Efficient Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Comparison of physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from wine grapes

In this study, an efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was used for the extraction and optimization of four wine grape polysaccharides. A three-level, three-factor Box Behnken Design combined with the response surface approach was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Their physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory activity and hepatoprotective effects were examined and compared. These findings suggest that the four wine grape polysaccharides share similar basic structural features and monosaccharide composition. Furthermore, four wine grape polysaccharides exhibited antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Moldova (MD) polysaccharide displayed better antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory ability. Furthermore, MD polysaccharide has a significant therapeutic effect on CCl4-induced rat liver injury by improving the antioxidant defense system and inhibiting oxidative stress, indicating that MD has a hepatoprotective effect. Taken together, the MD wine grape polysaccharide may have potential applications in prevention of liver disease in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

An efficient two-step approach for the preparative separation and purification of eight polyphenols from Hibiscus manihot L. flower with high-speed countercurrent chromatography

In the present study, a green and efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction method of polyphenols from Hibiscus manihot L. flowers (HMLF) was performed, and the corresponding experimental parameters were optimized by Taguchi OA Design. Meanwhile, a two-step high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with macroporous resin was successfully established with the optimal two-phase solvent systems comprising EtOAc-MeOH-H2O (100:3:100, v/v/v) and Hex-EtOAc-MeOH-H2O (1:5:1:5, v/v/v/v) to isolate and prepare eight polyphenols with purities exceeding 95%, including two phenolic acids and six flavonoids, respectively. The yield of the isolated polyphenols was determined to be 50.4 mg from the enriched extract in a single run. Moreover, the interactions of the eight isolated compounds with AChE and BuChE were explicitly evaluated and described by molecular docking. This study confirms that the proposed method is a cost-effective and powerful strategy for the scaled-up extraction and preparative separation of the high-purity polyphenols from HMLF, and provides an opportunity for automation and systematic preparation of natural products used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Bupleuri Radix by response surface methodology and HPLC analysis

A simple and efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from raw Bupleuri Radix and vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix was developed and optimized by using quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker combined with response surface methodology approaches. The quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector was established and applied to determine the contents of six bioactive compounds in raw Bupleuri Radix and vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix. In order to maximize extraction of six bioactive compounds in raw Bupleuri Radix and vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were obtained by the response surface methodology coupled with Box–Behnken design. The conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were found to be effective for the extraction of bioactive compounds from raw Bupleuri Radix and vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix. The test results showed that the difference in saikosaponins contents in these samples was obvious; a quantitative analysis of saikosaponins will contribute significantly to improving the quality control of raw Bupleuri Radix and vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix. In conclusion, the designed protocol is suitable for the quality control of raw Bupleuri Radix and vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix.

Fractionation, characterization and anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L.

Limited information is available on polysaccharides in Brassica rapa L. (BRP) cultivated at the plateau with an altitude over 3000 m. In the present study, an efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure for polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. was investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the optimal extraction parameters, gradient ethanol precipitation was used as the purification procedure of BRPs, obtaining four fractions named as BRP-20, BRP-40, BRP-60, and BRP-80, respectively. The four fractions presented different physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. According to the chemical composition detection and monosaccharide compositions analysis, the uronic acids contents of BRP-40 and BRP-60 were higher than the other two fractions. The results of monosaccharide composition suggested that these four fractions were all heteropolysaccharides, consisted of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. Furthermore, BRP-80 gave the best performance in radical scavenging tests, which could attribute to its lowest molecular weight. What’s more, animal experiment suggested that BRP-80 had anti-fatigue and antioxidant activity in vivo. Overall, polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. might be developed as a novel source of natural antioxidant and be a potential candidate of anti-fatigue dietary supplements.

Pyrethroid residues on tropical soil of an Indonesian tea plantation: analytical method development, monitoring, and risk assessment

Despite their massive application in tea plantation, synthetic pyrethroids had never been detected in tropical soils of tea plantation thus their risk has never been assessed. This research reported the detection of synthetic pyrethroids in tea plantation and assessed their aquatic ecotoxicological risk. A simplified analytical method based on the application of a miniaturized sample, solvent, and efficient ultra-sonic assisted extraction was developed for the determination of pyrethroids in the soil. The method was validated with the result of all parameters (recovery, % relative standard deviations, linearity, limit of detection (LoD), and matrix effect) met the acceptance limits suggested by European Commission guideline, thus deemed acceptable for the assessment of pyrethroids in tropical soil of tea plantation during the wet and dry season. Of the five synthetic pyrethroids, only permethrin was detected in both wet and dry seasons (< LoD – 0.36 μg g− 1), whereas deltamethrin was detected only in wet season (< LoD – 0.12 μg g− 1). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction revealed that the soil constituted by various soil minerals made permethrin more likely to persist than deltamethrin. Aquatic ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed on the basis of comparison between the maximum equilibrium concentration expected in water (ECEWmax) value and lethal concentration (LC50) of pyrethroids exposure for aquatic species (algae, crustacean, and fish) inhabiting the Upper Citarum River. The ECEWmax value for the present condition was lower than LC50 for all examined species, indicating that the high-level contamination in the future should have posed a high risk for all aquatic species based on their LC50.

