Efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol Research Articles

ESTEEM – Enhanced stability and throughput for energy efficient multihop routing based on Markov Chain Model in wireless body area networks

Wireless Medical Body Area Sensor Network (WMBASN) monitors vital human biological parameters used for various healthcare and fitness applications. The design and development of a reliable WMBASN routing protocol with improved network performance are significant tasks for researchers and healthcare industries. This work focuses on multi-hop routing to select a relay node to collect data from far away sensor nodes and to Central Coordinator Node (CCN). A novel approach for choosing best fitted Assistive Node (AN) by incorporating Hidden Markov Chain Model (HMCM) called Enhanced Stability and Throughput for Energy Efficient Multihop routing protocol (ESTEEM). Selection Function selects the best-fitted AN based on HMCM relating to maximum residual energy and minimum distance between the sensor node and CCN. The outcome of the proposed ESTEEM achieves increased throughput, better stability with the first dead node and extended network lifetime with the last dead node at 71% and 95.1% of total simulation time, respectively. In addition, the proposed work also concentrates on CCN placed at different positions on the human body to analyze and identify its best position for better routing. Overall, an improved multi-hop, energy efficiency and better quality of service are achieved based on specific network parameters with random postural movements through ESTEEM, and the results are superior to conventional routing protocols.

Survey on Q-Learning-Based Position-Aware Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks

A flying ad hoc network (FANETs), also known as a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), can be deployed in a wide range of applications including surveillance, monitoring, and emergency communications. UAVs must perform real-time communication among themselves and the base station via an efficient routing protocol. However, designing an efficient multihop routing protocol for FANETs is challenging due to high mobility, dynamic topology, limited energy, and short transmission range. Recently, owing to the advantages of multi-objective optimization, Q-learning (QL)-based position-aware routing protocols have improved the performance of routing in FANETs. In his article, we provide a comprehensive review of existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols for FANETs. We rigorously address dynamic topology, mobility models, and the relationship between QL and routing in FANETs, and extensively review the existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols along with their advantages and limitations. Then, we compare the reviewed protocols qualitatively in terms of operational features, characteristics, and performance metrics. We also discuss important open issues and research challenges with potential research directions.

Efficient Next-Hop Selection in Multi-Hop Routing for IoT Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm allows the integration of cyber and physical worlds and other emerging technologies. IoT-enabled wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are rapidly gaining interest due to their ability to aggregate sensing data and transmit it towards the central or intermediate repositories, such as computational clouds and fogs. This paper presents an efficient multi-hop routing protocol (EMRP) for efficient data dissemination in IoT-enabled WSNs where hierarchy-based energy-efficient routing is involved. It considers a rank-based next-hop selection mechanism. For each device, it considers the residual energy to choose the route for data exchange. We extracted the residual energy at each node and evaluated it based on the connection degree to validate the maximum rank. It allowed us to identify the time slots for measuring the lifetime of the network. We also considered the battery expiry time of the first node to identify the network expiry time. We validated our work through extensive simulations using Network Simulator. We also implemented TCL scripts and C language code to configure low-power sensing devices, cluster heads and sink nodes. We extracted results from the trace files by utilizing AWK scripts. Results demonstrate that the proposed EMRP outperforms the existing related schemes in terms of the average lifetime, packet delivery ratio, time-slots, communication lost, communication area, first node expiry, number of alive nodes and residual energy.

Energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol for smart vehicle monitoring using intelligent sensor networks

This article focuses on intensifying in-vehicle biological wireless sensor networks for the persistence of monitoring the information on a precise vehicle. The wireless sensor networks will have enormous amount of nodules which are interrelated with each other. Therefore, these wireless sensor networks can be installed on a vehicle not only for monitoring perseverance but also for corroborating security with the support of a Global Positioning System expedient. In addition, the projected work focuses on reliable communiqué which is defined in terms of network reliability with discrepancy in reporting rate at each base station. To validate the efficiency of the proposed scheme, the simulation has been abetted using network simulator (NS2) and the outcomes indicate that when the sensors are installed, a robust system can be obtained with improved data transfer between the base stations. Moreover, a fortified in-vehicular sensor can be fixed in each vehicle with minimized path loss.

A modified energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an important area of research due to energy limitations. It is therefore important to maximize the limited energy so as to increase the network lifetime of the WSN. In this paper, a modified energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol (mEEMRP) in a 200 m2 field is presented. This protocol is based on a technique that involves balancing load between communication management (CM) nodes during the multi-hop routing of aggregated data to the base station (BS), where the residual energy (RE) levels of CM nodes are considered as well as the distance between neighboring CM nodes. Simulation results showed that mEEMRP yielded a 1.77% improvement over energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol (EEMRP) in terms of network lifetime. More so, the proposed mEEMRP also improved the energy consumption and the number of packets received at the BS by 4.83% and 7.41%, respectively.Keywords: Routing protocol, Multi-hop routing, Network lifetime, mEEMRP, EEMRP

An Election Energy Threshold Based Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in a Grid-Clustered Wireless Sensor Network

Owing to the limited energy of sensor nodes (SNs) in a wireless sensor network (WSN), it is important to reduce and balance the energy consumption of the SNs in order to extend the WSN lifetime. Clustering mechanism is a highly efficient and effective mechanism for minimizing the amount of energy that SNs consume during the transmission of data packets. In this paper, an election energy threshold based multi-hop routing protocol (mEEMRP) is presented. In order to minimize energy consumption, this routing protocol uses grid clustering, where the network field is divided into grid clusters. SNs in each grid cluster select a cluster head (CH) based on a weight factor that takes the node location, node’s residual energy (RE) as well as the node’s distance from the base station into consideration. An energy efficient multi-hop routing algorithm is adopted during the transmission of data packets from the cluster heads (CHs) to the base station (BS). This multi-hop routing algorithm uses an election energy threshold value, T­nhCH that takes into consideration the RE of CHs as well as the distance between CHs. Simulation results show a 1.77% and 10.65% improvement in terms of network lifetime for two network field scenarios over Energy Efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol (EEMRP).

Reliable Energy Efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Body Area Networks

Reliable Energy Efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Body Area Networks

Pm-EEMRP: Postural Movement Based Energy Efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Intra Wireless Body Sensor Network (Intra-WBSN)

Intra-WBSN plays an important role in health monitoring, military and consumer electronics. It iscomposed of wireless bio-sensor nodes which are strategically placed on the body. Due to body posture movement, network topology of Intra-WBSN changes continuously. It plays a significant role in Intra-WBSN. In proposed Pm-EEMRP, network stability, energy efficiency and high throughput are the prime parametersfor body posture movement in which sensing informations from bio-sensor nodes are forwarded to relay nodes. Relay nodesare deployed in cloths, which aggregate these data and forward it to body network controller (BNC). It provides reliable and comfortable health monitoring. Through simulation, the proposed routing protocol provides better network stability, improved energy efficiency and high throughput in comparison to conventional routing schemes.

Gateway Based Stable Election Multi Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

A gateway based energy efficient multi hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is introduced. The main aim of our paper is to design a protocol which minimizes energy consumption. Gateway nodes are deployed in sensing field. These gateway also reduce distance for reliable transmission of data. based protocol is better in terms of network lifetime protocol like SEP which is single hop