Efficient Removal Of Fluoride Research Articles

Performance and mechanism of ‘coagulation co-adsorption’ on simultaneous reduction of turbidity and low-fluoride pollution by a polymer metal-based defluorination and turbidity-removal agent (PMDTA)

ABSTRACT A polymer metal-based defluorination and turbidity-removal agent (PMDTA) was prepared using a poly-Si–Fe coagulant (PSF) and aluminum. Simultaneous reduction of turbidity and fluoride by PMDTA was studied using the ‘coagulation co-adsorption (CcA)’ method for the simulated and real low-fluoride waters, respectively, compared with that by PSF. The surface and bond structures, charged properties, and size of PMDTA and its flocs were explored, and the mechanism of removing turbidity and fluoride was analyzed. The results showed PMDTA decreased fluoride to <1 mg/L (PSF could not), but both decreased turbidity to <0.5 NTU. PMDTA adapted to a wider initial turbidity, humid acid (HA), NaCl, and temperature. PMDTA had similar bond structures to PSF, more complex surface structures than PSF, and higher surface space and adsorption sites than PSF. Filtration had almost no impact on fluoride removal, but gave positive impact on turbidity removal. The removal mechanisms of fluoride and turbidity were different: the former was mainly removed through adsorption on PMDTA-flocs (controlled by their forming conditions) having efficient adsorption properties, and the latter was mainly cleared through a synergistic effect of the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory (classic coagulation mechanism). The efficient fluoride removal by PMDTA can fully utilize the existing facilities in water plants.

Highly enhanced fluoride removal from aqueous systems via solvent extraction utilizing trialkyl phosphine oxide as an efficient extractant

Solvent extraction (SX) has been recognized as an efficient approach for the large-scale removal of impurities, demonstrating considerable potential for fluoride extraction in industrial applications. However, existing fluoride extraction methods typically require the incorporation of additives to form complexes with fluoride for its removal. Due to the excessive additive requirements for efficient fluoride removal, these methods inevitably result in secondary contamination of feed solution, necessitating additional purification efforts to remove them. In this study, four extractants (trioctyl amine, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and trialkyl phosphine oxide (TRPO)) were investigated for fluoride removal via hydrogen bonding with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Various parameters, including the concentrations of extractants and stripping agents, pH values, extraction time, and temperature were initially optimized. It was found that TRPO exhibits the highest extraction efficiency for HF, with a single-stage extraction rate exceeding 70 %. Complete fluoride removal (> 99.9 %) was achieved through a consecutive four-stage extraction process. Further experiments, including maximum loading and slope analysis, combined with FT-IR and 19F NMR characterization, and DFT calculations elucidate the mechanism of the extraction. The transfer of HF into the organic phase is accomplished by the formation of a 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complex with TRPO. The loaded fluoride in the organic phase can be easily stripped by a base to get a fluoride salt. This study paves the way for the construction of novel SX systems to remove fluoride as HF.

Synthesis of Copper-Doped Metal Nanoferrites for Efficient Removal of Pharmaceutical Wastewater Pollutants in Membrane Bioreactor System

Pharmaceuticals present in the aquatic environment can poison aquatic species and humans through drinking water and cause harmful bacteria to become resistant. The role of transition metal doped metal nanoferrites for the enhanced efficiency of degradation process is widely achieved. In this work, copper doped magnesium ferrite (Cu-MgFe2O4) and copper doped zinc ferrite (Cu-ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the spinel structure for both samples, with crystal sizes of 16.72 nm and 59.05 nm, respectively. The magnetic properties of the samples were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), which revealed that the addition of Cu2+ ions has a significant impact on the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The saturation magnetisation (Ms), retentivity (Mr) and coercivity value (Hc) for the Cu-MgFe2O4 sample were found to be 0.18453 emu, 39.584 × 10-3 emu and 139.61 Oe, respectively, while for the Cu-ZnFe2O4 sample, the values were 0.21271 emu, 71.022 × 10-3 emu and 285.91 Oe, respectively. The impact of copper doped nanoferrites on pollutant removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using the membrane Bioreactor (MBR) system has also been accomplished. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of ferrites in reducing concentrations of heavy metals, including lead and cadmium, within acceptable ranges for inland surface water and public sewers. Furthermore, the MBR system with ferrites exhibited efficient removal of fluoride, sulphide and radioactivity, ensuring compliance with the specified standards. Although the study exhibited the potential of ferrites in pollutants removal, further optimization is necessary to achieve complete compliance with water quality standards.

