Efficient Transfer Method Research Articles

THE INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION–APPLICATION TO VILAZODONE HYDROCHLORIDE DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The research aims to create a fast, economical, and efficient tech transfer method for analyzing bulk materials and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: The analysis was performed using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 analytical column (130 Å, 1.7 µm, 3 mm x 100 mm) with detection of the analyte at 238 nm. The mobile phase flow rate was optimized at 0.3 ml/min, and an injection volume of 0.5 µl** was used. The isocratic mobile phase consisted of a blend of buffer (0.1% OPA) and acetonitrile at a ratio of 40:60% v/v. Results: All validation parameters of the analytical method were acceptable. The analyte eluted at 3.08 min with satisfactory theoretical plates and a tailing factor. The recovery of the analyte was 99-100%, and the method's precision was 0.59 and 0.72% RSD. The technique showed no interference, indicating specificity. The linearity was demonstrated over the 20-60 µg/ml range, with a regression coefficient of 0.999. Conclusion: The developed method is cost-effective, specific with minimal interference, and time-saving. It also reduces solvent consumption for quality control analysis of vilazodone hydrochloride samples. The method demonstrates good linearity, robustness, and accuracy.

Progress in spontaneous ignition of hydrogen during high-pressure leakage with the considerations of pipeline storage and delivery

High-pressure pipeline storage presents a promising method for widespread and efficient hydrogen transfer. However, challenges arise in mitigating pressurized hydrogen leakage due to hydrogen embrittlement issues associated with conventional pipeline materials. Experimental findings indicate that pressurized hydrogen is prone to spontaneous combustion, even at relief pressures as low as approximately 2 MPa - well below the permissible pipeline pressure in most countries. Despite this, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the mechanism of spontaneous ignition from high-pressure hydrogen leakage, and current research in this area is deemed insufficient. This study aims to analyze and discuss the presumed mechanisms of spontaneous ignition comparatively, review the progress in the study of spontaneous ignition of hydrogen in high-pressure leakage based on diffusion ignition theory, and statistically compare and discuss the influences of significant factors existing in pipelines (e.g., macro size factors and internal structure) and/or pipe failures (e.g., rupture factors) on spontaneous ignition. It is hoped that this article will provide scholars involved in the development of hydrogen energy and the theories of spontaneous combustion with a systematic understanding of these phenomena.

Efficient visual transformer transferring from neural ODE perspective

AbstractRecently, the Visual Image Transformer (ViT) has revolutionized various domains in computer vision. The transfer of pre‐trained ViT models on large‐scale datasets has proven to be a promising method for downstream tasks. However, traditional transfer methods introduce numerous additional parameters in transformer blocks, posing new challenges in learning downstream tasks. This article proposes an efficient transfer method from the perspective of neural Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) to address this issue. On the one hand, the residual connections in the transformer layers can be interpreted as the numerical integration of differential equations. Therefore, the transformer block can be described as two explicit Euler method equations. By dynamically learning the step size in the explicit Euler equation, a highly lightweight method for transferring the transformer block is obtained. On the other hand, a new learnable neural memory ODE block is proposed by taking inspiration from the self‐inhibition mechanism in neural systems. It increases the diversity of dynamical behaviours of the neurons to transfer the head block efficiently and enhances non‐linearity simultaneously. Experimental results in image classification demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively transfer ViT models and outperform state‐of‐the‐art methods.

Activation analysis of RFT-30 cyclotron target assembly

This work evaluated the validity of computer simulation codes by comparing the results of an inventory calculation for a89Zr target assembly with measured data obtained using a high-purity germanium detector. For the inventory calculation, the MCNP6 and FISAPCT-Ⅱ codes were used, and for the measurement, efficiency derived from the efficiency transfer method was used. The MCNP6's ENDF/B-Ⅶ library (TENDL-2017 library for 89Y) and the CEM03.03 physics model were employed to simulate proton reactions, while the ENDF/B-Ⅶ library alone was utilized for neutron reactions. To verify the efficiency obtained by the efficiency transfer method, the calculated activity of the reference sources was compared with the measured activity and confirmed to be within 11%. For the target assembly, the average calculated-to-measured activity (C/M) ratio was determined to be 0.7–2.0 (physics model) and 0.7–1.5 (data library with TENDL), thus confirming the validity of the computer simulation codes. The above results suggest that the methods presented in this study could be used to establish decommissioning plans for the cyclotron facility, including plans for waste disposal of cyclotron components such as target assemblies.

