Effervescent Tablets Research Articles

Enhanced extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from fruit juices using magnetic effervescent tablets composed of the NiFe2O4@SiO2@PANI-IL nanocomposites.

The reported ionic liquid (IL)-based magnetic effervescent tablets are a result of direct addition of ILs and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). In effervescent reaction-enhanced microextraction procedures, the dissociation between ILs and MNPs easily leads to loss of ILs due to aqueous solubility, thereby decreasing the extraction efficiency. Herein, we attached a hydrophilic IL ([BMIM]Br) onto the surface of NiFe2O4@SiO2@polyaniline (NiFe2O4@SiO2@PANI-IL) to prepare novel core–shell-like multi-layer nanocomposites. Magnetic effervescent tablets were composed of Na2CO3 as an alkaline source, tartaric acid as an acidic source and as-synthesized nanocomposites as an extractant. The nanocomposites were used in an effervescent reaction-enhanced magnetic solid-phase extraction (ERMSE) for the extraction of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in fruit juices prior to HPLC-DAD detection. Under optimized conditions, this method provided low limits of detection (0.06–0.17 μg L−1), high recoveries (80.6–97.3%) and excellent precision (1.1–5.2%) for OPP quantification in five fruit juices. Notably, the three-layer core–shell nanocomposites were efficiently recycled for at least eight extraction cycles with a recovery loss of <10%. The novelty of this study lies in: (1) for the first time, the ILs-based hybrid magnetic nanocomposites were prepared with appropriate pore size/volume and more active sites for OPPs; (2) the combination of the nanocomposites with effervescent tablets realizes rapid dispersion of CO2 bubbles, and convenient magnetic separation/collection into one synchronous step; and (3) due to there being no requirement of electrical power, it is feasible for use in field conditions. Thus, the ERMSE method has excellent potential for conventional monitoring of trace-level OPPs in complex fruit juice matrices.

Fast and Direct Microwave Synthesis of Carbon from Bovine Blood Waste: A Feedstock Material for Extractive Metallurgy, Carbon Dots Production and Graphite Synthesis

Direct irradiation of slaughterhouse bovine blood waste in a domestic microwave oven results in fast carbonization and subsequent formation of carbon nanosheets at yield of 2% after copiously washing off any by-products. Since nearly 5 billion L of slaughterhouse bovine blood is globally produced every year as inevitable part of meat production, the total amount of carbon that could be annually produced by this simple and cost-effective microwave technology reaches the impressive value of 100,000 metric tons per year, albeit the relatively low carbon yield of the process. This large quantity of carbon with well-defined structure and composition could be further exploited in carbothermal extractive metallurgy (e.g., the extraction of copper from copper oxide) or as a cheap and plentiful raw material towards the production of other important carbon materials, such as photoluminescent carbon dots, synthetic graphite and graphene. The direct, simple and affordable microwave conversion of bovine blood waste into useful carbon material represents another example of blood waste valorization that is complementary to the extraction of bioactive compounds for the food or pharmaceuticals industry. It is interesting to note that the same microwave approach can be applied as well for the direct and fast carbonization of expired over the counter medicines, such-like drug effervescent tablets (e.g., analgesic paracetamol), giving carbon at high yield with useful properties (e.g., hexavalent chromium removal).

Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of Behavioral Effects of Suspension and Effervescent Granules of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. and Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to formulate, characterize and evaluate herbal formulations of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis against scopolamine-induced behavioral disturbances for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: The herbal drugs were extracted using ethanol. The herbal suspension and effervescence granules were prepared using the extract and evaluated on rats. Scopolamine was used to induce behavioral and locomotor disturbances. Results: Results revealed that both the formulations were stable and effective in enhancing cognition against scopolamine-induced behavioral disturbance. The activity score of suspension of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis in the actophotometer were 128.19 and 110.23 while in effervescent granules of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis were 124.21 and 120.29 after 60 min, respectively. Suspension of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis reduced the fall off time to 94.18 and 102.03 while effervescent granules of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis reduced 98.01 and 98.16 after 30 min using the rota-rod, respectively. Suspension of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis reduce the activity of acetylcholinesterase as 19.10 and 18.01 Units/L while effervescent granules of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis reduce the activity of acetylcholinesterase as 17.69 and 14.36 Units/L. Conclusion: The formulations were significantly reduced locomotor activity using actophotometer, rotarod activity and the level of acetylcholinesterase. Thus, herbal suspension and effervescent granules of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis may be a safe alternative for Alzheimer’s disease against scopolamine-induced behavioral disturbances.

