Thermal Conversion Efficiency Research Articles

Novel and stable carbon black/polyvinyl acetal aerogels efficiently harvesting solar energy for seawater desalination

A novel interfacial solar steam generators (ISSG) was prepared by a porous carbon black/polyvinyl acetal aerogel (CPA) with high light-absorbing hydrophilic properties, to achieve efficient solar-driven water evaporation and seawater desalination. The polyvinyl acetal was produced by the aldol condensation reaction of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) and glutaraldehyde(GA). It was freeze-dried to create a hydrophilic porous structure that constructs an efficient hydrophilic channel. Carbon black (CB) exhibits high light absorption capabilities. Incident light undergoes multiple scattering within its porous network structure, effectively reducing reflected light energy loss and enabling efficient thermal conversion of sunlight. Benefited from its highly light-absorbing porous hydrophilic structure, CPA-40-3 evaporation rate achieves an impressive 3.23 kg·m−2·h−1 and an evaporation efficiency of 94 % under 1 sun irradiation, without obvious decay even during long-term use. Furthermore, CPA-40-3 demonstrates remarkable salt tolerance, the evaporation rate remains at 2.55 kg·m−2·h−1 although in simulated Dead Sea salt water under 1 sun irradiation. Compared to traditional ISSG, the CPA has advantages such as superior mechanical properties, prevention of surface salt precipitation, faster water supply, and a larger light absorption area. This design had tremendous promise for efficient solar desalination due to its extraordinarily high evaporation performance in high-salinity brine.

Photo-Thermal Conversion and Raman Sensing Properties of Three-Dimensional Gold Nanostructure

Three-dimensional plasma nanostructures with high light–thermal conversion efficiency show the prospect of industrialization in various fields and have become a research hotspot in areas of light–heat utilization, solar energy capture, and so on. In this paper, a simple chemical synthesis method is proposed to prepare gold nanoparticles, and the electrophoretic deposition method is used to assemble large-area three-dimensional gold nanostructures (3D-GNSs). The light–thermal water evaporation monitoring and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements of 3D-GNSs were performed via theoretical simulation and experiments. We reveal the physical processes of local electric field optical enhancement and the light–thermal conversion of 3D-GNSs. The results show that with the help of the efficient optical trapping and super-hydrophilic surface properties of 3D-GNSs, they have a significant effect in accelerating water evaporation, which was increased by nearly eight times. At the same time, the three-dimensional SERS substrates based on gold nanosphere particles (GNSPs) and gold nanostar particles (GNSTs) had limited sensitivities of 10−10 M and 10−12 M to R6G molecules, respectively. Therefore, 3D-GNSs show strong competitiveness in the fields of solar-energy-induced water purification and the Raman trace detection of organic molecules.

Efficient interfacial solar evaporation using a novel carbonized foam as photo-thermal converter

Recent research shows that one of the effective and green methods to reduce freshwater scarcity is interfacial solar evaporation. This method does not require energy consumption. One of the important challenges that should be taken into consideration in interfacial solar evaporator systems is the fabrication of solar absorbers with easy, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, efficient and scalable methods. Herein, a carbonized melamine foam (CMF) fabricated via a one-step, fast, low-cost and easy method for solar desalination. The CMF is fabricated by an electrical heat gun within a few minutes and is characterized by various techniques. The prepared CMF as a black foam shows excellent properties for solar desalination such as superhydrophilicity, high light absorption, high water transportation rate, good photo-thermal conversion, high rate of water evaporation and salt resistance. The prepared CMF shows repeatable performance in solar evaporation at consecutive evaporation cycles with solar evaporation rate of 3 kg m−2h−1 and high solar thermal conversion efficiency of 90 % under 1000 W m−2 illumination.

Intercalation of V2O5 and Polypyrrole into a Graphene Oxide Layer: A Hybrid Multifunctional Photothermal Structure for Efficient Solar Evaporation, Water Purification, Disinfection, and Power Production.