Numerical investigation on the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids in microchannel with chip arrays

Elastic turbulence is an efficient heat transfer method at microscale. In this work, we conduct a systematic investigation on the flow and heat transfer performances of viscoelastic polymer solutions in microchannels with chip arrays by means of high-fidelity numerical simulations. Focusing on the effects of fluid elasticity [i.e. polymer relaxation time (λ)] and flow Reynolds number (Re), we find that the synergistic interplay between inertial and elastic forces is strategically exploited to amplify convection, thereby facilitating an enhanced heat transfer performance. For highly elastic fluid, the Nusselt number (Nu) can be improved by 76.13 % compared to that of less elastic fluid, while the pressure drop is reduced appropriately. In addition, as the fluid elasticity increases, the pressure drop decreases and eventually converges to a constant. In the zone of elastic turbulence, the fluid reinforces the convective heat transfer, which can be ascribe to the deformation of long-chain polymer molecules. Particularly, we consider the effect of temperature-dependent λ on the heat transfer performance. Our results demonstrate that the increased temperature-dependent λ decreases the value of Nu, and the variation between values of variable and constant λ is reduced with increasing Re or λ. Hence, in some cases of large fluid elasticity or high Re, it is possible to safely ignore the impact of temperature-dependent λ with an acceptable accuracy. The present work provides important insights into the enhanced heat transfer via elastic turbulence, which could guide the applications in the field of chip cooling.

Ice-Enabled Transfer of Graphene on Copper Substrates Enhanced by Electric Field and Cu2O.

Graphene films grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method suffer from contamination and damage during transfer. Herein, an innovative ice-enabled transfer method under an applied electric field and in the presence of Cu2O (or Cu2O-Electric-field Ice Transfer, abbreviated as CEIT) is developed. Ice serves as a pollution-free transfer medium while water molecules under the electric field fully wet the graphene surface for a bolstered adhesion force between the ice and graphene. Cu2O is used to reduce the adhesion force between graphene and copper. The combined methodology in CEIT ensures complete separation and clean transfer of graphene, resulting in successfully transferred graphene to various substrates, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Teflon, and C4F8 without pollution. The graphene obtained via CEIT is utilized to fabricate field-effect transistors with electrical performances comparable to that of intrinsic graphene characterized by small Dirac points and high carrier mobility. The carrier mobility of the transferred graphene reaches 9090 cm2V-1s-1, demonstrating a superior carrier mobility over that from other dry transfer methods. In a nutshell, the proposed clean and efficient transfer method holds great potential for future applications of graphene.

Enhancing cross-subject transfer performance for SSVEP identification using small data-based transferability evaluation

Cross-subject steady-state visual evoked potential-based brain-computer interfaces (SSVEP-BCIs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their potential to reduce calibration efforts and improve usability. This study proposed an efficient cross-subject transfer method for SSVEP-BCI, which significantly reduced the calibration effort and enhanced system performance. By employing a minimal dataset obtained from the target subject, specifically, a single trial for each frequency, we calculated the similarity between the SSVEPs of the target subject and the source subjects. Based on the similarities, a transferability evaluation model was constructed, which was then used to assign weights to the source subjects. The features calculated from the source subjects were then weighted and summed to obtain the frequency recognition results. The proposed cross-subject transfer method was evaluated in two pipelines based on the ensemble task-related component analysis (eTRCA) and task-discriminant component analysis (TDCA), respectively. The proposed method in eTRCA-pipeline initially achieving accuracies of 96.98 ± 3.66 % and 88.97 ± 14.66 % in our dataset and the Benchmark dataset, respectively, at a data length of 1 s. After fusing the features of eTRCA with those of the extended canonical correlation analysis (eCCA), the method exhibited enhanced performance, elevating accuracies to 98.23 ± 2.68 % and 92.83 ± 10.75 %. Similarly, in TDCA-pipeline, accuracies initially reached 97.47 ± 3.88 % and 93.53 ± 10.22 % in our dataset and the Benchmark dataset, respectively, and after fusing TDCA features with eCCA features, they remarkably increased to 98.13 ± 2.89 % and 95.00 ± 8.43 %, respectively. This study offers a promising solution for the fast and effective calibration of SSVEP-BCI, paving the way for more practical and accessible BCI systems.