Insights into the crucial role of pH to achieve the dual goals of efficient fluoride removal and resource recovery from the photovoltaic manufacturing wastewater

Fluoride-containing wastewater arose from the rapid development of photovoltaic manufacturing, and caused many environmental and health concerns. Chemical precipitation is commonly applied for fluoride removal, in which pH plays a crucial role while lacking systematic and in-depth research. In this study, the effect of pH on fluoride removal was investigated from both theoretical and experimental views, and the recovered precipitates with pH control were characterized. Theoretical analysis illustrated the quantitative relationship between reaction rate and pH, which indicated an optimal pH of about 8 for fluoride removal. This result was further validated by the batch and continuous experiments. In the batch experiments, the highest fluoride removal efficiency of 99.00 ± 0.01 % and lowest fluoride residual of 19.93 ± 0.16 mg/L were achieved at pH 8.00. In the continuous experiments, the fluoride residual was controlled under 10 mg/L with a fluoride removal rate of 2298.3 ± 0.5 kg F/(m3·d) in the optimal pH range of 6.95 to 8.47. The precipitate characteristics in terms of morphology, elements composition, and crystallization property showed a close correlation with reaction pH. Furthermore, a multidimensional system involving CaF2 content, precipitant saving, particle size, crystallinity, and fluoride residual was established to assess the fluoride removal and precipitate recovery with pH control. A neutral condition was recommended to achieve the above dual goals. This work provided systematical and deep insights into the pH role in fluoride removal and precipitates recovery, and could offer guidelines for the development of industrial fluoride-containing wastewater treatment.

Extraction of Nanocellulose Fiber from Agrowastes for Efficient Fluoride Removal: A Sustainable Approach

Extraction of Nanocellulose Fiber from Agrowastes for Efficient Fluoride Removal: A Sustainable Approach

Efficient removal of fluoride from water by CaO/Ca12Al14O33/Ca5Al6O14 composites: Performance and mechanism

CaO/Ca12Al14O33/Ca5Al6O14 composites were synthesized through calcination of Ca-Al layered double hydroxides (CaAl-LDHs). The structures of the CaAl-LDHs and the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Batch experiments were carried out to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as initial fluoride concentration, contact time, pH and the coexisting anions on the adsorption of fluoride. The fluoride adsorption follows the Freundlich isotherm model. With the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 1.5 mg L−1, the adsorption capacity was 52.78 mg g−1. The kinetic data were fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. The change of pH (3–10) has almost no influence on the fluoride removal. High concentration of the coexisted sulfate, carbonate and phosphate anions slightly inhibited the fluoride removal. The fluoride removal mechanism study suggested that CaO transformed into CaF2 after fluoride adsorption, which play key roles in fluoride removal. The hydrolysis of Ca12Al14O33 and Ca5Al6O14 resulted the formation of Ca3Al2(OH)12. Fluoride anions participated in this hydrolysis process and resulted in the formation of Ca3Al2(OH)12-xFx, which was revealed by XRD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) and SEM elemental mapping images.