Development of a hybrid multifunctional photothermal structure with multifunctional capabilities is deliberated as an effective approach for harvesting abundant solar energy for sustainable environmental applications. Achieving enhanced solar to thermal conversion efficiency utilizing a suitably designed, environmentally compatible thermal management structure however remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report the intercalation of V2O5 and polypyrrole into a graphene oxide layer to design a hybrid photothermal assembly (PPy-V2O5-GO) and its multifunctional proficiencies. The hybrid photothermal structure demonstrated synergistic photothermal conversion, buoyant porous structure sustaining water transmission, and efficient steam release. V2O5 and polypyrrole-intercalated optimized graphene oxide structure attained an evaporation rate of 1.9 kg m-2 h-1 with a conversion efficiency of 92% under 1 sun solar radiation. At maximum, the assembly's surface temperature hit 64 ± 2 °C, suggesting its suitability as a solar water purifier. Outdoor experiments suggest the evaporator assembly's capability to accumulate a total output of 15 kg m-2 over a single day. Cell viability investigations revealed strong antimicrobial properties of PPy-V2O5-GO against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, eliminating nearly all under 1 sun, making it a potential candidate for photothermal therapy. Furthermore, when combined with a commercial thermoelectric module, the framework displayed exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency, hinting at its potential for electrical power generation. The integration of PPy-V2O5-GO with a Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric module significantly boosted the thermoelectric generator's performance, offering an enhanced power output of 2.8 mW and a high power density of 1.24 mW/cm2, making them suitable for off-grid or remote-area application. Overall, the PPy-V2O5-GO photothermal assembly's stability, lack of leaching, effectiveness in producing pure water from seawater, antimicrobial efficacies, and recyclability make it an excellent choice for sustainable water treatment and power generation.

Thermal flow and thermoelectricity characteristics in a sandwich flat plate thermoelectric power generation device under diesel engine exhaust conditions

Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) technology can be used to recover exhaust waste heat, but its effective application is restricted by bulky size and low thermoelectric conversion efficiency. The compactness evaluation of thermoelectric devices characterized by the power density is lacking. In this paper, a three-dimensional thermal flow and thermoelectricity multi-physics field model of a sandwich flat plate TEG device with multi-layer thermoelectric modules (TEMs) was established. An engine thermoelectric recovery bench test was carried out to verify the model and present the thermal parameters and output performance. The thermal, flow and electrical field distributions of the TEG device, as well as voltage, power and conversion efficiency with engine loads, and power density, were presented. The results show that the hot side temperatures, voltages and powers for each thermoelectric module (TEM) are greatly affected by the position occupied by the TEMs and engine loads. At full load and the coolant flow of 8.5 L/min, the device achieves the peak values of the power of 80.9 W and thermoelectric efficiency of 2.1 %, respectively. The device shows good compactness with the power density of 19.8 kW/m3, attributed to the reasonable arrangement of the collectors, coolers, and TEMs. This work can provide some insights of the relationship between the structural form and size, thermal parameters, electrical parameters and conversion efficiency of the sandwich type TEG device.

A highly sensitive dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay based on plasmonic hollow Ag/Au nanostars enhancing light absorption

The conventional lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is limited by low sensitivity due to the insufficient brightness of Au NPs. To address this problem, noble metal nanomaterials with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and synthetic tunability are potential signal outputs for LFIA, which can achieve better optical properties by adjusting the preparation conditions. Herein, this study prepared the hollow silver/gold nano-stars (HAg/Au NSts) as LFIA signal output via the galvanic replacement method. HAg/Au NSts with anisotropic hollow alloy nanostructures exhibit a wide visible light absorption band and great NIR thermal conversion efficiency (η = 37.32 %), which endows them with enhanced colorimetric and photothermal signals. Further, we constructed a colorimetric-photothermal (CM-PT) dual-signal HAg/Au NSts-LFIA and chose staphylococcal enterotoxin B as the target analyte. The linear range of HAg/Au NSts-LFIA is 0.19–100 ng mL−1, and the limit of detection (LOD) is up to 0.29 ng mL−1 and 0.09 ng mL−1 in the colorimetric and photothermal modes respectively. Compared with the conventional Au NPs-LFIA, HAg/Au NSts-CM/PT-LFIA effectively improved the detection performance of LFIA. In addition, HAg/Au NSts-LFIA also showed satisfactory sensitivity (vLOD = 0.78 ng mL−1) and recovery (89.06–114.74 %) in milk and pork samples. Therefore, this work provides a new shape design idea for noble metal nanomaterials in biosensor applications.

