French Efforts Research Articles

Quebec to "Little Canada": The Coming of the French Canadians to New England in the Nineteenth Century

NEW Englanders have long been accustomed to hearing the French language spoken in the streets and shops of Lewiston, Manchester, Woonsocket, and other manufacturing towns. This phenomenon may have led to a conjecture whether the struggle for a continent still continues, and the presence of the French Canadians in New England is but a phase of Quebec's expansion in North America. The Canadian French invaders who poured into New England in the last three or four decades of the nineteenth century, however, did not come as warriors. They were simply seeking their daily bread, and their peaceful penetration has proved far more successful than the earlier French efforts at military conquest. Leaving Quebec's impoverished farms, they entered the expanding American industrial life at an opportune moment and were quickly transformed into an urban people. A few, of course, remained farmers, especially in Vermont and New Hampshire, but they constitute a rural minority. This essay will be concerned with the ancestors of today's Franco-Americans, the French Canadians who migrated to New England mill towns prior to 1900. This migration southward from their native province of Quebec was induced by a variety of reasons: geographical proximity, colonial struggles, and seasonal opportunities. Lumber camps and farms, canals and railroads, quarries and brickyards, river and lake steamers: all were clamoring for manpower in the growing Republic and Quebec had more than an ample supply. Political unrest in Canada before Confederation also contributed to the migration, but those who came as refugees after the 1837 Rebellion or as malcontents following

Tropical Medicine in the Southern United States

THE recent Conference on Tropical Problems at Kingston, Jamaica, has served to direct attention to the enormous interest which is taken at the present time in tropical medicine and allied sciences in the United States. This movement may be said to have started some thirty years ago when the States had to take control of the Philippine and Cuba Islands after the Spanish War; it became greater when it was decided to open the Panama Canal. The building of the canal was rendered possible by the genius of Gorgas, who applied in a practical way the discoveries of Ross and Manson. The scourges of yellow fever and malaria which had caused the complete failure of the French effort were successfully combated, and the canal was built.

Note on the French Effort During the War

Note on the French Effort During the War