A New Flame AAS Application for Magnesium Determination in Solid Pharmaceutical Preparations as an Active Ingredient and an Excipient

Objective: A new application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) has been carried out to determine magnesium in its solid preparations (effervescent and uncoated compressed tablets) as an active ingredient and/or excipient.&#x0D; Methodology: The linear range of magnesium was determined. A sample of magnesium effervescent tablets was analyzed. Magnesium stearate concentration was also indirectly determined in commercial paracetamol tablets using two digestion methods. Finally, a sample of drug-free tablets (only contain excipients) was analyzed to study the effect of talc on total magnesium content of the sample.&#x0D; Results: Linear range was observed in concentrations between 0.08-0.40 ug/mL of magnesium. Effervescent tablets samples were recovered in the range between 98.66-103.00% which indicates that the product meets specifications. For paracetamol tablets, the content of magnesium stearate was in average of 0.2% and there is no differences between the two digestion methods (t=0.454). Our work on the drug-free sample proved a significant increase of magnesium concentrations in the presence of talc.&#x0D; Conclusion: The AAS method is a simple and rapid technique that can be employed for the simultaneous estimation of magnesium in in-process and final products analyses.

Assessment of early oxidative stress following the use of radiotheranostics agents 177Lu-PSMA for prostate cancer and 177Lu-DOTATATE for neuroendocrine tumors; radioprotective effect of vitamin C.

We aimed first to evaluate the early oxidative stress following radionuclide therapy (RNT) with 177Lu-PSMA and 177Lu-DOTATATE and second to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress. Prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients referred to therapy with 177Lu-PSMA and 177Lu-DOTATATE, respectively, were enrolled in this study. The patients divided into the control group underwent routine RNT without any intervention and the intervention group was asked to take effervescent tablets (500 mg) of vitamin C for two days prior to the RNT (three tablets per day). To measure oxidative stress, blood samples were taken immediately before treatment and 48 h after treatment, and the serums were separated and frozen. To evaluate oxidative stress, the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glutathione reductase were measured before and two days after treatment. In total, 61 RNT cycles were evaluated in 34 patients with age of 65 ± 2.83 (median ± SE) years (range of 27-99); this total included 20 (59%) prostate cancer patients [35 cycles (57.4%)] and 14 patients (41%) with NET [26 cycles (42.6%)]. Of the 61 evaluated cycles, 27 cycles were given in the control group and 34 cycles were given in the intervention group. The serum level of MDA was significantly increased after treatment compared to before treatment (P = 0.02) in the control group, while no significant change in the serum level of MDA was observed in the intervention group (P = 0.52). The serum level of GSH was insignificantly decreased after treatment compared to before treatment in the control group and slightly increased after treatment in the intervention group (P > 0.05). The serum level of glutathione reductase was insignificantly increased in all groups of patients after treatment (P > 0.05). According to the results of this study, RNT with Lu-PSMA and Lu-DOTATATE may induce oxidative stress via the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Consumption of vitamin C prior to RNT may ameliorate this oxidative stress. These preliminary results have positive implications for clinical practice. Verification of these noteworthy results is needed and can be conducted with larger randomized controlled trials with longer time points.

Formulation and Quality Optimization of Effervescent Tablet of Glipizide: An Approach to Comfort Anti-Diabetic Medication