Green and Efficient Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Components from Salvia miltiorrhiza by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are recently developed green solvent alternatives to conventional fossil solvents. The present work systematically screened 22 different NaDESs for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive components from Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), a widely used traditional Chinese medical plant. The suitable solvent and extraction condition were optimized in a two-round screening. In comparison with fossil solvents, NaDESs, especially L-proline-lactic acid (L-Pro-Lac) showed significant advantages in the extraction of salvianolic acid B (SAB), tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CYT). The optimized yields of the three targeting compounds were 42.05, 1.485 and 0.839 mg/g, respectively. The present method was also applied to the pretreatment of SM samples from different geographic origins. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of NaDES extracts were determined in the study to prove the feasibility of NaDES in bioactive component extraction. The application of NaDESs in the extraction of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecules from SM is proved to be a green and efficient method for pretreatment of herbal materials.

Analysis of Wild Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.): Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics and a New Insight in Phenolics Bioaccessibility

A simple and efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique was developed in order to find optimal conditions for the extraction of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins in wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits. Several extraction variables, including methanol composition (v/v, %), solid-solvent ratio (g/mL), time (min) and extraction temperature (°C) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal conditions for extraction, the total phenolics were found in the concentration of 383mg GAE/100g of fresh fruit weight, while HPLC-PDA analysis of the optimized extract showed the presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sophoroside, catechin, gallic and ellagic acid. The experimental values of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 29.0 and 39.5μmol Trolox/g of fresh fruit weight, respectively. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion showed great raspberry phenolics stability. Our study assessed the bioaccessible phenolics in wild raspberry fruits and showed optimal conditions for the effective extraction of bioactive compounds for their analysis.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the yield of ultrasonic-assisted extraction was 62.07 ± 0.39% over the microwave (40.85 ± 0.28%) and hot water extraction (27.42 ± 0.42%). The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the effects of three parameters (temperature-X1, ultrasonic power-X2 and time-X3) on inulin yield. Analysis of variance showed that the contributions of X1, X3, X12, X13, X22 were significant. The optimal yield of inulin was 82.93 ± 1.03% at 82 °, 120 W and 18 min.

Multiresponse Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction for Aurantii Fructus to Obtain High Yield of Antioxidant Flavonoids Using a Response Surface Methodology

Aurantii fructus (zhiqiao, ZQ) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and raw material of TCM healthcare food (TCM-HF), mainly focused on the regulation of gastrointestinal disorders and the abundant application of antioxidants. Pharmacological investigations of ZQ flavonoids have identified them as the main bioactive components in recent years, but little has been reported on the extraction processes of antioxidant flavonoids (AFs). The aim of this study was to establish an efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method for the extraction of AFs from ZQ using a response surface methodology (RSM), analyze the composition of AFs, and develop a qualitative evaluation method for ZQ. Flavonoid yield and antioxidant ability were selected as the responses to optimize the extraction of AFs, and the multiple effects of independent variables were investigated. The optimized conditions for the extraction of AFs based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) were as follows: ethanol concentration, 58%; extraction temperature, 70 °C; and extraction time, 17 min. The flavonoid yield and antioxidant activity reached 241.70 mg/g and 59.42%, respectively, which matched the predicted values. Furthermore, optimized UAE processes were first established for the efficient and fast extraction of AFs. Flavanones and polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) were identified as potential AFs using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, the quality of ZQ was evaluated using the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method for the first time, and Yuanjiang ZQ was considered as an excellent raw material of TCM-HF.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods.

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction of three active compounds, forsythiaside A (FSA), phillyrin (PHI) and rutin (RT), from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The effects of various factors including a binary mixed solvent of methanol/water and ethanol/water, the pH of the solvent, particle size, temperature, solvent to material ratio, ultrasonic input power and extraction time on UAE were investigated in detail. The mass transfer mechanism of UAE using different mixed solvents was further explained by comparison with the maceration extraction method. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the experimental variables including ethanol concentration, solvent to material ratio and extraction time. The optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of RT, FSA and PHI were: particle size 60–80 mesh, temperature 30 °C, ultrasonic power 200 W, ethanol concentration 50%, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 37 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, UAE provided the highest extraction efficiency and offered many advantages including the reduction of solvent, temperature and time for extraction.