Enhanced boiling heat transfer performance on wettability-patterned surface

As an efficient heat transfer method, boiling heat transfer (BHT) plays an important role in strengthening the thermal management of high-power electronics, etc. In this work, the wettability patterns are prepared on copper substrate by mask-assisted chemical processing method, which enhances the BHT performance. We firstly treat the copper surface into superhydrophilic by chemical immersion, and then it is modified by fluorosilane into superhydrophobic, and wettability patterns are formed with the assistance of mask. Then, the BHT performances and the corresponding bubble dynamics of the wettability-patterned surfaces are experimentally investigated. Finally, the optimal BHT performances of the wettability-patterned surface prepared by the proposed method are compared with other modified surfaces. The results show that the BHT is improved dramatically on the wettability-patterned surface, the critical heat flux (CHF) and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) improve by 23% and 56%, respectively. Under high heat flux, the decrease of hydrophobic pattern size can significantly improve the BHT performances, while under low heat flux, reducing the hydrophobic pattern pitch can improve the BHT performances to a certain extent. The reduction of the hydrophobic area has a significant effect on the CHF and HTC.

A toolbox for genetic manipulation in intestinal Clostridium symbiosum

Gut microbes are closely related with human health, but remain much to learn. Clostridium symbiosum is a conditionally pathogenic human gut bacterium and regarded as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of intestinal tumors. However, the absence of an efficient toolbox that allows diverse genetic manipulations of this bacterium limits its in-depth studies. Here, we obtained the complete genome sequence of C. symbiosum ATCC 14940, a representative strain of C. symbiosum. On this basis, we further developed a series of genetic manipulation methods for this bacterium. Firstly, following the identification of a functional replicon pBP1 in C. symbiosum ATCC 14940, a highly efficient conjugative DNA transfer method was established, enabling the rapid introduction of exogenous plasmids into cells. Next, we constructed a dual-plasmid CRISPR/Cas12a system for genome editing in this bacterium, reaching over 60 % repression for most of the chosen genes as well as efficient deletion (>90 %) of three target genes. Finally, this toolbox was used for the identification of crucial functional genes, involving growth, synthesis of important metabolites, and virulence of C. symbiosum ATCC 14940. Our work has effectively established and optimized genome editing methods in intestinal C. symbiosum, thereby providing strong support for further basic and application research in this bacterium.

CFA-GAN: Cross fusion attention and frequency loss for image style transfer

Image style transfer is a significant challenge in computer vision, where the goal is to transfer the style of a reference image to a source image while preserving its background and feature information. Despite previous progress in this area, many studies have overlooked the issues of local details and complexity, leading to unrealistic generated images and slow model inference speeds. This paper proposes an efficient image style transfer method based on cross-fusion attention (CFA), inspired by generative adversarial networks (GAN) and a new joint loss. Our novel CFA encodes local contextual information between low-level and high-level features, models remote dependencies of features, and embeds CFA into the encoder of our proposed model to increase the diversity of small features and focus on more prominent feature parts. Furthermore, we use frequency domain loss to improve image reconstruction quality and a joint loss to train the network. Our experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that our proposed method offers significant advantages in terms of inference speed, background information preservation, and local details, making it a promising approach to image style transfer. The code for our method is available at https://github.com/berylxzhang/CFA-GAN.