The present study is targeted to formulate and prepare effervescent tablets of Glipizide to provide more elegancy, comfortability, and improved pharmacokinetics in diabetic treatment than the conventional dosage. Three formulations (F1, F2, and F3) of the effervescent tablet of Glipizide (5mg) were formulated with different amounts and ratios of excipients. By wet granulation technique, 60 tablets for every formulation were prepared with a weight of 700mg per tablet. Then, the features of both granules and tablets were evaluated by published methods. The angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr's index, Loss on drying (LOD), and Moisture Content (MC) used to measure granules property successfully proved right follow ability and compressibility. In contrast, physical and drug content related investigation failed to determine the perfectness of all three formulations. Friability on the formulations was around 0.70%, indicating the expected USP limit of friability (0.5 to 1%). The mean disintegration time of the formulations was from 95s to 105s. The tablet potency assay found 95.20% for F1, 88.80% for F2, and 97.40% for F3. The dissolution pattern of the drug followed a linear relationship with time. After one and a half hours, the highest amount of 59.20% cumulative dissolution was determined for F3 that revealed its strategic improvement of the drug solubility. As Glipizide is a poorly water-soluble drug, the effervescent tablet might mitigate disintegration and dissolution-related limitations and, consequently, enhance the drug's bioavailability.

PMS12 Cost-Effectiveness of Binosto (BUFFERED SOLUBLE ALENDRONATE 70 MG) Effervescent Tablet for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis in Italy

Binosto® (buffered soluble alendronate 70 mg) effervescent tablet represents an alternative option to traditional oral bisphosphonates for the management of osteoporosis, being associated to a lower frequency of gastro-intestinal adverse reactions and greater medication persistence. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of Binosto® compared with relevant alternative treatments for postmenopausal osteoporotic women in Italy. A previously validated Markov microsimulation model was adjusted to the Italian healthcare setting to estimate the lifetime costs (expressed in €2019) per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) of Binosto® compared with generic alendronate, denosumab, zoledronic acid and no treatment. Pooled efficacy data for bisphosphonates derived from the most recent NICE network meta-analysis were used for bisphosphonate treatments and 1-year persistence of Binosto® and alendronate was derived from a prospective observational study. Analyses were conducted for high-risk women 60-80 years of age with a bone mineral density (BMD) T-score ≤-3.0 or with existing vertebral fractures. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model results. In all simulated populations, Binosto® was dominant (more QALYs, less costs) compared to denosumab. The cost per QALY gained of Binosto® compared to generic alendronate and no treatment always fall below €20,000 per QALY gained. Zoledronic acid was associated with more QALY than Binosto® but the cost per QALY gained of zoledronic acid compared with Binosto® was always higher than €70,000 per QALY gained, meaning that zoledronic acid was not cost-effective. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses suggested that Binosto® was the most cost-effective intervention for willingness to pay between €5,000 and €75,000 per QALY gained. This study provides the first economic analysis of an alendronate effervescent tablet, suggesting that Binosto® represents a cost-effective strategy compared with relevant alternative treatments for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in Italy aged 60 years and over.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY FROM TABLETS EFFERVESCENT EXTRACT OF MIMOSA PUDICA LINN LEAVES

The community has trusted mimosa pudica linn as an alternative antidiabetic treatment. Compounds that have antidiabetic activity in Mimosa pudica linn are flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. The selection of effervescent tablet dosage formulations is practical for diabetics with the addition of stevia leaf sweeteners. This study aimed to determine the antidiabetic activity of effervescent tablets of Mimosa pudica linn leaves extract as a natural antidiabetic. The research method begins with the extraction of plants using the maceration method of 70% ethanol; the tablet formulation uses dry granulation. Antidiabetic activity test using 28 male mice (Mus musculus) Swiss strain divided into four groups, namely group I (negative control): Na-CMC 0.5%, group II: effervescent tablets of Mimosa pudica Linn leaves Extract dose 600 mg/kgBB, group III (positive control): metformin 65 mg/kgBB, group IV (normal control): feed and drink. Each group, except normal controls, was induced by DM using alloxan 150 mg/kg body weight. Data on decreased blood glucose levels were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test the study results show that effervescent tablets meet the parameters of disperse time test, pH test, size uniformity test, weight uniformity test, hardness test, moisture test, and friability test. This study concludes is that there is a significant difference between the negative, positive, normal, and treatment control groups, which means that the administration of effervescent tablets of 70% ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica Linn leaves at a dose of 600 mg/kgBB can reduce blood sugar levels in mice (Mus musculus).

