Efficiency Factor Research Articles (Page 1)

We report the influence of the capping layer thickness on the effective magnetic damping and effective spin-orbit torque efficiency in Ta/Pt/Co structures via spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements. The SOT efficiency first increases as the thickness of the capping layers dTa increases, achieving a large value of 0.199 when dTa=1.4 nm, then decreases with further increases in dTa. This can be attributed to a competition between the additional SOT field generated by the RE effect and the reduced net spin current effect. It has been demonstrated that there is a decline in the magnetic damping factor with an increase in the thickness of the capping layer. The high SOT efficiency and low magnetic damping factor suggest the great potential of the Ta/Pt/Co for low-power spintronic technologies.

The publication draws attention to the possibilities of using some generally available geodetic tools and methods - classical and modern, for carrying out precise setting out works, during the construction process. Accordingly, the required accuracy of construction activities and the available geodetic equipment . In this case, a specific type of engineering facilities has been considered, with requirements for precision in fixing the structural elements - in plan, height and orientation of the construction axes. In this regard, the necessary accuracy for carrying out the setting - out work has been investigated. By applying geodetic linear resections and the orthogonal method, in combination with the use of navigation receivers - GNSS /Global Navigation Satellite Systems/, as well as coordinate - oriented satellite images. A method for preliminary assessment of accuracy is presented, when using specific geodetic methods and instruments, regarding construction tolerances. A reasoned conclusion is reached about the appropriateness of the chosen methods in the implementation of similar engineering and geodetic tasks - from the point of view of efficiency, logistical and economic factors. The proposed approach is supported by practical results from geodetic works on completed construction sites from the author's professional practice.

Abstract Stellar abundances of elements with production channels that are metallicity-dependent (most notably aluminium) have provided an empirical route for separating different Galactic components. We present ‘single-zone’ analytic solutions for the chemical evolution of galaxies when the stellar yields are metallicity-dependent. Our solutions assume a constant star formation efficiency, a constant mass-loading factor and that the yields are linearly dependent on the interstellar medium abundance (with the option of a saturation of the yields at high metallicity). We demonstrate how the metallicity dependence of the yields can be mathematically considered as a system-dependent delay time (approximately equal to the system’s depletion time) that, when combined with system-independent delay times arising from stellar evolutionary channels, produces the separation of different systems based on their star formation efficiency and mass-loading factor. The utility of the models is highlighted through comparisons with data from the APOGEE spectroscopic survey. We provide a comprehensive discussion of the chemical evolution models in the [Al/Fe]–[Mg/Fe] plane, a diagnostic plane for the separation of in-situ and accreted Galactic components. Extensions of the models are presented, allowing for the modelling of more complex behaviours largely through the linear combination of the presented simpler solutions.

The pattern of the front contact metallization critically influences solar cell efficiency. This study introduces a novel explicit geometry optimization approach for designing the front contact metallization patterns. In the proposed approach, the front contact patterns are represented by wide Bezier curves with variable widths, where each curve’s geometry is defined by both control points and control circles. The control point coordinates and the control circle radii are taken as design variables. To ensure physical feasibility during the design process, one of the end control points of each curve is fixed at the current extraction point. Unlike geometry optimization techniques employing fixed-width Bezier curves, our approach provides enhanced design flexibility through continuous width modulation along the front contact paths. Simulation experimental validation across the simple solar cell geometries demonstrates the proposed method’s superior performance relative to both the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) approach and geometry optimization method using a fixed-width Bezier. Furthermore, the optimized front contact metallization structures outperform the conventional H-pattern designs. Specifically, for a solar cell with a size of 3.5 cm, compared to a solar cell with conventional H-pattern front contact electrodes, the conversion efficiency, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor of the solar cell with curve-shaped front contact metallization are relatively increased by 0.415%, 0.0011 V, and 5.091 A·m−2, and 0.904%, respectively, while the material coverage ratio is reduced by 1.974%. The methodology’s versatility is further evidenced by its successful adaptation to free-form solar cell configurations.

