Effect Of Visual Angle Research Articles

P‐169: Late‐News Poster: How Display Size and Response time Affect flicker perception: Compare to flicker indices

In this paper, the effect of visual angle and response time of display on flicker perception was studied. The influence of size effect and response time was observed using 30 Hz simulation image and two type of displays with fast and slow response time. Participants percived that the flicker became stronger as the size of the stimulus increased, but it was observed that there was no effect by response time of the display. However, the flicker indices such as JEITA, flicker visibility that are used as international standards, do not reflect these perceptual characteristics. Flicker indices need to be supplemented.

Non-lane-discipline-based car-following model under honk environment

This study proposed a non-lane-discipline-based car-following model by synthetically considering the visual angles and the timid/aggressive characteristics of drivers under honk environment. We firstly derived the neutral stability condition by the linear stability theory. It showed that the parameters related to visual angles and driving characteristics of drivers under honk environment all have significant impact on the stability of non-lane-discipline traffic flow. For better understanding the inner mechanism among these factors, we further analyzed how each parameter affects the traffic flow and gained further insight into how the visual angles information influences other parameters and then influences the non-lane-discipline traffic flow under honk environment. And the results showed that the other aspects such as driving characteristics of drivers or honk effect are all interacted with the “Visual-Angle Factor”. And the effect of visual angle is not just to say simply it has larger stable region or not as the existing studies. Finally, to verify the proposed model, we carried out the numerical simulation under the periodic boundary condition. And the results of numerical simulation are agreed well with the theoretical findings.

Non-lane-discipline-based car-following model considering the effect of visual angle

This study proposes a new car-following (CF) model considering the effect of visual angle under the non-lane-discipline environment. In particular, a car-following model is proposed to capture the impacts from the visual angle of the driver between the following vehicle and the preceding vehicle as well as its change rate on a road without lane discipline. Stability analysis of the proposed CF model is performed using the perturbation method to obtain the stability condition. Numerical experiments analyze three scenarios: start process, stop process, and evolution process for lane-discipline-based FVD model, non-lane-discipline-based CF model with lateral gap, and the proposed model, respectively. Results from numerical experiments illustrate that the proposed CF model that considers the effects of both lateral gap and visual angle has larger stable region compared with FVD model and the NLBCF model. Also, the responsiveness and smoothness of the proposed CF model is improved with respect to the velocity, and acceleration or deceleration profiles.

Effect of Visual Angle on the Head Movement Caused by Changing Binocular Disparity

It has been shown that vertical binocular disparity has no or little effect on the perception of visual direction (Banks et al., 2002). On the other hand, our previous study has reported that a continuous change of vertical disparity causes an involuntary sway of the head (Maekawa et al., 2009). We predict that the difference between those results attributes to the dissociation between the processes for perception and action in the brain. The aim of this study is to investigate in more details the condition that influences the process of disparity information. The present experiment particularly varied the visual angle of stimulus presentation and measured the head movement and body sway caused by changing vertical disparity. Results showed that the head movement was greater as the visual angle of the stimulus was smaller. It has been reported that stimulus of only small visual angle affect depth perception (Erklens et al., 1995). Thus, our result suggests that perception and action produced by vertical d...

The effects of visual angle on the perception of 3D curvature from texture

The effects of visual angle on the perception of 3D curvature from texture

Local bias and local-to-global interference without global deficit: A robust finding in autism under various conditions of attention, exposure time, and visual angle

A wide variety of paradigms have shown that autistic individuals present with superior performance on visual tasks. Here, the impact of task constraints on visual hierarchical processing in autism was investigated. By employing free- and forced-choice procedures, global and local processing of Navon-type hierarchical numerals was examined in 15 autistic persons (13 males, 2 females) and a comparison group. In the free-choice condition, autistics chose global and local targets randomly, though they were faster responding to local than to global targets, regardless of visual angle and exposure duration. In contrast, the comparison group exhibited a global advantage in naming time, which was evident only for shorter exposures, as well as effects of visual angle. In the forced-choice condition, autistics presented with a more important local-to-global interference than global-to-local interference, whereas the comparison group exhibited global advantage and bidirectional interference. Overall, the autistic participants presented with atypical local-to-global interference and local advantage in incongruent conditions (where global and local targets differ), in naming time as well as accuracy. The relative insensitivity of local bias to task constraints in autistics, in comparison to nonautistic participants, indicates that local bias, with local-to-global interference, is a key and characteristic feature of autistic visual cognition and a strong candidate for the “endophenotype” of autism.

Selective attention to global and local information: Effects of visual angle, exposure duration, and eccentricity on processing dominance

Abstract The size and exposure duration of stimuli have been found to be relevant factors to the issue of processing dominance. Nevertheless, the relation between these two factors and their possible effects on processing dominance have never been studied. The aim of the present research was twofold: (a) to examine whether size and the exposure duration of stimuli affect processing dominance; (b) to examine whether these effects depend on the same/different eccentricity of global and local levels. Stimuli were presented at three exposure durations: 140 msec, 70 msec, and 40 msec. The overall sizes of stimuli were varied at three levels: small (3[ddot]), intermediate (6[ddot]) and large (12[ddot]). In Experiment 1 stimuli were used whose global and local levels were at different eccentricity (Hs and Ss stimuli). In Experiment 2 stimuli whose global and local levels were at the same eccentricity (Cs stimuli) were used. The results showed that the effects of visual angle on processing dominance are independe...