A novel lanthanum ion-assisted fluorapatite precipitation approach for efficient fluoride removal from water

Excess amounts of fluoride ions (F-) in water/wastewater bring great hazards to human health and the environment. The traditional method such as precipitation by calcium ions does not work well for low-concentration F- removal. Herein, we developed a lanthanum ion (La3+)-assisted fluorapatite precipitation approach to treat F--containing water, aiming at high removal efficiency. Through an orthogonal experimental design and single-factor experiment, the optimized reaction conditions were obtained as the molar ratio of (Ca2++La3+): PO43-: F-=7.5: 4: 1, Ca2+: La3+ = 90: 10, and reaction pH of 9. Under such reaction conditions, F- in water (10 mg L−1) could be well controlled under 1 mg L−1, fulfilling relevant environmental standards. No remarkable F- removal efficiency loss was found in the presence of typical anions (e.g., halides, bicarbonate, sulfate). The developed F- removal approach also worked well in a wide F- concentration range (10–200 mg L−1) and reaction temperature range (5–45 °C). Further reaction mechanism study proved that the formation of LaFx(OH)3-x colloids was the key step, which could accumulate F- ions in water into colloids. The subsequently added Ca2+ and PO43- destroyed the stable colloids, and then promoted the formation of fluorapatite with simultaneous La3+ doping, which existed as precipitate and allowed the easy separation from the reaction solution. As a by-product, the as-produced La3+-doped fluorapatite was evaluated as an adsorbent for organic pollutant removal, which possessed a high adsorption capacity (763.4 mg g−1) for the model pollutant of Congo red. Considering the facile operation process, high F- removal efficiency, wide operation temperature window, and anti-inference for co-existing anions, the La3+-assisted fluorapatite precipitation approach possessed great potential for F--containing water/wastewater treatment.

Monolayer calcium-doped layered yttrium hydroxide adsorbent for rapid and efficient removal of fluoride from industrial wastewater

Strategies for the rapid and efficient removal of fluoridated industrial wastewater are currently lacking. Herein, monolayer calcium-doped layered yttrium hydroxide (Ca-Y LRH) was synthesized through formamide exfoliation, and its removal of fluoride reached equilibrium within 4 min. The adsorption kinetics fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a faster adsorption rate (KF = 0.22 mg g−1 min−1), and the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 483.33 mg g−1. The interlayer chloride ions in the monolayer Ca-Y LRH were the main ligands for substituting fluoride, which inhibited the increase in pH and maintained the continuation of the fluoride removal process. Furthermore, the optimum fluoride removal performance of monolayer Ca-Y LRH was predicted by software-based multiparameter methods and was found to be useful for treating fluoridated industrial wastewater samples (858.17 or 8.72 mg L−1). These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of fluoridated industrial wastewater.

Efficient fluoride removal in hybrid capacitive deionization enabled by Ce-Zn-MOF-derived CeO2@C and birnessite electrodes

Fluorine pollution has become a public health issue of global concern. Capacitive deionization (CDI) presents the benefits of simple operation, high energy efficiency, and good sustainability. The development of high adsorption performance, economical and environmentally friendly defluorination electrodes is the key direction of capacitive deionization. Here, a spherical metal–organic framework (MOF) Ce/Zn-BTC was prepared by solvothermal method utilizing benzene-tricarboxylic (BTC) acid as solvent, and then it was transformed into CeO2@C composites through pyrolysis. The spherical structure of the original MOFs is preserved by CeO2@C, leading to significant enhancements in specific surface area (275.48 m2/g), pore volume (0.3359 cm3/g), and electrochemical performance. In this work, the anode material CeO2@C was employed for the first time, while birnessite-type MnO2 (δ-MnO2) was utilized as a cathode material for the fabrication of a hybrid CDI (HCDI) device for the treatment of fluorinated wastewater. The CeO2@C/δ-MnO2 cell shows excellent fluoride removal performance with a removal capacity of 22.03 mg/g for 50 mg/L fluoride solutions under a 1.2 V applied voltage, which is better than most carbon-based materials. Importantly, the CeO2@C/δ-MnO2 cell has favorable fluoride selectivity and regeneration performance (>75 %) even after undergoing ten cycles. Fluoride is mainly removed by intercalation into the carbon skeleton, coordination with Ce, and electrostatic interaction. This study shows that the CeO2@C/δ-MnO2 cell has excellent fluoride removal performance and practical application prospects.