This study examines the potential of jute–sisal (JS) fibre, both coated and uncoated, as a sustainable alternative to solar panels with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) back sheets. The coated version was developed using a zeolite–polyester resin composite to enhance thermal performance. The investigation was carried out in two phases: controlled laboratory testing using a solar-cell tester and a 90-day real-world evaluation under natural environmental conditions. In controlled conditions, solar panels with coated JS (CJS) fibre back sheets exhibited improved electrical performances compared to PET panels, including higher current (1.23 A), voltage (12.79 V), maximum power output (14.79 W), efficiency (13.47%), and fill factor (94.03%). Lower series resistance and higher shunt resistance further indicated superior electrical characteristics. Under real-world conditions, CJS panels consistently outperformed PET-based panels, showing a 6% increase in current and an 8% increase in voltage. The model showed strong agreement with the experimental results. These findings suggest that coated JS fibre is a viable, eco-friendly alternative to PET for back sheets in solar panels. Further research should examine its long-term durability, environmental resistance, and commercial scalability.

Effect of feeding protected sodium butyrate on production performance and intestinal morphology of broilers: A meta-analysis.

Impact of climate policy uncertainty on energy efficiency in the United States.

Tire–road friction is a fundamental factor in vehicle safety, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the tire–road friction coefficient (TRFC), emphasizing its dynamic nature and the interplay of factors such as tire composition, tread design, road surface texture, temperature, load, and inflation pressure. Friction mechanisms, adhesion, and hysteresis are analyzed alongside their dependence on environmental and operational conditions. The study highlights the challenges posed by emerging mobility paradigms, including electric and autonomous vehicles, which demand specialized tires to manage higher loads, torque, and dynamic behaviors. The review identifies persistent research gaps, such as real-time TRFC estimation methods and the modeling of combined environmental effects. It explores tire–road interaction models and finite element approaches, while proposing future directions integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning for enhanced accuracy. The implications of the Euro 7 regulations, which limit tire wear particle emissions, are discussed, highlighting the need for sustainable tire materials and green manufacturing processes. By linking bibliometric trends, experimental findings, and technological innovations, this review underscores the importance of balancing grip, durability, and rolling resistance to meet safety, efficiency, and environmental goals. It concludes that optimizing friction coefficients is essential for advancing intelligent, sustainable, and regulation-compliant mobility systems, paving the way for safer and greener transportation solutions.

Purpose. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of competitive activity in ring kickboxing disciplines and to determine their specific technical and tactical characteristics. Materials and Methods. Video recordings of 161 bouts from the 2022 WAKO World Championship and the 2023 European Championship were analyzed. For statistical comparison, a subsample of 39 bouts (semifinal and final stages) including 78 male athletes from middle weight categories was used. The video analysis focused on the structure and intensity of competitive actions. Standard parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were applied. Results. Significant differences were observed between the ring disciplines. A clear hierarchy of tempo activity was established: Full-Contact > K1 > Low-Kick. In Full-Contact, punches predominated (over 70 % of total strikes), whereas in K1 and Low-Kick the distribution between punches and kicks was more balanced. The ratio of single to series strikes revealed a relatively similar technical–tactical structure across disciplines. Regardless of the style, series actions were mainly performed with punches, while kicks served a preparatory or finishing role in combinations. The analysis of series composition showed the dominance of short two-strike combinations in all disciplines, though their content varied: punch–punch combinations prevailed in Full-Contact, while mixed «punch–kick» or «kick–punch» sequences were typical of K1 and Low-Kick. In K1, the broader technical arsenal contributed to a higher proportion of early stoppages. Conclusions. Full-Contact is characterized by the highest striking intensity and dominance of punches. K1 and Low-Kick demonstrate a more balanced ratio of punches to kicks, with a predominance of single leg strikes that distinguishes them from Full-Contact. Further research should expand the sample and include a deeper assessment of strike efficiency, defensive actions, and situational factors to develop model characteristics of athletes.

Bedding' dry sanitization with aluminosilicates affects its chemical composition, growth performance, meat quality, and footpad dermatitis incidence in broiler chickens.