Application of response surface methodology (RSM) in statistical optimization and pharmaceutical characterization of a patient compliance effervescent tablet formulation of an antiepileptic drug levetiracetam

BackgroundThe main objective of the present study was to develop and optimize an effervescent tablet of levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug, using central composite design with response surface methodology (RSM).The present investigation helps to overcome the problem associated with levetiracetam tablets and liquid dosage forms with children and elderly people like bad taste and swallowing difficulties. It also facilitates as an alternative manufacturing process for advanced patented technology like 3D printing process employed in SPRITAM® tablet.Levetiracetam effervescent tablets were prepared by dry granulation (roll compaction) method using water-soluble excipients and optimized by central composite rotatable design (CCRD) using two variables (citric acid and effersoda) at two levels (high and low). Overall, fourteen formulation trials were generated through statistical software Minitab 17.3.0 placing 6 center points, 4 cube points, and 4 axial points. All formulations were subjected to compression using single punch machine.ResultsQuality attributes of compressed tablets were evaluated using various compendial and non-compendial tests. RSM was used to observe the responses like effervescent time, hardness, and friability of the prepared tablet batches for different levels of all the variables. Polynomial equations were developed, and model plots (contour plot and 3-dimensional model surface plots) were generated to study the impact of acid-base couple on the responses. Finally, the optimized formulation was selected on the basis of desired effervescent time, hardness, friability, percent drug release, and drug content. From the studied RSM design, it was observed that small changes in the independent variables (citric acid and effersoda) correlate with shifts in the dependent variables, i.e., the desired responses. The study reveals that all the independent variables (citric acid and effersoda) and dependent variables (effervescent time, hardness, and friability) have a good correlation as indicated by good linear regression coefficient of 0.9808, 0.9939, and 0.9892 for effervescent time, hardness, and friability respectively.ConclusionLevetiracetam effervescent tablets are satisfactorily prepared by dry granulation (roll compaction) approach. All desired critical quality attributes were found to be satisfactory. The applicability of RSM with desirability function in optimizing the levetiracetam formulation has made it possible to identify the impact of various independent variables and explore their effect on required responses.

Formulation by design approach for effervescent granules of vitamin C using statistical optimization methodologies

Introduction: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), is a potent antioxidant, and the human body cannot synthesis it, so ascorbic acid can be obtained from external sources as food and pharmaceutical products. Objective: This study was using formulation by design (FbD) concept to prepare effervescent granules of vitamin C with high quality and more patient compliance in less effort and cost. Methods: A 23 factorial design was used to study the physical and chemical characteristics of the granules (disintegration time (DT), taste of product (TP), carbon dioxide amount (CO2), and pH of the solution). Also the effects of and interaction between selected independent variables (citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate) evaluated, while, their concentrations were optimized by application of optimization model methodology for factorial design. Formulations were prepared by non-aqueous wet granulation method. Results: From the results of designed batches, the disintegration time ranged from 33±2.7 to 153±3.3sec while the amount of carbon dioxide ranged from 0.360±0.004gm to 1,512±0.002gm also the pH range was from 2.9±0.09 to 6.42±0.07 but the taste of product was coded numerically in proportional with acceptability from 1 to 5. According to the experimental design, both of studied independent variables have significant effect in determining the physicochemical characteristics of effervescent granules. Conclusion: FbD concept effectively was utilized for the development of vitamin C effervescent granules as per modern quality practices used in pharmaceutical industries.

FORMULASI GRANUL EFFERVESCENT EKSTRAK ETANOL 90% BUAH LABU AIR (Lagenaria siceraria) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN DENGAN VARIASI GAS GENERATING AGENT

Water pumpkin (Lagenaria siceraria) is a vegetable that contains secondary metabolites that are beneficial to health. Its use as a vegetable is less attractive to the people so that to increase its utilization, dosage forms are made that can attract public interest, one of which is effervescent granules. Effervescent granules are the most popular dosage form because they can serve in fresh drinks. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of acids (citric acid-tartaric acid) and base (sodium bicarbonate) on the physical properties of the formula. The water pumpkin effervescent granules made with various ratios of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate consisting of FI (2: 1: 2.5); F II (1: 2: 2,5); F III (2: 1: 3,52); F IV (1: 2: 3,44). The granule made by the wet granulation method. The physical properties of the formula included organoleptic, moisture content, flow properties, compressibility index, pH, solubility time, and acceptability test. Based on the results of the evaluation of physical properties, the granule formula of the water pumpkin effervescent meets the standard requirements with a moisture content of 1.26% -2.26%, flow properties from 6.33 to 7.0 seconds, angle of repose 31.14˚-33.69 ˚, compressibility index 13.61% -17.08%, pH 6.1-7.1 and dissolving time 191-223.33 seconds. Variations of citric acid-tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate affect the physical properties and taste of the effervescent granules. Based on the acceptability test showed that the panelists liked the water pumpkin effervescent granules in FII.

