ABSTRACT Aim: This review seeks to obtain enough scientific evidence to provide knowledge regarding the effectiveness of using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at various temperatures, i.e., warm, cold, and room temperature NaOCl, on posttreatment pain. Methods: Online databases were used to identify studies published till 2024, in which 551 studies were obtained during the initial search. After the screening, 7 studies were selected regarding the use of NaOCl at various temperatures, i.e., warm NaOCl, cold NaOCl, and room temperature NaOCl as endodontic irrigants, compared for the effect of posttreatment pain. Results: Upon reviewing 6 studies on the use of warm NaOCl as an irrigant, 4 studies (66.67%) showed an increase in posttreatment pain, whereas 3 out of 4 studies (75%) on using cold NaOCl showed a decrease in posttreatment pain. Conclusion: Overall, most of the studies that were included in this review suggested that using warm NaOCl increased posttreatment pain, using cold NaOCl reduced the posttreatment pain, whereas room temperature showed varied outcomes. Thus, according to the results, it can be concluded that using warm NaOCl as a root canal irrigant may increase posttreatment pain, whereas the use of cold NaOCl may decrease posttreatment pain.

The effects of various temperatures and stress levels on the microstructure and failure mechanism of Ti-43Al-9V-0.2Y alloy after creep

Abstract The use of fresh sage is increasingly popular due to its unique aroma and sensory characteristics. However, sage is a perishable fresh produce with a short shelf life, with limited knowledge of its storage conditions. This work investigated the effects of various temperatures (2, 6, and 20 °C) and relative humidity (RH) levels (atmospheric-65 % and high-95 %) on the quality characteristics of fresh sage during postharvest storage. The results indicated lower weight loss and respiration rate at lower temperatures and high RH. In addition, a higher phytochemical content (phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid) and antioxidant activity were observed in sage stored at 2 and 6 °C (at a high RH level). Sage stored at 6 °C and 65 % RH, also presented higher phenolics and antioxidants. Storage at 20 °C resulted in higher microbial load compared to lower temperatures. Higher sage essential oil yield was found at plants stored at 6 °C, while camphor was also found at higher levels at this temperature. Thus, from the results, it could be suggested that postharvest storage of fresh sage at 6 °C along with high RH could contribute to the preservation of a fresh, aromatic fresh produce of high nutritional value.

This study investigates the effects of various temperatures on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) using both experimental and numerical methods. A total of 24 beam specimens with dimensions of 10×15×60 cm were cast using C25/30 concrete. Half of the specimens were strengthened by CFRP wrapping, while the remaining half served as the control group. A total of 24 specimens were divided into three groups: 8 specimens were tested at 24 °C (room temperature), 8 specimens at 120 °C, and 8 specimens at 240 °C after being exposed to these temperatures for two hours. The experimental results showed that CFRP strengthening provided approximately 15% higher flexural strength at room temperature. In addition, while no significant strength loss was observed up to 120 °C, an approximate 8% reduction in strength occurred at 240 °C due to the adverse effect on the CFRP layer. The findings were further validated through finite element analyses conducted using Ansys Workbench. Numerical results were largely consistent with the experimental data, confirming that CFRP strengthening maintains its effectiveness up to elevated temperatures. At the same time, performance degradation becomes evident once the critical temperature threshold is exceeded. Overall, the results highlight that CFRP strengthening offers significant advantages in terms of post-fire performance, although its efficiency is clearly limited under high-temperature exposure.

Bacillus cereus sensu lato is a common contaminant of improperly stored food and human milk, capable of causing severe emetic and diarrheal diseases, particularly in infants and immunocompromised individuals. In this in vitro study, the effects of various temperatures and carbohydrate substrates on the growth of B. cereus (pacificus) strain ATCC 10987 and its expression of enterotoxin genes were explored. Bacterial growth at several temperatures and with six different carbohydrate substrates was evaluated. In cultures grown with various substrates at 37 °C, selected metabolites were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis and RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling was performed. At the same temperature, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and xylitol-enriched environments were preferable for the bacterial growth to lactose and galactose-enriched media. Lactate production markedly increased in bacterial cultures grown with glucose, fructose, or sucrose, accompanied by a drop in pH and increased substrate consumption. The lowest expression of non-hemolytic enterotoxin genes (nhe) was observed in glucose and lactose-enriched media, while downregulation of enterotoxin FM gene (entFM) expression was found in bacteria cultured with lactose. Other known enterotoxin genes, such as hemolysin BL (hbl) and cytotoxin K (cytK), were not expressed by this bacterial strain under any of the tested conditions. In conclusion, a lactose-rich environment slowed the growth of B. cereus (pacificus) ATCC 10987 and was associated with a downward trend in the expression of the enterotoxin genes nhe and entFM. These findings indicate that the presence of lactose, a dominant carbohydrate of human milk, may influence the pathogenic potential of B. cereus s. l.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-31689-5.