A field experiment was conducted on 16-year-old ‘Wen 185’ walnut trees in Aksu, Southern Xinjiang, to identify optimal water and fertilizer management under subsurface drip irrigation. Four irrigation levels were established: 75% ETc (W1), 100% ETc (W2), 125% ETc (W3), and 150% ETc (W4). These were combined with three fertilizer levels: N 270, P 240, K 300 kg ha-1 (F1), N 360, P 320, K 400 kg ha−1 (F2), and N 450, P 400, K 500 kg ha−1 (F3). This resulted in a total of 12 treatments. This study assessed the impact of different water and fertilizer treatments on walnut growth dynamics, yield, fruit quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency, and soil nitrate residue. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to construct comprehensive growth and photosynthesis indices (CGI and CPI). Parameters significantly correlated with yield and quality were then screened via Pearson analysis, and a game theory-based combination weighting method was adopted to determine weights for integrating six categories of indicators: growth, photosynthesis, yield, quality, resource use efficiency, and environmental impact. A coupled TOPSIS-GRA model was developed for comprehensive evaluation. Furthermore, binary quadratic regression was employed to optimize the application ranges of water and fertilizer. The results showed that the W2F2 treatment achieved the highest rank by synergistically enhancing growth, photosynthetic performance, yield, and quality. This treatment also maintained high water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP) and effectively reduced nitrate accumulation in deep soil layers. The CGI and CPI, derived from PCA, effectively quantified phenological growth and photosynthetic characteristics. Correlation analysis identified seven core parameters, among which IV-CPI correlated most strongly with yield. In contrast, II-CPI was more closely associated with increased single-fruit weight and reduced tannin content. Within the comprehensive evaluation system that used game theory-based combination weighting, yield received the highest weight (0.215), while IV-CPI was assigned the lowest (0.011). The TOPSIS-GRA coupled model identified the W2F2 treatment as the highest-ranked. Furthermore, regression optimization determined the optimal total seasonal application ranges to be 5869.94–6519.81 m3 ha−1 for irrigation and 975.54–1107.49 kg ha−1 for fertilization. The coupled TOPSIS-GRA model enabled a balanced assessment of the objectives: high yield, superior quality, resource use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Thus, it provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of subsurface drip-irrigated walnut orchards in Southern Xinjiang.

This study employs Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) to evaluate and compare various power supply devices, including switched-mode power supplies, linear power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies, battery packs, and solar power systems. The analysis focuses on four critical parameters: power requirements, efficiency, environmental factors, and noise sensitivity. The research methodology involves normalizing data, calculating deviation sequences, and determining Gray Relation Coefficients for each device across the four parameters. The final step computes the Gray Relation Grade (GRG) to rank the power supply options. Results indicate that battery packs emerge as the top-ranked power supply device with a GRG of 0.8333, excelling in power requirements, efficiency, and environmental factors. Solar power systems secure the second position with a GRG of 0.5525, demonstrating a balanced performance across all criteria. Linear power supplies, switched-mode power supplies, and uninterruptible power supplies follow in descending order. The study highlights the importance of considering multiple factors in selecting power supply devices for various applications. While battery packs show overall superiority, each type of power supply exhibits unique strengths suitable for specific use cases. The analysis underscores the need for a holistic approach in power supply selection, taking into account not only efficiency but also environmental impact, noise sensitivity, and power requirements. The strong performance of battery packs and solar power systems indicates a trend towards more sustainable and flexible power solutions. Future developments may focus on improving the efficiency and environmental impact of these leading options while addressing the specific strengths of other power supply types to create more versatile and optimized power solutions.

This paper explores the mechanisms and strategies for enhancing the efficiency of factor allocation within the development of new quality productive forces. By integrating theoretical frameworks of endogenous growth, institutional economics, and digital transformation, it analyzes how technological innovation, human capital, and governance reform jointly affect the efficiency of production factor distribution. Using a qualitative analytical approach, the study identifies key inefficiencies in the current factor allocation structure and proposes strategic pathways for improvement. The results show that innovation-driven mechanisms, digital infrastructure, and institutional optimization have significant positive effects on total factor productivity. Furthermore, the paper highlights that efficient factor allocation not only promotes industrial upgrading and sustainable growth but also provides a foundation for building a modern economic system characterized by innovation, openness, and inclusiveness. The findings offer a theoretical basis and policy implications for advancing high-quality development in the era of new quality productive forces.