Impact of household vinegar on calculus removal and mechanical properties of orthodontic resin.

This study evaluated calculus removal efficacy of household vinegar and its effect on autopolymerizing orthodontic resin following repeated immersion. A total of 72sectioned specimens of orthodontic retainers with calculus deposits following cleaning with the help of immersion in vinegar of different dilutions between 12.5% and 100%, tap water, effervescent tablets, and mechanical debridement were digitally analyzed. Changes in Ca and Fe ions in vinegar were assessed by atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). For mechanical testing, autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples were similarly grouped and immersed for 78cycles and their flexural strength and hardness measured. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to evaluate changes in their chemical composition. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test were used to analyze the differences in the mean flexural strength and hardness between the groups (p ≤ 0.05). Aminimum immersion of 2 h in 25% vinegar solution combined with brushing attained efficiency of 74.13 ± 22% calculus removal. Whereas, tap water and effervescent tablets had 15% and 49% efficiency, respectively. AES results showed diffusion of Ca ions from calculus into the vinegar solution as aplausible mechanism for its structural weakening and removal. Results of mechanical testing showed that undiluted vinegar solution affected the flexural strength of PMMA and this effect was significantly different from that of the effervescent tablets and the remaining vinegar concentrations. There was no significant difference in hardness between the groups. The FTIR showed no changes in the chemical composition of PMMA samples following repeated immersions. Vinegar can be useful in the removal of calculus from dental appliances but should be used in diluted forms to minimize side effects.

Dispersive solid phase extraction combined with in syringe deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of some pesticides and their metabolite in egg samples

A new sample preparation method based on a magnetic effervescent tablet dispersive solid phase extraction combined with in syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed and applied for the extraction of some pesticides and their related metabolites from egg samples prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this procedure, firstly, Fe3O4@multiwall carbon nanotubes are prepared and used in preparation of the effervescent tablet. After that, the prepared tablet is dropped into the sample solution. By doing so, the produced CO2 dispersed the nanoparticles in whole of the solution. After collecting the nanoparticles with an external magnet, the adsorbed analytes are eluted with a water-miscible deep eutectic solvent which is used as a dispersive solvent in the following microextraction procedure. The effective parameters were optimized and under the optimum conditions, relatively low limits of detection (0.03–0.24 ng g–1) and quantification (0.09–0.84 ng g–1), high enrichment factors (219–276) and extraction recoveries (73–92 %) were obtained. The method had a proper precision with relative standard deviations less than ≤10.2 %. Finally, the developed method was used for determination of the analytes in forty egg samples.

Antimicrobial activity of effervescent denture tablets on multispecies biofilms.

To investigate the impact of peroxide-based solutions in reducing viability and metabolic activity of multispecies biofilms on denture base acrylic resin surfaces and for removing them from these surfaces. Denture cleansers are effective in reducing monospecies biofilm; however, studies evaluating their action on multispecies biofilms are scarce. Sixty-nine denture base acrylic resin specimens (Ø 15×3mm) were sterilised then contaminated with Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to form multispecies biofilms. Biofilms were grown for 24hours; subsequently, specimens were immersed in three different cleansing solutions (n=9): nitradine (NI), fixodent (FX) and phosphate-buffered saline (Control), according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. After applying the hygiene protocols, viability of microorganisms was evaluated by counting colony-forming units and assessing metabolic activity. Moreover, biofilm removal capacity was estimated based on extension of cell-covered areas visualised in fluorescent microscopy micrographics. Microbial counts were solution-dependent; NI was effective against all microorganisms (P<.05). FX exhibited moderate antimicrobial action, reducing P aeruginosa (P<.05) and Saureus (P<.05) viability by approximately 2 logs. Both peroxide-based solutions reduced metabolic activity (P<.001) and biofilm-covered areas on specimen surfaces (P<.001). Under the experimental conditions tested, these results demonstrated that peroxide-based solutions had favourable antimicrobial activity but promoted no broad elimination of aggregated multispecies biofilm. NI might be more suitable as complementary chemical agent for controlling multispecies denture biofilm.