Nanoconfinement regulation of La-Mg LDH/Ti3C2TX (T = O, OH) for effective removal of fluoride: Membrane fabrication and mechanism revelation

The present study utilized a nanoconfinement-regulated La-Mg LDH/Ti3C2TX (T = O, OH) adsorbent to achieve efficient fluoride removal. The modified adsorbent effectively increased the surface area and active sites of the material through controlled intercalation of La-Mg LDH into the Ti3C2TX gaps. The La-Mg LDH/Ti3C2TX composite was found to exhibit superior suitability for pseudo-second-order kinetics and conformed well to the Langmuir model. Under initial conditions of a fluoride ion concentration of 200 mg/L, pH 7, and a temperature of 298 K, the adsorption capacity was determined to be 139.860 mg/g. The adsorption of fluoride was primarily governed by electrostatic interactions and anion exchange processes. The La-Mg LDH/Ti3C2TX adsorbent with nanoconfinement regulation had the best adsorption effect on fluoride ions, and fluoride ions were more inclined to be adsorbed at the interface of La-Mg LDH/Ti3C2TX. Furthermore, facile fabrication of La-Mg LDH/Ti3C2TX membrane was achievable. Membrane filtration experiments demonstrated that the defluorination efficiency was significantly influenced by the thickness of membrane, water velocity, and solution pH. The membrane processing capacity was 11526 L/m3 when the membrane thickness was 9 mm and the flow rate was 10 mL/min. The present study offers novel insights into the development of defluorinated materials.

Efficient removal of fluoride from water: Adsorption performance of MgO-x adsorbents derived from Mg-MOF-74 and insights from DFT calculations

Magnesium oxide (MgO), an inexpensive and non-toxic substance, is considered an excellent and environmentally friendly fluoride adsorbent. In this study, a series of MgO-x materials (MgO-300, MgO-500, MgO-700 and MgO-800) were obtained by calcination with Mg-MOF-74 as a precursor, and they were used for efficient fluoride removal from wastewater. Both MgO-500 and MgO-700 exhibit excellent fluoride adsorption capacity in the pH range of 3.00–10.00. Specifically, their maximum adsorption capacities are 151.11 mg g−1 and 173.30 mg g−1, respectively. By analyzing the adsorption isotherm and kinetic data, it is confirmed that the adsorption of F− by MgO-x is more in line with the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Interestingly, the adsorption rate of MgO-500 was significantly faster than that of MgO-700. MgO-x exhibited excellent repeat application performance, with MgO-500 maintaining 75.5 % fluoride ion removal efficiency and 81.5 % regeneration efficiency after five adsorption/desorption cycles. FTIR and XPS analyses show that the adsorption mechanism of fluorine on MgO-x is mainly the result of ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction. Density functional theory calculations show that the adsorption of fluorine on the MgO (110) plane is more favorable than on the (100) plane. This study demonstrates that magnesium oxide derived from Mg-MOF-74, as an economical and environmentally friendly material, has great potential to remove excess fluoride from water.

Approaches for the Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater: A Comprehensive Review.

Contamination of groundwater with fluoride represents a significant global issue, with high concentrations posing serious public health threats. While fluoride is a critical element in water, excessive levels can be detrimental to human health and potentially life-threatening. Addressing the challenge of removing fluoride from underground water sources via nanotechnological approaches is a pressing concern in environmental science. To collate relevant information, extensive literature searches were conducted across multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the American Chemical Society, Elsevier, Springer, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. VOS Viewer software version 1.6.20 was employed for a systematic review. This article delivers an exhaustive evaluation of various groundwater fluoride removal techniques, such as adsorption, membrane filtration, electrocoagulation, photocatalysis, and ion exchange. Among these, the application of nanoparticles emerges as a notable method. The article delves into nano-compounds, optimizing conditions for the fluoride removal process and benchmarking their efficacy against other techniques. Studies demonstrate that advanced nanotechnologies-owing to their rapid reaction times and potent oxidation capabilities-can remove fluoride effectively. The implementation of nanotechnologies in fluoride removal not only enhances water quality but also contributes to the safeguarding of human health.