Ultrafast dynamics and mechanism of structure formation in titanium nitride upon femtosecond laser irradiation for plasmonic enhanced photothermal effect

Femtosecond laser has great potential in controlling the surface structure of titanium nitride (TiN) to promote plasmonic photothermal effect. Studying the mechanism of femtosecond laser irradiation on the surface and inside of the TiN benefits the photothermal microdevices. Ultrafast dynamics of electrons and lattices of TiN films with different thicknesses were first studied through pump-probe technique, which found that the electron density is easier to reach the maximum on the surface than the electrons in deep-layers. High-frequency ripple was formed by tiny nucleation resulted from weak eruption of surface material on the thin TiN film, and low-frequency ripple was emerged through large nucleation of material clusters simultaneously on the thick TiN film. The blue shift and intensity changes of Raman peak on 200 nm TiN film indicate the heterogeneous structure changed from TiN to TiN0.26 after laser processing, and the vacancy occupies causes the lattice vibration weakened. The 200 nm TiN film after processing shows enhanced local surface plasma resonance absorption effect, which induced the reflectivity is reduced by 30 %, and the light and thermal conversion efficiency increased by 80 %. These results proved the promising utilization of TiN in biological and medical applications, energy collection and thermal auxiliary magnetic records.

Antibacterial Janus cellulose/MXene paper with exceptional salt rejection for sustainable and durable solar-driven desalination

The scarcity of freshwater resources and increasing demand for drinking water have driven the development of durable and sustainable desalination technologies. Although MXene composites have shown promise due to their excellent photothermal conversion and high thermal conductivity, their high hydrophilicity often leads to salt precipitation and low durability. In this study, we present a novel Cellulose (CF)/MXene paper with a Janus hydrophobic/hydrophilic configuration for long-term and efficient solar-driven desalination. The paper features a dual-layer structure, with the upper hydrophobic layer composed of CF/MXene paper exhibiting convexness to serve as a photothermal layer with exceptional salt rejection properties. Simultaneously, the bottom porous layer made of CF acts as an efficient thermal insulation. This unique design effectively minimizes heat loss and facilitates efficient water transportation. The Janus CF/MXene paper demonstrates a high evaporation rate of 1.11 kg m−2h−1 and solar thermal conversion efficiency of 82.52 % under 1 sun irradiation. Importantly, even after 2500 h of operation in a simulated seawater environment, the paper maintains a stable evaporation rate without significant salt deposition and biodegradation due to an antibacterial rate exceeding 90 %. These findings highlight the potential of the Janus CF/MXene paper for scalable manufacturing and practical applications in solar-driven desalination.

Sorption kinetics of vermiculite-K2CO3 in thermochemical energy storage: Model evaluation and mechanism exploration

Thermal energy storage technology is crucial for building heating and domestic hot water supply, playing an essential role in optimizing energy utilization. Hydrated salts have emerged as prominent materials for thermochemical energy storage (TCES), with their sorption kinetics directly impacting thermal energy conversion efficiency. This study experimentally analyzes the microstructure and sorption performance of the EV/K2CO3 composite sorbent. Numerical analysis methods are employed to evaluate the validity of various sorption kinetics models and to elucidate the sorption mechanism and potential limitations of the composite sorbent. The findings indicate that EV can disperse K2CO3 salt particles while preserving a porous structure, thereby improving the sorption kinetics efficiency and stability of the EV/K2CO3 composite sorbent. At low relative pressure, EV/K2CO3 demonstrates a chemical adsorption mechanism, with nucleation models accurately predicting its sorption behavior, primarily limited by the nucleation and growth of hydrated salt crystals. At moderate relative pressure, EV/K2CO3 exhibits a mechanism involving both chemical adsorption and solution absorption, with diffusion models and the first-order model showing higher prediction accuracy, primarily limited by diffusion within or outside the product layer. At high relative pressure, EV/K2CO3 primarily undergoes solution absorption, with geometric contraction models and the first-order model displaying good predictive performance, primarily limited by the reaction phase interface. This study enhances comprehension of the sorption mechanism of the EV/K2CO3 composite, providing a scientific foundation for the development of high-performance TCES materials suitable for building and environmental applications.

Decoupling the Ca release characteristics induced by O-containing functional groups during volatile-char interaction based on model compounds

Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) are important factors to be considered in coal gasification process, and understanding the release behavior of AAEM under the interaction of volatile-char is the key to realize efficient thermal conversion of coal. In this study, four typical O-containing functional groups (—COOH,—OH, CO,—OCH3) were used to react with coal char in a fixed-bed reactor, the reaction temperature was set up at 750，800，850，900 ℃ to survey the release characteristics of Ca by different oxygen functional groups during the interaction of volatile-char at different temperatures from a quantitative point of view. The result show that the Ca release rate of coal char is not high in the whole reaction temperature range, and the interaction of O-containing compounds-coal char at lower temperature will increase the O content (C—O and CO) of coal char, the content of Ca in interactive coal chars was higher than that of the coal char. At lower temperature, the order of compounds inhibiting Ca release ability is: C6H5CHO≈C6H5COOH > C10H8O2 > C6H5OCH3. In addition, it also seems that O-containing compounds (except C6H5COOH) can obviously promote the conversion of ammonium acetate-soluble Ca to water-soluble Ca during the interaction with char. As the temperature increases, the change trend of O-containing functional groups on the surface of sample after interaction is completely opposite to that at lower temperature, the O-containing model compounds undergo de-oxidation, cracking and polymerization in the effect of coal char and AAEM, causing the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on the surface of the char, which hinders the diffusion of Ca from the char to the gas phase. This work is good for enriching and developing the study on the release characteristics of alkali earth metals during the interaction of volatile-char, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of related industries.

Effect of over-expansion in a cycloidal rotary engine

An over-expanded (Atkinson cycle) reciprocating internal combustion engine is a crucial component of hybrid and range-extended electric vehicles. The realization of the over-expansion cycle with high efficiency in novel power devices with a compact, simple design, such as cycloidal rotary engines, is a promising alternative. The cycloidal rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that operates four strokes without a reciprocating mechanism and valve train. The over-expansion cycle is implemented in the cycloidal rotary engine by asymmetrical intake and exhaust port arrangements, resulting in open and closure timings. This study aimed to establish inherent characteristics of the over-expansion cycle in gasoline-fueled rotary engines with spark ignition. A numerical simulation of the gas exchange and combustion process in a wide range of over-expansion ratios was conducted. It was concluded that the over-expansion cycle is realized without typical piston engine methods such as variable valve timing and multilink mechanism. The thermal conversion efficiency is a peak function of the over-expansion ratio. In the over-expansion range of 1.1–1.2, the thermal conversion efficiency of the cycloidal rotary engine increased up to 32.7–34.5%. The benefits of fuel economy and carbon oxide emission can also be achieved within the specified range of over-expansion ratio.

Comparative Numerical Energy and Performance Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Power Generation

This study analyses fixed and tracking solar photovoltaics and, solar thermal power. Performance in different locations was analysed for each configuration and technology using simulations based on a Typical Meteorological Year data. The study analysed a 25MWp solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power plants in each of the eleven selected locations in Zimbabwe. The performance of the solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power plants under different meteorological variables were assessed for all the selected locations. It was shown that different configurations together with different technologies have different conversion efficiencies. A high solar thermal conversion efficiency was found to be 18.718% in Gweru while it was 15.502% for solar photovoltaics in Mutare. The study also showed that highest insolation and clearness index values were found in Gweru. The average energy generated by the fixed photovoltaic collectors, tracking photovoltaic collectors and the Concentrating Solar Power plant were respectively 47.38GWh, 68.18GWh and 192.86GWh. There was a maximum percentage difference in the LCoE generated of 32.03% between the fixed PV collectors and the Concentrating Solar Power plant and a difference of 4.74% was realised between the tracking photovoltaics and Concentration Solar Power.

Experimental study and performance enhancement of a novel micro heat pipe photovoltaic/thermal system in a cold region

The photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, which utilizes solar energy to generate electricity and thermal energy, has significant potential in the northwest region of China, an area with abundant solar irradiation. To improve the performance of the micro heat pipe PV/T system, the study analyzed the system's thermal collection efficiency and power conversion efficiency using numerical simulation of the PV/T panel. The model incorporated double-layer glass and replaces water with nanofluid as the working medium inside the airfoil heat exchanger. The average relative error of the model was 0.9 %. In experiments conducted in Lanzhou, located in the northwest region of China, the power conversion efficiency reached its peak of 12.64 % during winter, while the thermal collection efficiency reached its maximum of 39.45 % during summer. Moreover, utilizing R141b as the working fluid in the micro heat pipe resulted in an average increase of 7.14 % in thermal collection efficiency and an average increase of 4.46 % in power conversion efficiency compared to acetone. This indicated that R141b outperforms acetone in terms of system performance. The study observed that the highest overall efficiency is achieved when the air layer thickness of the double-layer glass is 11 mm. The thermal resistance between the inner wall of the airfoil heat exchanger and the water in the PV/T components was the highest, reaching 48.85 %. Therefore, it was necessary to use nanofluids instead of water to reduce the thermal resistance of PV/T modules. The system performance remained relatively stable when the volume fraction reaches 8 %. At this volume fraction, the Al2O3-water nanofluid, Cu-water nanofluid, and Ag-water nanofluid increased the power conversion efficiency by 0.34 %, 0.72 %, and 0.77 % respectively. Moreover, they improved the thermal collection efficiency by 1.16 %, 2.69 %, and 2.78 % respectively. The micro heat pipe PV/T system was utilized for winter heating of farmers in Lanzhou and Jinchang cities. It maintained an indoor temperature of over 16 ℃ throughout the day, thus meeting the indoor heating standards.