Quality health services are a basic need of the community and are an important factor in the success of national health development. The quality of human resources (HR) is the main element in determining the success of health services. One of the Health Centers in Pauh Kambar, West Sumatra still faces challenges in planning and developing HR. The challenges faced include health workers, low technical competence, suboptimal distribution and managerial and development in the form of training that is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify inhibiting and supporting factors in planning and developing HR and their relationship to the quality of health services at the Pauh Kambar Health Center. This study is a descriptive qualitative study with direct interview observation methods and journal literature reviews. The results of the study indicate that there are Human Resource problems at the Pauh Kambar Health Center that affect health services, namely the lack of Human Resource development through training and seminars due to the lack of attention and role of the local government, then the limited budget efficiency factor in developing health worker HR.

Abstract Additive manufacturing of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) through fused deposition modeling (FDM) enables the fabrication of complex lattice structures for aerospace and biomedical applications. However, a systematic understanding of topology-performance relationships in FDM-processed PEEK components remains limited. This investigation addresses how relative density (10–30%) and lattice topology (Cross3D, gyroid, and octet) influence the compressive mechanical behavior and energy absorption characteristics of FDM-fabricated PEEK lattice structures. Cubic test specimens (25 mm edge length) were manufactured using three distinct lattice geometries across varying relative densities. Specimens were subjected to quasi-static compression testing under standardized conditions. Mechanical characterization included determination of Young’s modulus, yield strength, and energy absorption properties. Scanning electron microscopy analysis identified topology-dependent, process-induced manufacturing defects. Gyroid structures demonstrated superior mechanical performance, achieving a Young’s modulus of 278 MPa and yield strength of 17.9 MPa at 30% relative density, corresponding to efficiency factors of 27.2 and 50.2%, respectively. Octet structures exhibited comparable stiffness (270 MPa) but lower yield strength (16.26 MPa), while Cross3D structures showed substantially reduced performance (100 MPa Young’s modulus, 1.3 MPa yield strength). Energy absorption analysis revealed the superior performance of gyroid structures, achieving 22.8 J/g normalized energy to densification compared to 17.8 J/g for octet and 7.8 J/g for Cross3D configurations. SEM analysis enabled an understanding of how structural architecture and its consequent toolpath strategies affected material extrusion quality. The results and SEM analysis revealed strong sensitivity of PEEK extrusion to toolpath directional changes, sudden material flow interruptions and restarts, as well as travel movements between different deposition regions that cause stringing defects. This study establishes that lattice topology significantly influences the mechanical performance of FDM-processed PEEK components, with gyroid structures providing optimal combinations of stiffness, strength, and energy absorption for lightweight, high-performance polymeric components in engineering applications.

Despite extensive efforts, existing approaches to design accelerators for optimization-based robotic applications have limitations related to insufficient real-time performance and high energy consumption. Some methods focus on designing general-purpose matrix computation units, but fail to consider specific characteristics of robotic algorithms. Other methods aim to design dedicated accelerators that achieve excellent performance but suffer from limited flexibility. To balance between general-purpose and specialized designs, this paper proposes a hardware accelerator that, through a unified pose representation and factor graph abstraction, can solve nonlinear optimization algorithms for localization, planning, and control on the same piece of circuits. Through carefully designed pipeline, circuit structure optimization, fixed-point arithmetic, and sparse data compression, the accelerator design achieves high performance and high energy efficiency. The experimental results on FPGA demonstrate that compared to state-of-the-art acceleration solutions, our design achieves up to 107.9 × speedup, 7.2 × energy reduction, while achieving similar accuracy.