The effect of visual angle on global and local reaction times depends on the set of visual angles presented

It has been shown that there is a transition from a global to a local advantage in reaction time as visual angle increases (Kinchla & Wolfe, 1979), and it has been assumed that this transition reflects lower level (e.g., retinal) processes. In three experiments, we examined whether higher level (e.g., attentional) processes play a role in this transition. In each experiment, subjects received a different stimulus set in each of two blocks of trials. In Experiment 1, stimuli subtending 1.5 degrees, 3 degrees, 4.5 degrees, or 6 degrees of visual angle vertically (small-stimuli set) were randomly presented in one block, while the other block consisted of random presentations of 3 degrees, 6 degrees, 9 degrees, or 12 degrees stimuli (large-stimuli set). The subjects' task was to identify targets that appeared randomly at either the local or the global level. It was found that the transition from a global to a local reaction-time advantage took place at a larger visual angle for the large-stimuli set than for the small-stimuli set. The same effects of stimulus set were found in Experiment 2, in which the small-stimuli set included 1.5 degrees, 3 degrees, or 6 degrees stimuli while the large-stimuli set included 3 degrees, 6 degrees, or 9 degrees stimuli. In Experiment 3, eye position was monitored to rule out the possibility that subjects adopted different fixation strategies depending on which stimulus set was being presented. The findings suggest that attention plays a major role in determining the relative speed of processing of local-and global-level information.

Effects of visual angle on reading : Gould, J.D., and Grischkowsky, N. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Volume 2, 1985, pp 1106–1109

Effects of visual angle on reading : Gould, J.D., and Grischkowsky, N. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Volume 2, 1985, pp 1106–1109

Effects of Visual Angle on Reading

The accuracy and speed of proofreading was unaffected by a wide range of visual angle (at least 16–36 deg). Text on most computer displays and on 8–1/2 × 11 in. paper subtend visual angles within this range—even with typical variations in reading distance.

Effects of Visual Angle on Perspective Reversal for Ambiguous Patterns

Reversal rates of an ambiguous figure (the Necker cube) were studied for different pattern sizes covering a range of visual angles theta from approximately 1 to 62 deg. A large number of reversals was obtained for each observer and each pattern in order to examine the statistical distributions of reversal times. A pronounced flattening of the statistical distributions (represented throughout by a gamma distribution) and a growth of the mean duration of each percept, with increasing pattern size was found. A plateau in the range of theta between 5 and 20-30 deg was observed. For larger values of theta two kinds of observers have been identified: for 'fast' observers the inversion rate is little affected by theta, whilst for 'slow' observers, the mean reversal time increases strongly with theta. A tentative model, based on three different contributions to the duration of the alternation process, is proposed: a constant term, independent of theta, and two terms dependent on theta--a retinal term, and a cortical one. The last term is interpreted as due to the spreading of excitation with the characteristic of a filling-in process.

Measurement of visual memory span by means of the recall of dot-in-matrix patterns

A method for the study of visual memory span is described. The results of two dot-in-matrix experiments indicated that the patterns of larger matrix size were more difficult to recall, but the effect of visual angle was not significant. Visual memory span could be represented by the number of dota in the 5 by 6 or 6 by 6 pattern that a subject perfectly recalled with a probability of .5, since the proportion of recalled patterns was a monotonie decreasing function of the number of dots. This method can be used in group experiments without consideration of the differences in visual angles caused by the locations of subjects. The selection of appropriate presentation times and the distinction between verbal and visual memory spans are discussed.

Effects of viewing distance and visual angle on metameric matches.

A metameric matching task was used to study the effect of viewing distance and visual angle on the appearance of bichromatic stimuli. Increasing the viewing distance resulted in a shift towards the longer wavelength component. Effects of visual angle were also found.

Perceived size and perceived distance in stereoscopic vision and an analysis of their causal relations

Effects of visual angle and convergence upon the perceived sizes and perceived distances of a familiar object (playing card) and a nonrepresentational object (blank white card) were investigated by means of a projector stereoscope with polarizing filters. The results obtained with six Ss indicated that size estimates increased nearly proportionally as the visual angle increased and decreased nearly linearly as the convergence increased. Distance estimates decreased nearly linearly as either the visual angle or the convergence increased. The ratio of the size estimate to the distance estimate for a given visual angle was almost constant irrespective of convergence. In this sense, the size-distance invariance hypothesis held. No clear effect of familiarity was found. Partial correlations were used to discriminate direct and indirect causal relationships between the stimulus variables and perceptual estimates. Both perceived size and perceived distance were found to be determined directly by the two stimulus variables, but to be mutually related only indirectly.

The effect of visual angle and contrast ratio on inspection type tasks

A four alternative Choice Reaction Task, oil alternatives equally likely, was used to study the effect of size and contrast ratio of the visual stimulus on response time. A full factorial experiment was designed in which three levels of both the variables were tested. Sizes subtending visual angle of 1 min, 3 min, and 5 mill and the contrast ratios of 0-94, 0-75, and 0-34 were used. Seventeen subjects wore tested for this experiment and each subject responded 250 times under each experimental condition. The analysis has indicated that the contrast ratios tested did not significantly (a = 0'05) effect the response time.

Effects of Visual Angle on Visual Perception

If the visual angle subtended by an object is varied, at by varying the viewing distance, the appearance of the object may also change. Appropriate comparisons can reveal obvious changes as in perceived size, perceptible detail, eye-comfort, apparent color and realistic effect. There are, however, a number of factors in commercial motion-picture viewing situations which tend to minimize differential effects of visual angle on motion-picture perceptions.