Rapid recovery of high content phytosterols from corn silk

BackgroundPhytosterols have important physiological and officinal function.MethodsAn efficient ultrasonic assisted extraction, purification and crystallization procedure of phytosterols was established from corn silk for the first time.ResultsThe orthogonal test was applied to optimize the process parameters and a maximum phytosterols recovery as high as 10.5886 mg/g was achieved by ultrasonic treatment for 55 min with liquid–solid ratio of 12:1 at 35 °C, 220 w. The ultrasonic extraction temperature (T, °C) has the most significant effect on extraction yield of phytosterols. An orthogonal crystallization test was performed and the optimal conditions [crystallization temperature of 8 °C, time of 12 h and solid–liquid ratio of 1:1 (g/ml)] afforded maximum phytosterols purity of 92.76 ± 0.43%.ConclusionsAn efficient extraction and crystallization procedure was established.

A simple and efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction procedure combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the pre-concentration and determination of folic acid (vitamin B9) in various sample matrices

ABSTRACTA simple and efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure has been proposed for the pre-concentration of (2S)-2-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-hydroxypteridin-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)formamido]pentanedioic acid (folic acid) in vegetables, pharmaceuticals and foods prior to determination at 540 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The method is based on hydrophobic ternary complex formation of folic acid with silver ions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a sensitivity enhancer counter ion at pH 7.0, and then extraction into a micellar phase of polyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether (Genapol X-080). The impacts on the extraction efficiency and complex formation of analytical parameters such as sample pH, concentration of silver, concentration of surfactants and extraction time, ultrasonic time and sample volume, were investigated and optimised in detail. The matrix effect on the pre-concentration and determination of folic acid was investigated, and it was observed that the proposed method was highly selective against possible matrix co-extractives. Under optimised conditions, a good linear relationship between the analytical signal and folic acid concentration was obtained in the range of 0.6–180 μg l−1 with a detection limit of 0.19 μg l−1 and quantification limit of 0.63 μg l−1. The applicability was evaluated using samples fortified at different concentration levels, and recoveries higher than 94.1% were obtained. The precision as the percent relative standard deviation (RSD%) was in range of 2.5–3.8% (10 and 40 μg l−1, n = 5). The proposed method was validated by analysis of two standard reference materials (SRMs) and various real samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of wedelolactone and antioxidant polyphenols from Eclipta prostrate L using response surface methodology

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction using ultrasonic probe system (UPAE) was developed for the extraction of wedelolactone (WEL) and antioxidant polyphenols from Eclipta prostrate. A central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the UPAE. The key parameters considered for the UPAE included solvent type, temperature, ultrasonic power, solvent to material ratio and extraction time. The dependent variables included the yield of WEL, total phenolic content (TPC) and scavenging activity of DPPH radical. For simultaneously maximizing the three responses, the optimal conditions were 48% ethanol–water mixture as solvent, temperature of 40°C, ultrasonic power of 90W, solvent to material ratio of 50mL/g and extraction time of 11min. The predicted values from the developed quadratic polynomial equations were in close agreement with the actual experimental values. The TPC and %DPPH of the optimized UPAE were significantly higher than those of ultrasonic-assisted extraction using ultrasonic bath, heat reflux extraction and Soxhlet extraction. Compared to conventional extraction methods, UPAE provided higher extraction efficiency and offered many advantages such as reduction of time and energy for extraction. The developed UPAE appears to be a green method and have great potential for the extraction of active components and antioxidants from natural products.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Chinese Quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) by Response Surface Methodology

Functional phenolic compounds were extracted from Chinese quince using highly efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technology. The experiment was carried out in accordance with a small central composite design (SCCD) five-level and three-variable approach. The optimum combination of solvent concentration, extraction temperature and time with the application of ultrasonic, for the maximum extraction of phenolic compounds from Chinese quince, was obtained by response surface methodology. Responses of phenolic compounds such as total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total flavan-3-ols were determined by the spectrophotometer assay. High significance of each response revealed that this SCCD model well-fitted the experimental parameters as well as the reliability of the predicted value. The optimal UAE conditions obtained by superimposed contour plot were 50% ethanol concentration, 63.9°C extraction temperature, and extraction time 11.4 min. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the experimental results for three responses were total phenolic content 2367.16 mg gallic acid equivalents /100 g, total flavonoid content 544.12 mg rutin equivalents /100 g, and total flavan-3-ols content 709.07 mg catechin equivalents /100 g, which well-matched with the predicted values. The optimal conditions attained from the present study would provide scientific references to economical production of relative phenolic compounds products.