This study comprehensively investigates the threshold voltage (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><roman>th</roman></sub><roman xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">)</roman> instability of AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs under semi-bioscon state conditions. The effects of various temperatures and drain biases are studied. Under semi-bioscon bias conditions, a significant negative <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><roman>th</roman></sub> shift up to -1.0 V is observed in MIS-HEMTs with 10-nm in-situ SiN gate dielectrics, whereas Schottky HEMTs exhibit a negligible <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><roman>th</roman></sub> shift. A gate current analysis, comparing the MIS-HEMT with the source grounded versus floating, suggests that hot electrons induce generation of holes under the semi-on state. TCAD simulations corroborate that the high electric field across the channel of the MIS-HEMT induce hot electrons and hole generation under the semi-bioscon state; dynamic interaction of hot electrons and holes with the gate SiN/AlGaN interfacial states leads to bias temperature instability (BTI) of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><roman>th</roman></sub> of the MIS-HEMT. These findings suggest that optimizing the gate dielectric and its interface with the top barrier is crucial to improve the semi-bioscon state stability of radio-frequency (RF) MIS-HEMTs.

Hydrocracking is one of the most versatile and rapidly expanding processing steps in modern petroleum refineries. In recent years, the demand for middle distillates and gasoline has risen significantly, whereas the demand for heavy gas has declined. The hydrocracking process involves complex chemistry due to the participation of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, making process modeling and simulation particularly challenging. In this work, a mathematical model was developed to evaluate the performance of a hydrocracking unit in terms of product yields. The model considers five lumped fractions: heavy oil, vacuum gas oil, middle distillates, naphtha, and gases. First-order kinetics were assumed for all conversions, and the system was modeled as an isothermal tubular reactor incorporating axial dispersion. The effect of operating temperature (380 °C, 400 °C, 420 °C, and 430 °C) on product distribution was systematically investigated. The results indicate that the yield of heavy oil feed decreases steadily with increasing temperature, while the yields of middle distillates, naphtha, and gases increase. The yield of vacuum gas oil shows a distinct trend: it rises with temperature from 380 °C to 420 °C, but decreases at 430 °C due to secondary cracking reactions. The developed model provides a robust tool for predicting the performance of hydrocracking units and can assist in optimizing operating conditions to maximize the production of valuable middle distillates and light products.

The safe and efficient capture of CO2 in confined environments such as coal mine goafs remains a significant challenge, posing both environmental and safety risks. To address this issue, this study developed a novel biomass-based aerogel adsorbent using CNF-C and CS through sol–gel synthesis and freeze-drying. A series of composite aerogels with varying mass ratios were systematically characterized by SEM, BET, FTIR, and TG-DSC to analyze their microstructure, specific surface area, pore characteristics, chemical properties, and thermal stability. A constant temperature and humidity experimental setup was specially designed to explore the effects of various temperatures, humidity, and material ratios on CO2 adsorption performance. FTIR analysis confirmed that -NH2 served as the primary adsorption site, with its density increasing with higher chitosan content. The 1:3 ratio exhibited the optimal specific surface area (7.05 m2/g) and thermal stability, withstanding temperatures up to 350.0 °C, while the 1:1 ratio demonstrated the highest porosity (80.74%). Adsorption experiments indicated that 35.0 °C and 50% humidity were the optimal conditions, under which the 1:2 ratio biomass aerogel achieved an 18% increase in CO2 adsorption capacity compared to room temperature. The sample with a 1:1 high cellulose ratio is primarily dominated by physical adsorption, making its performance susceptible to environmental fluctuations. The sample with a 1:3 high chitosan ratio is predominantly governed by chemical adsorption, exhibiting more stable adsorption characteristics. The 1:2 ratio achieved the best balance under 35.0 °C and 50% humidity. The biomass aerogel synergistically combined physical barriers from its three-dimensional network structure and chemical adsorption via active functional groups, enabling efficient CO2 capture and stable sequestration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of biomass-derived aerogels for CO2 adsorption under complex conditions and provides new insights into the design of sustainable materials for environmental remediation and carbon reduction applications.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is commonly used in endodontics for its strong antimicrobial properties, with heating enhancing its reactivity and ability to dissolve organic matter. Cryo-treated hypochlorite, however, can help reduce postendodontic pain. The chemical composition and temperature of irrigants play a key role in influencing the tooth structure's physical properties, potentially affecting treatment outcomes. The study aims to evaluate the effect of various temperatures of NaOCl which is 60°C, 45°C, 25°C, and 2°C on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. After the selection of 40 single-rooted teeth, the decoronation, and chemomechanical preparation was done, and the teeth were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10 in each group) based on the final temperature of NaOCl. Group I at 60°C, Group II at 45°C, Group III at 2°C, and Group IV (control) at 25°C. The teeth were then tested for fracture resistance using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests were used. Group II (45°C) exhibited significantly higher fracture resistance compared to all other groups (P < 0.001), followed by Group III (2°C) and Group IV (25°C), whereas Group I (60°C) demonstrated the lowest fracture resistance. For optimal effectiveness, it is recommended to irrigate with NaOCl at a temperature of 45°C. This ensures enhanced antimicrobial activity. In addition, this temperature helps maintain the integrity of the endodontically treated teeth.