Hybridization of heat recovery from exhaust gas of boilers using thermoelectric generators

This study investigates the possibilities for energy recovery and environmental effect reduction of waste heat, a consequence of industrial activities. The main objective of the work is to integrate thermoelectric generators (TEGs) into industrial hybrid waste heat recovery system. The study consists of combining TEGs modules with a boiler waste heat recovery system with Rockwool insulation, taking into consideration variables like thermal resistance, power output, water temperature, and energy conversion efficiency. The results show that TEG placement has a major impact on system performance. One of the promising configuration is TEGs placed close to heat source, especially outside exhaust pipe outer walls, where electrical power up to 27 W can be generated and heat of 4215 W can be recovered from the exhaust gas.

Enhanced catalytic activity of Fe3O4-carbon dots complex in the Fenton reaction for enhanced immunotherapeutic and oxygenation effects

Tumor metastasis and recurrence are closely related to immune escape and hypoxia. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT) can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), and their combination with immune checkpoint agents is a promising therapeutic strategy. Iron based nanomaterials have received more and more attention, but their low Fenton reaction efficiency has hindered their clinical application. In this study, Fe3O4-carbon dots complex (Fe3O4-CDs) was synthesized, which was modified with ferrocenedicarboxylic acid by amide bond, and crosslinked into Fe3O4-CDs@Fc nano complex. The CDs catalyzed the Fenton reaction activity of Fe3O4 by helping to improve the electron transfer efficiency, extended the reaction pH condition to 7.4. The Fe3O4-CDs@Fc exhibit exceptional optical activity, achieving a thermal conversion efficiency of 56.43 % under 808 nm light and a photosensitive single-line state oxygen quantum yield of 33 % under 660 nm light. Fe3O4-CDs@Fc improved intracellular oxygen level and inhibited hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF-1α) by in-situ oxygen production based on Fenton reaction. The multimodal combination of Fe3O4-CDs@Fc (CDT/PDT/PTT) strongly induced immune cell death (ICD). The expression of immune-related protein and HIF-1α was investigated by immunofluorescence method. In vivo, Fe3O4-CDs@Fc combined with immune checkpoint blocker (antibody PD-L1, αPD-L1) effectively ablated primary tumors and inhibited distal tumor growth. Fe3O4-CDs@Fc is a promising immune-antitumor drug.

Ultrastrong and Reusable Solar‒Thermal‒Electric Generators by Economical Starch Vitrimers.

In frigid regions, it is imperative to possess functionality materials that are ultrastrong, reusable, and economical, providing self-generated heat and electricity. One promising solution is a solar‒thermal‒electric (STE) generator, composed of solar‒thermal conversion phase change composites (PCCs) and temperature-difference power-generation-sheets. However, the existing PCCs face challenges with conflicting requirements for solar‒thermal conversion efficiency and mechanical robustness, mainly due to monotonous functionalized aerogel framework. Herein, a novel starch vitrimer aerogel is proposed that incorporates orientational distributed carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CCNT) to create PCC. This innovative design integrates large through-holes, mechanical robustness, and superior solar‒thermal conversion. Remarkably, PCC with only 0.8 wt.% CCNT loading achieves 85.8MPa compressive strength, 102.4°C at 200mW cm-2 irradiation with an impressive 92.9% solar-thermal conversion efficiency. Noteworthy, the STE generator assembled with PCC harvests 99.1W m-2 output power density, surpassing other reported STE generators. Strikingly, even under harsh conditions of -10°C and 10mW cm‒2 irradiation, the STE generator maintains 20°C for PCC with 325mV output voltage and 45mA current, showcasing enhanced electricity generation in colder environments. This study introduces a groundbreaking STE generator, paving the way for self-sufficient heat and electricity supply in cold regions.