Irregular pentagon loop for nuclear reactor natural circulation system test apparatus

The natural circulation loop has become a crucial topic for investigating a heat transfer system without a recirculation pump. This study aimed to analyze the steady-state condition of an irregular pentagon natural circulation loop design. The loop was constructed using stainless pipes and equipped with a real-time data acquisition and control system capable of handling high-temperature fluids without human contact. The data acquisition and control system was based on Python programming and operated on a Raspberry Pi mini computer. The heater in the loop was designed from a pipe wrapped around a nichrome wire, and the voltage source could be adjusted using Variac. The cooling system utilized the wind from the blower flowing in the annulus between the pipe inside the larger diameter pipe. The experimental results were used as parameters and boundary conditions in modeling using ANSYS Fluent software. The results showed that the deviation of the modeled temperature from the experimental results was below 1.5%. In addition, the results provided that the higher the power applied to the heater, the greater the Reynolds number value at steady-state, with the difference in value between the highest and lowest power reaching 38.7%. This research contributes to the understanding of the natural circulation system as an efficient heat transfer method and can potentially be used in the design of passive safety systems for generation IV nuclear reactors.

Optimal and robust control of population transfer in asymmetric quantum-dot molecules

We present an optimal and robust quantum control method for efficient population transfer in asymmetric double quantum-dot molecules. We derive a long-duration control scheme that allows for highly efficient population transfer by accurately controlling the amplitude of a narrow-bandwidth pulse. To overcome fluctuations in control field parameters, we employ a frequency-domain quantum optimal control theory method to optimize the spectral phase of a single pulse with broad bandwidth while preserving the spectral amplitude. It is shown that this spectral-phase-only optimization approach can successfully identify robust and optimal control fields, leading to efficient population transfer to the target state while concurrently suppressing population transfer to undesired states. The method demonstrates resilience to fluctuations in control field parameters, making it a promising approach for reliable and efficient population transfer in practical applications.

Experimental study on bubble dynamics and heat transfer of pool boiling at sub-atmospheric pressures

Pool boiling, as an efficient phase-change heat transfer method, has attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, the bubble dynamics behavior (BDB) and heat transfer characteristics of pool boiling at sub-atmospheric pressure (sub-ATM) are significantly different from those at or above standard atmospheric pressure (std-ATM). This paper presents experimental results of BDB and heat transfer characteristics of pool boiling at sub-ATM in the range of 30–120 kPa. High-speed backlight imaging technique was adopted. The results show that with the decrease of boiling pressure, the diameter and near circularity coefficient of bubble departure increase, and the frequency and aspect ratio decrease. With the decline in pressure, the critical heat flux (CHF) of pool boiling on the surface of the electric heater decreases. Specifically, the CHF at 120 kPa is 23.2% higher than that at 40 kPa. At sub-ATM, the boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) grows with the increase of liquid height. However, the HTC hardly changes with liquid height at std-ATM and higher.

An efficient adaptive multi-mesh phase-field method for simulating rock fractures

Phase-field models have significant advantages in rock fractures, such as simulating multiple crack initiation, propagation and coalescence without requiring fracture criteria. However, the high computational cost is a notable drawback. For this reason, this paper proposes a simple, efficient and robust Adaptive Multi-Mesh phase-field method (AMM) for modelling crack propagation. The main concept of the AMM method is to adopt a coarser adaptive mesh and C0 elements for the displacement field in order to reduce computational cost, while employing a finer adaptive mesh and C1 elements for the damage field to accurately capture in-rock crack paths. The results show that the AMM method is capable of reducing the number of displacement elements by 58.2–72% and the computational time by 43.8–53% compared to the Adaptive Mesh phase-field method (AM), and by 92.4–96.4% and 95.9–98.8%, respectively, compared to the Uniform Refinement mesh method (UR). Additionally, this paper also proposes a simple and practical mesh Refinement Combination Strategy, RCS, and an efficient Local variable transfer method, LEI, which requires only the Exchange of Integration point positions. The proposed RCS makes it possible to perform variable transfer between two independent adaptive meshes without searching the topological relations, thus dramatically decreasing the implementation difficulty and computational time. The proposed LEI method achieves variable transfer simply by exchanging integration point positions, thereby ensuring simplicity and numerical stability.

