infrastructure (such as recreational facilities)—may produce significant results over the long term. Targeted measures crafted to attract or retain businesses—usually a tax preference or financial assistance—offer the possibility of a quick payoff. Public interest in incentives has generally been muted, except when very generous incentive packages, egregious practices, or legal issues have prompted questions about their appropriateness and effectiveness. Policymakers struggling with practical decisions have frequently turned to economists for guidance: Should incentives be offered? If so, how large should they be? And how can an incentive program be designed to increase its effectiveness? Much of the research assessing the effectiveness of incentives has been inconclusive or unsatisfactory, in part because of methodological flaws and inadequate data. Interest in incentives surged in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of very public bidding wars among localities to entice businesses to their communities. In particular, the dollar amount of incentive packages offered to automobile manufacturers looking to locate new facilities soared during that period. In 1980, Nissan received an estimated $33 million, or $8,000 per anticipated job, for locating a new facility in Tennessee. The amount of subsequent incentive packages handed out to Mazda, Saturn, DiamondStar, and Toyota, among others, rose over the next few years, and by 1987, Toyota was receiving an estimated $150 million, or $50,000 per anticipated job, for locating a new facility in Kentucky.1 And the incentive packages were growing again before long. Although BMW’s 1992 package to locate in South Carolina was reportedly just $150 million, MercedesBenz reportedly received $258 million the next year to locate a facility in Alabama.2 News accounts of ever-larger incentive packages caught the attention of economists and policymakers as well as the public. An essay entitled “Congress Should End the Economic War among the States” appeared in the 1994 Annual Report of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.3 A few years later, a conference on the same topic brought together policymakers, economists, tax experts, economic developers, and business-site location consultants from around the country to discuss the matter.4 Many questions were raised, and research goals were identified, among them the goal of establishing good data with which to answer the economic questions. In the past ten years, case studies, input-output analyses, and other research techniques have addressed some of the methodological flaws of earlier incentives studies. The availability of better data on both incentives and economic activity has also improved analyses of incentives research. The work described in this article illustrates some of the fresh ways that researchers have found to look at the effectiveness of incentives. The focus is not on proving or disproving the effectiveness of incentives as a

Net Results of the Japanese NPM Movement at Local Governments since the Mid-1990s: Performance Budgeting, Total Quality Management and Target Based Budgeting

Serious fiscal crisis has pushed Japanese local governments to catch up with the global trend of NPM reforms since the mid-1990s. While Performance Measurement and Total Quality Management have caused enthusiasm since pioneering efforts of reformist local governments, a closer look offers a somewhat different image. Relatively bigger organizations head towards a result-oriented decentralized management characterized by Target Base Budgeting and Management By Objectives. Smaller local governments apparently adopt Performance Measurement, but in reality, merely a slightly different version of traditional budgetary control. TQM is continuously advocated but is not necessarily effective. Some local governments succeeded in the introduction or implementation of new management tool because they sought to coordinate power with the organizational leadership, while others did not succeed because they failed to do likewise.

Citizen Involvement Efforts and Bureaucratic Responsiveness: Participatory Values, Stakeholder Pressures, and Administrative Practicality

This article addresses the efforts of local governments to involve citizens in administrative processes. In particular, we explore the following questions: What social and political groups in the community promote citizen involvement? Which groups awre likely to succeed? What barriers obstruct citizen involvement efforts? Do administrative attitudes make a difference in undertaking citizen involvement? Using survey data, this study tests a framework that assumes the decision to involve citizens in administrative processes reflects administrative responsiveness to salient community stakeholders, normative values associated with citizen involvement, and administrative practicality. The statistical results confirm the bureaucratic responsiveness framework and point to future directions for citizen involvement research and practice.

Geographies of Opportunity for Whom?

Local governments claim that neighborhood improvement programs develop grassroots leadership capacity, raise the importance of neighborhood issues on the citywide political agenda, and empower residents to solve neighborhood-level problems. This article argues that neighborhood improvement programs also jeopardize the geography of opportunity, particularly women's neighborhood activism. Drawing from interviews with neighborhood activists and local government officials from one municipality in Southern California, this study illuminates the ways in which local government efforts regulate and contain neighborhood activism.

06/01986 Enhancing the sustainability efforts of local governments: River, S. W. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 2005, 1, (1–2), 46–64

06/01986 Enhancing the sustainability efforts of local governments: River, S. W. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 2005, 1, (1–2), 46–64

(Re) Defining Peri‐Urban Residential Space Using Participatory GIS in Kenya

AbstractUsing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for African urban planning and research is now becoming a reality. But there is limited technical expertise and the necessary infrastructure to support local government efforts in data‐poor environments. As a result, the creation of urban geo‐spatial databases have tended to reside in the central government, large municipalities, research institutions, donor funded projects and individual research initiatives. To date, such applications have focused on observable and quantifiable aspects of the urban built environment while experiential information has remained peripheral. This paper employs a participatory GIS approach to integrate community local knowledge with traditional urban spatial data. Our objective is to populate urban‐based geo‐spatial databases for a more robust understanding of quality of life in Athi River town, Kenya. The Athi River GIS includes formal data and local knowledge on land cover, land use, hydrology, topography, infrastructure, industry, service provision, and housing. Community data was obtained through mental mapping, focus group discussions, GPS‐based transect walks, social histories of exclusion, oral narratives of land use, and relevant archival material. The study concludes that GIS in Kenya is being introduced within an empiricist and positivist epistemological and methodological framework. With more focus on the visual and quantifiable aspects of the built environment, the perceptions of disenfranchised peri‐urban communities are being excluded. In the paper, a place‐based (re) definition of residential quality of life is achieved by integrating community local knowledge into a GIS as an information layer. In the study, local knowledge and expert GIS data are thus found to be complementary.

Zoning grassland protection area using remote sensing and cellular automata modeling—A case study in Xilingol steppe grassland in northern China

Grassland degradation has become a serious environmental problem in China due to climate variability and human disturbances in the arid and semi-arid areas. Establishing grassland protection areas (GPAs) is regarded as an effective measure to protect grassland. This paper presents a new method to support the local government's effort in zoning of GPAs. It integrates a cellular automata (CA) model with geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing. The proposed method includes two major steps: 1. to extract “seed points” of candidate GPAs using remote sensing techniques and GIS; 2. to simulate the zoning of GPAs using a CA model. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using a case study in Xilingol steppe grassland in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The results show that the integrated approach can rapidly find candidate GPAs that satisfy the zoning requirement. It has demonstrated that the proposed method of grassland protection zoning provides valuable decision support tools for government and planning agencies.