Synthesis of a Ce–La Adsorbent with Large Adsorption Capacity for Efficient Fluoride Removal from Leaching Solution of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Synthesis of a Ce–La Adsorbent with Large Adsorption Capacity for Efficient Fluoride Removal from Leaching Solution of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Efficient fluoride removal using nano MgO: mechanisms and performance evaluation.

In this study, highly efficient fluoride removal of nano MgO was successfully synthesized using a simple hydrothermal precipitation method. Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) was utilized as a surfactant. Its long-chain structure tightly wrapped around the precursor crystal of basic magnesium chloride, inhibiting the growth of precursor crystals, reducing their size, and improving crystal dispersion. This process enhanced the adsorption capacity of nano MgO for fluoride. The adsorption performance of nano MgO on fluoride was investigated. The results indicate that pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model can describe the adsorption behavior for fluoride, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 122.47mg/g. Methods such as XRD, SEM, XPS, and FTIR were employed to study the adsorption mechanisms of the adsorbent. Additionally, factors potentially affecting adsorption performance in practical applications, such as pH and competing ions, were examined. This study enhances our profound understanding of the defluorination effectiveness and mechanisms of nano MgO.

Deep eutectic system based C3N4-Zr composite material for highly efficient removal of fluoride in hydrochloric acid

The fluorine chemical industry's rapid growth demands efficient strategies for treating and utilizing the costly and inefficient byproduct, fluoride-containing hydrochloric acid, posing a significant challenge. In this study, a cost-effective method was developed for preparing an acid-resistant and efficient defluorination material. Carbon nitride (C3N4) was chosen for its exceptional acid resistance and was modified via template-free doping with different zirconium source. Characterization results through XRD, FTIR, BET, XPS, SEM, and TEM confirm the successful synthesis of CN-Zr using zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) with a specific surface area of 87.77 m2/g. Furthermore, the adsorption results indicate outstanding fluoride adsorption performance of CN-Zr in hydrochloric acid, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 145.34 mg/g and minimal zirconium leaching. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was systematically studied using Zeta potential, FTIR and XPS characterization. The findings indicate that Zr was integrated with C3N4 uniformly by forming a deep eutectic system (DES), utilizing exposed terminal amino groups for effective hydrogen bonding with HF which predominates as the primary fluorine existence in hydrochloric acid. Meanwhile, the enhanced ion exchange, complexation of Zr-F and strong electrostatic attraction all contribute to improving adsorption. Finally, the assessment of recyclability performance and operation cost demonstrate that the material can maintain 80 % of its initial adsorption capacity after five cycles. The cost analysis results indicate that the adsorption cost is only 0.3157 CNY/g, making it considerable competitive in the industry.

Lanthanum Cerate Microspheres for Efficient Fluoride Removal from Wastewater.

The performance of lanthanum cerate microspheres (LCM) at removing fluoride was analyzed in batch experiments after they were synthesized via the hydrothermal strategy. The ball-shaped microsphere morphology of LCM is confirmed by SEM and TEM. The synthesized LCM adsorbent showed excellent adsorption capacity in the pH range 3.0-7.0, with the optimal pH range being 3.5-4.5. The Langmuir adsorption model was more appropriate than the Freundlich model for describing the adsorption isotherm. The LCM adsorbent exhibited a significantly higher Langmuir adsorption capacity of 104.83 mg/g at pH 4.0, surpassing that of any other reported adsorbent. We investigated the adsorption of fluoride under a variety of conditions, including the presence of distinct anions. Furthermore, testing the adsorbent in actual groundwater demonstrated its high effectiveness in removing fluoride. Different useful analytical techniques were used for measurements and to learn and deduce the adsorption mechanism.

High-efficiency fluoride removal using hierarchical flower-like magnesium oxide: adsorption characteristics and mechanistic insights

Efficient fluoride removal via hierarchical flower-like MgO: comprehensive adsorption characteristics and mechanistic elucidation.