An Efficient and Secure Method for Simultaneous Ownership Transfer of Multiple Mobile Readers

In recent years, radio frequency identification technology has developed rapidly and has been applied in supply chains. Products in supply chains are varied and may belong to several different owners. Ownership transfer requires the consent of a majority of owners. This article proposed a method suitable for simultaneously transferring the ownership of a large number of goods. The method does not require a trusted third party and can securely and efficiently transfer group ownership for multiple owners with multiple tags. The old and new owner groups can be classified as different authorities. This method can be used in mobile readers to transfer one, some, or all tags in a group. It includes mutual authentication between tags, readers, and backend servers, and can ensure that only assigned owners can obtain the tag ownership. The method proved can resist most known attacks, such as secret disclosure attacks and replay attacks. It can also prevent attacks from the dishonest original owners. Finally, through experiments, we compared the proposed method with other many-to-many ownership transfer methods and demonstrated that the proposed method has better security and fewer transmitted messages than other methods.

Preserving the positivity of the deformation gradient determinant in intergrid interpolation by combining RBFs and SVD: Application to cardiac electromechanics

The accurate, robust and efficient transfer of the deformation gradient tensor between meshes of different resolution is crucial in cardiac electromechanics simulations. This paper presents a novel method that combines rescaled localized Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to preserve the positivity of the determinant of the deformation gradient tensor. The method involves decomposing the evaluations of the tensor at the quadrature nodes of the source mesh into rotation matrices and diagonal matrices of singular values; computing the RBF interpolation of the quaternion representation of rotation matrices and the singular value logarithms; reassembling the deformation gradient tensors at quadrature nodes of the destination mesh, to be used in the assembly of the electrophysiology model equations. The proposed method overcomes limitations of existing interpolation methods, including nested intergrid interpolation and RBF interpolation of the displacement field, that may lead to the loss of physical meaningfulness of the mathematical formulation and then to solver failures at the algebraic level, due to negative determinant values. Furthermore, the proposed method enables the transfer of solution variables between finite element spaces of different degrees and shapes and without stringent conformity requirements between different meshes, thus enhancing the flexibility and accuracy of electromechanical simulations. We show numerical results confirming that the proposed method enables the transfer of the deformation gradient tensor, allowing to successfully run simulations in cases where existing methods fail. This work provides an efficient and robust method for the intergrid transfer of the deformation gradient tensor, thus enabling independent tailoring of mesh discretizations to the particular characteristics of the individual physical components concurring to the of the multiphysics model.

A semi–empirical method for efficiency calibration of an HPGe detector against different sample densities

In this work, a semi-empirical equation in terms of γ-energy, and sample density is derived, proposed, benchmarked, and applied for the peak efficiency calibration of an HPGe detector with respect to an axial source-to-detector configuration. The samples are in the form of cone-shaped Marinelli beakers of different densities in the range 0.7–1.6 g/cm3. The method employs the experimental measurements with the ANGLE-3 software calculations using the efficiency transfer method. The peak efficiency curve of an HPGe detector is calculated using the experimental measurements of point-like sources (133Ba, 137Cs, and 60Co). The ANGLE-3 software is then used to calculate the peak efficiency curves for samples with different densities in the γ-energy range 81–1332 keV. The peak efficiency curves are then fitted to get the energy coefficient; in addition, a linear relationship is then constructed between the energy coefficients and sample densities to get the density coefficients, and the derived equation as well.The derived equations are benchmarked using the peak efficiency curves by ANGLE-3 software in comparison with that the equation results. The results are found to be in agreement with an average relative error of about 1.5%. In addition, the derived equations are applied to estimate the activity concentration of radionuclides present in 5 cone-shaped samples with different densities using experimental measurements. The activity results are found to be in agreement with the certified values with an average relative error of about 2%. The limitation of the proposed equations is also discussed with respect to different material densities and different chemical compositions and correction factors for material composition self-attenuation for various materials are also presented.