Enhanced near-infrared absorption of Cs0.32WO3 nanoparticles for efficient interfacial solar steam generation

Solar steam generation has gained significant attention as a promising method for clean and sustainable water purification and desalination. The spectral absorption performance of the photothermal conversion material directly affects its thermal conversion efficiency. This research investigates the enhanced near-infrared absorption of Cs0.32WO3 nanoparticles for efficient interfacial solar steam generation. In this study, Cs0.32WO3 nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation and heat treatment method. The synthetic nanoparticles were then incorporated into a porous membrane to create a photothermal conversion material for solar steam generation and their near-infrared absorption properties were characterized. The experimental results demonstrated that the Cs0.32WO3 nanoparticles effectively converted solar energy into heat, resulting in efficient interfacial steam generation. The membrane showed a high evaporation rate of of ∼ 3.15 kg·m−2·h−1 under one sun illumination. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the design and development of efficient solar steam generation systems using near-infrared absorption nanomaterials.

Optimizing refuse-derived fuel production from scheduled wastes through Aspen plus simulation

This study aims to improve the quality of fuel with high calorific value namely Sfuel – a commercial high-quality refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from hazardous waste via modifying the process design and operating parameters of thermal conversion process. The study analyses key parameters of RDF quality, such as calorific value and heavy metal content, before and after process modifications based on the combination of experimental and simulation using Aspen Plus. In this study, the temperature and pressure of the simulation system are varied from 100 to 700 °C and from 1 to 5 bar, respectively. Findings indicate that there are a total of eleven heavy metals and 179 volatile compounds in the “Sfuels”. The quality of the targeted product is greatly improved by the metal evaporation at high temperatures and pressures. However, the calorific value of RDF significantly decreases at 700 °C due to a large amount of the carbon content being evaporated. Although the carbon content at high temperatures is significantly lost, the heat from the vapour stream reactor outlet, which is reused to preheat the nitrogen gas stream supplied to the system, reduces energy consumption while improving the thermal conversion efficiency of the system. Besides, low pressure along with high temperature are not the optimal conditions for quality Sfuels improvement by thermal conversion. Results also indicate that electric heating is more economically efficient than natural gas heating.

Thermal Energy-Kinetic Energy Conversion Efficiency Analysis Method Based on Grey Cluster Analysis

At this stage, although thermal power generation is still the main method of power generation in my country’s power plants, due to more and more energy consumption, the reserves of resources are gradually beginning to be stretched. Application in the power generation and production process of thermal power plants has become a road that more and more power plants must explore for development. In this paper, through the grey cluster analysis, the power plant can fully improve the power generation efficiency of the power plant in the process of utilizing the existing energy, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving and environmental protection. Combined with the connotation of thermal energy-kinetic energy conversion, this paper establishes a theoretical framework for the analysis method of thermal energy-kinetic energy conversion efficiency based on grey cluster analysis. On the basis of theoretical research, using descriptive statistical tools, the main performance of thermal energy-kinetic energy conversion to promote economic growth is summarized. The realization method of gray cluster analysis theory is to identify and process the external features of gray information, capture effective information, and quantify the features (ie, whitening process), so as to complete the evaluation or decision-making, and verify the effect of these five mechanisms on economic growth. The final results of the study show that when K=1, 2, 3 and 4, the proportion of heat transfer is 41.63%, 42.19%, 49.63% and 52.13%, and the proportion of heat convection is 37.56% and 41.33%, respectively., 29.69% and 26.78%, the heat transfer and heat convection have the greatest influence on the thermal energy-kinetic energy conversion efficiency.

Mn Single-Atom Nanozyme Functionalized 3D-Printed Bioceramic Scaffolds for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity and Bone Regeneration.

Infective bone defect is increasingly threatening human health. How to achieve the optimal antibacterial activity and regenerative repair of infective bone defect simultaneously is a huge challenge in clinic. Herein, this work reports a rational integration of Mn single-atom nanozyme into the 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds (Mn/HSAE@BCP scaffolds). The integrated Mn/HSAE@BCP scaffolds can catalyze the conversion of H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide anion (O2 •-) through cascade reaction. Besides, the prominent thermal conversion efficiency of Mn/HSAE@BCP scaffolds can be utilized for sonodynamic therapy (SDT). The synergetic strategy of chemodynamic therapy (CDT)/SDT enables the sufficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, the enhanced antibacterial efficacy of Mn/HSAE@BCP scaffolds is beneficial to upregulate the expression of osteogenesis-related markers (such as collagen 1(COL1), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteoprotegerin (OPG)) in vitro and further promote bone regeneration in vivo. The results demonstrate the good potential of Mn/HSAE@BCP scaffolds for the enhanced antibacterial activity and bone regeneration, which provide an effective method for the treatment of clinical infective bone defect.