Formulasi Granul Effervescent Ekstrak Pandan Laut (Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi) Sebagai Analgetik

Sea pandanus plants are plants that are spread along the coast in Indonesia. Pandan sea fruit itself has never been used by the community, so it becomes waste on the beach. The purpose of this study was to make a formulation of effervescent granules from ethanolic extracts of sea pandanus (Pandanus tectorius) which has analgesic activity. The effervescent granule formula consists of ethanol extracts of sea pandanus, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, tartaric acid, mannitol, lactose, PVP, aerosils and orange dyes. The difference of the three formulas are the ratio of the concentration of sodium bicarbonate which is 25%, 30% and 35%, respectively. The results show that the best formula is formula I, which fulfills the organoleptic test requirements, water content, rest angle, real specific gravity test, incompressible density test, compressibility, disperse time and pH. The analgesic activity test results using siegmund method known analgesic activity of formula I as the best formula with a dose of 125 mg / kg BW and aspirin as a comparison with a dose of 65 mg / kg body weight gives an anlgetic effect with protective power is 83.68%.

Preparation of Green Tea Effervescent Tablets

This study aims to prepare green tea effervescent tablets with high EGCG content to retain the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of green tea as well as to diversify green tea product lines. The green tea effervescent tablets, prepared in the study by the method of wet granulation and stamping, met the general quality standards for effervescent tablets according to Vietnam Pharmacopeia V with the content of EGCG, quantified by HPLC, reaching 8.423 ± 0.023%.&#x0D; Keywords&#x0D; Green tea, effervescent tablets, epigallocatechin gallate, HPLC.&#x0D; References&#x0D; [1] Do Tat Loi, Vietnamese medicinal plants andherbs, Thoi Dai Publishing House, Vietnam, 2013, pp. 187-188.[2] Shutsung Liao, Yung-hsi Kao, Richard A.Hiipakka, Green Tea: Biochemical and Biological Basis for Health benefits, Vitamins and Hormones. 62 (2001) 09-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0083-6729(01)62001-6.[3] Shuichi Masuda, Yuko Shimamura, Colin R. Martin, Effect of Green Tea on Nitrosamines: Implications for Cancer, Tea in health and disease prevention. 68 (2013) 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-64948-0[4] Richard S. Bruno, Joshua A. Bomser, Mario G. Ferruzzi, Antioxidant capacity of Green tea (Camellia sinensis). 4 (2014) 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404738-9.00004-0. [5] C.J. Chang et al, Separation of catechins from green tea using carbon dioxide extraction, Food chemistry. 68 (1) (2000) 109-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00176-4[6] M.E. Harbowy et al, Tea chemistry, Critical reviews in plant sciences. 16 (5) (1997) 415-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689709701956[7] Le Quan Nghiem, Huynh Van Hoa, Preparation and biopharmaceutical, Hanoi Education Publishing House, Vietnam, 2007, pp. 194-200.[8] S. Taymouri et al, Formulation and optimization of effervescent tablet containing bismuth sub-citrate, Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8 (2) (2019) 236. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_11_19[9] A. Aslani et al, Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of potassium citrate effervescent tablets, Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 3 (1) (2013) 217. https://doi.org/10.5681/apb.2013.036[10] Herbert A Liberman, Leon Lachman, Joseph B. Schwartz, Effervescent tablets, Pharmaceutical dosage form: Tablets. 1 (2005) 285-302. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600790225[11] Ministry of Health Portal, Vietnam pharmacopeia V, Medical Publishing House, Vietnam, 2018.[12] I.H.T. Guideline, Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1), International conference on harmonization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.[13] A. Bradfleld et al,The catechins of green tea. Part I, Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed). (1947) 32-36.[14] M.J. Lee. et al, Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 11 (10) (2002) 1025-1032.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Development and Characterization of a Superdisintegrant Enhanced Effervescent Tablet

Development and Characterization of a Superdisintegrant Enhanced Effervescent Tablet

Formulation, Development, and Evaluation of Herbal Effervescent Mouthwash Tablet Containing Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Curcumin for the Maintenance of Oral Hygiene.