Experimental study of steam condensation heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal tube under rolling motion

As an efficient heat transfer method, in-tube condensation heat transfer is widely used in various fields, including passive residual heat removal systems (PRHRS) of floating power plants under ocean conditions. The experimental investigation aimed to study the condensation heat transfer characteristics of steam in a 25 mm inner diameter horizontal tube with a heat transfer length of 1050 mm under rolling motion. The study used a mass flux of 30 kg/(m2·s) and investigated average vapor qualities, rolling amplitude, and rolling period ranging from 0.32 to 0.79, 0 °–20°, and 10 s–20 s, respectively. The experimental results show that the condensation flow patterns under rolling conditions are more complex than those under non-rolling motion due to the influence of the rolling period and rolling amplitude. The instantaneous heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) changes periodically due to the rolling motion and has the same change period. The pulsation amplitude of the IHTC increases with increasing rolling amplitude but weakens as the vapor quality increases. The effect of the rolling period on the IHTC is much less than that of the rolling amplitude. At low vapor quality, the time-averaged heat transfer coefficient (THTC) under the rolling motion condition increases with the rolling amplitude and period, and the maximum enhancement of THTC is 44%. As the vapor quality increases, the THTC under rolling conditions is the same as that under non-rolling conditions. These findings provide important insights into the condensation heat transfer characteristics of vapor in a horizontal tube under rolling motion, which can help improve the design and operation of in-tube condensation heat transfer systems in various fields.

A modified 3D-EDFM method considering fracture width variation due to thermal stress and its application in enhanced geothermal system

The successful utilization of hot dry rock is contingent upon the implementation of the development of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) to create a complex fracture network.However, the fracture is affected by thermal stress, which results from the temperature difference between low-temperature fluid and high-temperature rock. To address this issue, a dynamic model of fracture width that takes thermal stress into account has been proposed. This model is based on the modified three-dimensional embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) method and is solved by finite volume method coupling local boundary element.This model is based on the modified three-dimensional EDFM method and is solved by finite volume method coupling local boundary element. The proposed method has been validated through comparing with results obtained from commercial finite element software. Furthermore, the method is applied to the simulation of EGS to analyze the parameter sensitivity of the mass and heat transfer process. The results indicate that neglecting the impact of thermal stress on fracture width leads to an underestimation of produced energy. The shape and inclination angle of fractures significantly affect the mass and heat transfer in the reservoir.Moreover, the shape and inclination angle of fractures significantly affect the mass and heat transfer in the reservoir. A larger heat exchange area results in faster temperature decreases and increased heat energy production. High thermal diffusion coefficients improve the performance of EGS, while an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient of rock accelerates thermal breakthrough and enhances heat energy production. It has been found that maintaining a small pressure difference between injection and production and using low-temperature injection water can prolong the system lifetime and increase the final heat energy produced. This study presents an efficient numerical simulation method for mass and heat transfer in fractured reservoirs, expands the original EDFM method's application range and enhances calculation accuracy..

Comparative Review of Selected Internet Communication Protocols

Abstract With a large variety of communication methods and protocols, many software architects face the problem of choosing the best way for services to share information. For communication technology to be functional and practical, it should enable developers to define a complete set of CRUD methods for the processed data. The research team compared this paper’s most commonly used data transfer protocols and concepts: REST, WebSocket, gRPC GraphQL and SOAP. A set of web servers was implemented in Python, each using one of the examined technologies. Then, the team performed an automated benchmark measuring time and data transfer overhead for a set of defined operations: creating an entity, retrieving a list of 100 entities and fetching details of one entity. Tests were designed to avoid the results being interfered with by database connection or docker-compose environment characteristics. The research team has concluded that gRPC was the most efficient and reliable data transfer method. On the other hand, GraphQL turned out to be the slowest communication method of all. Moreover, its server and client libraries caused the most problems with proper usage in a web server. SOAP did not participate in benchmarking due to limited compatibility with Python and a lack of popularity in modern web solutions.