Visible-light-driven photocatalysis has attracted enormous prominence as a sustainable approach to address escalating environmental pollution. Consequently, it is paramount to develop photocatalysts featuring absorption in visible light with enhanced charge separation to perform well under solar light irradiation. Herein, we have fabricated pure (CdAl2O4) and silver-doped cadmium aluminate (Ag–CdAl2O4) by following the facile coprecipitation route while the MXene-based composite of doped material (Ag–CdAl2O4/MXene) by ultrasonication. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared photocatalysts was estimated by degrading crystal violet and phenol as sample pollutants. The composite material displayed substantially enhanced photocatalytic performance and degraded ∼95 % (0.0204 min−1) and ∼84.6 % (0.0130 min−1) of crystal violet and phenol, respectively. This enhanced catalytic performance corresponds to the synergism of silver doping and composite fabrication, enhancing the visible-light-response and efficient decoupling of the photo-generated charge carriers. Additionally, active species generated during the photocatalytic process and their role in the breakdown of the targeted pollutants were determined by the scavenging investigation. The kinetics study revealed the first-order kinetics model for the degradation reaction of the targeted pollutants. The present findings unveil the significant catalytic potential of the as-fabricated composite (Ag–CdAl2O4/MXene) for the degradation of organic pollutants.