Efficient fluoride removal from aqueous solution by sorption using natural adsorbent - Eugenia Jambolana: Equilibrium isotherm analysis and influence of anions

Commercial industries which employ metallurgical extraction, cement manufacturing and fuel cells expulse heavy volumes of fluoride-containing wastewater into the natural environment posing grave threats to public health. In the current study, a locally available plant known as Jamun (Eugenia Jambolana), was used as an adsorbent for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. Physico-chemical experiments were conducted to reveal the size and surface distribution of natural fluoride adsorption on the adsorbent surface using SEM, XRD, and FT- IR. Effects of different parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage (m), co-ions contact time (t), fluoride concentration, and flow rates were investigated. Additionally, the adsorption efficiency of competing ions like Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ and their physiological effects were studied under different solution concentrations ranging from 20 – 200 mg / L at pH 6.90±0.10 for 1 hour. Results showed that the adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were matched with the isotherm Langmuir model (R2 = 0.98) and Freundlich model (R2 = 0.97). Also, we could conclude that the adsorption process of fluoride using the natural adsorbent resu bivalve shells was an endothermic reaction and resulted in a spontaneous adsorption process. Adsorption kinetic models revealed a swift adsorption rate with minimum and maximum fluoride concentrations as 100 mg / L and 500 mg / L with contact time (t) = 60 minutes at adsorbent dosage (m) = 1 g / L.

Efficient Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Graphene/Ce Composite Supported on Activated Carbon

Background: More than 260 million people worldwide are affected by excess fluoride (F- > 1.5 mg/L) in their drinking water. Fluorosis of the teeth and skeleton, among other health issues, is caused by it. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the fluoride removal from contaminated water using graphene-based new adsorbent material. Method: Graphene (G) was prepared by a facile liquid-phase exfoliation method. CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. G was treated with CeO2 NPs in a probe sonicator to generate G/Ce material in solution. Finally, the impregnation evaporation process synthesized the G/Ce supported on activated carbon composite (G/Ce/AC). Results: FE-SEM analysis shows that the crumpling and scrolling sheets of G, the nanosized spherical shape of CeO2 NPs and a thick layer of nano-sized spherical particles has built up on the surface of graphene in G/Ce/AC composite. After conversion to G/Ce/AC Composite, the specific surface area of graphene was increased from 3.08 to 485.3621 m2/g. The adsorption of fluoride on G/Ce/AC was investigated using batch systems (effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and the initial fluoride concentration), adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies. The pseudo-second order was the one that best described the kinetic data, while the Langmuir isotherm best described the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity equal to 27.9 mg/g. Conclusion: Therefore, the results show that the G/Ce/AC composite was well synthesized and has excellent fluoride adsorption capacity compared to other materials already evaluated for this purpose.

One-pot synthesis of versatile sphere-like nano adsorbent MnAl2O4 (MAO): an optical and magnetic material for efficient fluoride removal and latent finger print detection.

Spherically shaped trimetallic MnAl2O4 (MAO) nanoadsorbent was prepared in an one-pot synthesis process for the removal of excess fluoride from water. The adsorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction study (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), etc. The adsorption property for fluoride on the MAO was analyzed by batch experiments varying the adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and initial fluoride concentration. The results showed that the fluoride uptake behavior of the samples could precisely be fitted by the Freundlich model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 39.21mg/g at room temperature. The pseudo-second-order models accurately described the adsorption kinetics data. The regenerated sample showed excellent reusability along with high removal capacity on real water sample also. The underlying fluoride adsorption mechanism via ion-exchange and electrostatic interaction was established from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and zeta potential studies. The sample showed excellent luminescence with blue emission with a band gap of 2.6eV. The materials also showed good elastic behavior exhibiting the Poisson's ratio (σ) 0.32 and excellent latent figure print detection capacity distinguishing the clearly the ridge and furrow regions under UV light. The magnetic behavior was also found to be in long range with antiferromagnetic characteristics.