The complex interplay between donor and recipient factors likely influences transfusion outcomes in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT). We investigated physiological responses to transfusion shortly after it and one week later, focusing on Hb increment (ΔHb) and its determinants, using longitudinal data from 36 TDT subjects and 58 red blood cell (RBC) units. Immediate anemia correction post-transfusion was associated with decreases in platelets and nucleated RBCs, increases in ADAMTS13:Ag and plasma amino acid levels, and temporary rises in hemolysis and phthalates. One-week post-transfusion, at the peak of erythroid suppression, plasma antioxidants and mechanical hemolysis decreased, while proteasome activity at the RBC membrane increased. Leukocyte levels declined, markers of thrombotic risk and endothelium dysfunction improved, and hepcidin, as well as plasma glutamine and deoxyadenosine, increased. In addition to female sex and anemia, ΔHb was influenced by recipient baseline monocyte levels, hypercoagulability, and plasma metabolites, such as methionine, adenosine, acyl-carnitines, and bile acids. Donor RBC unit factors, including residual platelet levels, RBC proteasome activity, arginine metabolism, and catecholamine content also had significant correlations. Notably, the baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio strongly affected ΔHb soon after transfusion, after adjusting for confounders. At the one-week mark, ΔHb correlated with storability markers, like oxidative hemolysis and phthalates, a first-ever described connection. Importantly, the percentage of phosphatidylserine-exposing donor RBCs and the uric acid-dependent antioxidant capacity of the RBC units significantly influenced ΔHb at the one-week timepoint. These findings enhance our understanding of transfusion dynamics, paving the way for more personalized and effective care strategies in TDT management.

During the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) molding process, temperature changes are nonlinear and instantaneous, which is a key parameter affecting FDM printing efficiency, molding accuracy, warpage deformation, and other factors. This study presents a finite element simulation framework that integrates ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) with birth–death element technology to investigate the temperature evolution and thermomechanical behavior during the FDM process. The framework enables dynamic simulation of the complete printing and cooling cycle, capturing the layer-by-layer material deposition and subsequent thermal history. Results indicate that temperature distribution follows a gradient pattern along the printing path, with rapid heat dissipation at the periphery and heat accumulation in the central regions. Thermomechanical coupling analysis reveals significant stress concentration at the part bottom (310 MPa) and progressive strain increase from bottom (3.68 × 10−5 m) to top (2.95 × 10−4 m). Experimental validation demonstrates strong agreement with numerical predictions, showing maximum temperature deviations below 8% and strain distribution errors within 5%. This integrated approach provides an effective tool for predicting thermal-induced deformations and optimizing FDM process parameters to enhance part quality.

This study examines how perceptions of service quality, working conditions, and socially conscious consumption influence the intention to use and recommend food delivery applications in Chile. Drawing on the Stimulus–Organism–Behavior–Consequence (SOBC) theoretical framework, this study simultaneously analyzed functional factors, namely efficiency, fulfillment, system availability, and privacy, and ethical-social factors, such as perceived working conditions. A quantitative design was employed with a sample of 416 users, evaluating the constructs through validated scales and applying Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that service quality is the strongest predictor of intention to use and positively affects both the intention to recommend and socially conscious consumption. In contrast, working conditions do not directly influence intention to use but positively impact intention to recommend and socially conscious consumption. Socially Conscious consumption, in turn, influences only the intention to recommend and not the intention to use. The findings confirm that, in digital contexts, socially conscious consumers tend to express their values more through recommendations than through purchase decisions. These insights offer relevant implications for academia and practice, suggesting that integrating operational efficiency with fair labor practices can strengthen the sustainability of platform-based business models.

The aim of the manuscript is to analyze the influence of the magnetic orientation of steel microfibers (length 13 mm, diameter 0.2 mm) on the mechanical properties and fracture propagation of cementitious composites. The series varied in terms of the volumetric content of the fibers, 0%, 1% and 2% (Vf), and the orientation variant, random (S) or magnetic (S-M, B = 80 mT). Three-point bending tests were performed with force-deflection curve (F-δ) registration. The flexural tensile strength (fct,fl), the flexural elastic modulus (Ef), the work of fracture up to a specified residual load level (Wf) and deflection level (Wf*), as well as the compressive strength (fc) were determined. The improvement of the mechanical properties was noted for magnetically oriented fibers in reference to random arrangement (fct,fl: 90–133%; fc: 12–34%; Wf*: 98–146%). The efficiency factor (ηX) was introduced to determine the change in property per fiber content unit, which enabled comparison regardless of the fiber dosage. As the higher ηX values were determined for 1% content (e.g., fct,fl equal to 133%/p.p for Vf = 1% and 45%/p.p for Vf = 2%), further increase in dosage was expected to cause reduced improvement. Different fracture mechanisms were noted for S and S-M composites by means of the Digital Image Correlation method.