Dental caries originate due to the localized dissolution of the hard tissues of teeth, mainly caused by acids, developed by the presence of microorganisms in the biofilm (dental plaque) on the surface of teeth causing "cavities". Commercially available liquid mouthwashes containing synthetic active ingredients possess limitations like teeth staining, higher alcoholic content, taste disturbances, xerostomia, and stability issues. To make the solid preparation for oral hygiene (US6428770B1) in the form of herbal effervescent mouthwash tablet (CN106619318A, US8728446B2) using Azadirachta indica and Curcumin having antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiplaque, and anti-inflammatory activity. The optimization study of effervescent granules was performed by 33 factorial design. A total of 27 preliminary experimental batches were prepared by the fusion method, varying the amount of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. A complex of curcumin was prepared with hydroxyl propyl β-cyclodextrin and further examined by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared tablets were evaluated for pre and post-compression parameters. The in vitro antimicrobial study was performed by Agar well diffusion method against S. mutans. All the experimental batches of effervescent granules were evaluated for pH, effervescent time, and CO2 content. Six batches were further selected for final tablet preparation. The results of the pre-compression parameters revealed excellent flow properties and post-compression parameters; the results were also significant. The antimicrobial study revealed the F3 as a final best formulation. The developed herbal formulation (F3) has a good potential to maintain oral hygiene as compared to alcoholic mouthwash and further studies may be necessary to confirm the efficacy of the formulation since only a single bacterial strain was assayed.

Magnetic Fe3O4 @ porous activated carbon effervescent tablet-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental water

A novel approach using magnetic Fe3O4 @ porous activated carbon effervescent tablet-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (META-DES-DLLME) combined with HPLC was developed for the measurement of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (bisphenol A, p-tert-octylphenol, nonylphenol) in environmental water. In the proposed method, deep eutectic solvents synthesized by1-dodecanol and hexyltrimethylammonium bromide were applied as extraction solvent. A magnetic effervescent tablet, containing a foaming agent and a new magnetic material, combined the dispersion of the extraction solvent and the magnetic recovery into one step. The influence of parameters, including the composition and volume of DESs, the type and amount of acid, the amount of sodium bicarbonate, the composition and amount of Fe3O4 @ porous activated carbon, the pH, and the amount of sodium chloride, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, accuracy and precision were demonstrated over the whole concentration range of 10–1000 μg L-1. The extraction recovery ranged from 81.0 to 94.7% with a relative standard deviation of 1.2–6.7%, and the LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.82 to 1.7 μg L-1 and 2.7–5.5 μg L-1, respectively. The method was successfully applied to extract and analyse the phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental water.

Evaluation of various denture cleansers on color stability and surface topography of polyetherketoneketone, polyamide, and polymethylmethacrylate.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium perborate effervescent tablets and citric acid solution on the color stability and surface topography of a new generation of high-performance polymer polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), thermoinjection-molded polyamide, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Fifty disc-shaped specimens were fabricated (10 mm × 2 mm) from PEKK (P group), polyamide (D group), and PMMA (M group). These groups were divided into five subgroups (n = 10) according to the storage media. The test groups were immersed in the following solutions: distilled water (Control), Corega, Protefix, Perlodent, and Curaprox. The color stability values (ΔE) were measured using a spectrophotometer before and after immersion in distilled water and four different denture cleansers for 8 hr/day for 140 days. Topography alterations after treatments were assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test. The p < .05 was considered significant. All denture cleansers increased the ΔE values relative to the baseline values in the M, D, and P groups (p < .05). The Perlodent denture cleanser demonstrated the highest ΔE value in all groups, which was unacceptable. Curaprox denture cleanser showed the lowest ΔE value in the M and D groups (p < .05). Curaprox in all groups showed a ∆E value less than 3.7. For patients who have PEKK- and polyamide-based prosthesis, the use of citric acid-based cleansers may be more recommended than sodium perborate-containing cleansers because of its clinically acceptable color changes on polymers in terms of color stability.