In this study, novel Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs) were manufactured using Nickel Titanium (NiTi) sheets together with Carbon Fiber-Polyetherketoneketone (CF-PEKK) prepregs for different aerospace applications. We have investigated the effect of various temperatures on the flexural properties of NiTi/CF-PEKK FMLs. Prior to manufacture, NiTi sheets were anodized to improve the adhesion between the metal surface with the prepreg. The laminate was then compression molded in a hot-press. The flexural response of manufactured FMLs was investigated at various temperature conditions encompassing martensite and austenite phase of NiTi and glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEKK i.e. (50, 75, 100, and 175 °C). The fractographic studies were completed using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that different testing temperatures have a significant impact on the flexural properties of the manufactured FMLs. Different types of failure modes were observed, ranging from brittle to ductile failure of fibers, delamination of NiTi sheets, and fiber pull-out from the matrix. The highest flexural strength (612 MPa) and flexural modulus (57.5 GPa) were observed at 100 ºC which was attributed to the higher modulus of NiTi in its austenitic phase and strong fiber-matrix interaction. However, above the glass transition temperature of PEKK, a sharp decline in the flexural response was observed due to the softness of the PEKK material and increased mobility within the prepreg layers.

Retraction notice to “Effects of various temperature and pressure initial conditions to predict the thermal conductivity and phase alteration duration of Water based Carbon hybrid nanofluids via MD approach” [J. Mol. Liquids 351 (2022) 118654

Abstract Energy‐absorbing auxetic composites show flexibility in usage, yet they remain non‐biodegradable, thus creating environmental challenges. Implementing sustainable auxetic materials constructed from natural fibers and biodegradable polymers remains essential for lowering environmental effects. This research involves the fabrication of eco‐friendly auxetic composite using jute and jute‐viscose nonwovens. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy revealed the out‐of‐plane auxetic effect that heat compression produced at different temperatures and pressure levels. The combination of 150°C and 50 psi pressure resulted in out‐of‐plane Poisson's ratios (PR) of −2.6 and −3.0 for jute and jute‐viscose nonwovens. The incorporation of 40% biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) into the jute and jute‐viscose nonwovens increased auxeticity to −4.5 and −5.0, respectively. Needle punching density controlled the in‐plane auxetic properties, where jute/PLA composites achieved a PR of −0.45, and jute‐viscose/PLA composites achieved a PR of −0.65. The unprocessed nonwoven materials displayed the highest tensile strength of 0.16 MPa for jute and 0.76 MPa for jute‐viscose, but heat treatment diminished this strength level. PLA reinforcement improved composite strength. This study introduces a durable method for designing auxetic materials that can find uses in energy‐absorbing systems as well as protective equipment.Highlights Evaluating the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane auxetic behavior in needle‐punched jute and jute‐viscose nonwovens. Studying the effect of various temperatures and pressures on the out‐of‐plane auxetic behavior of nonwovens. Fabricating a sustainable composite by reinforcing PLA and examining auxeticity. Temperature and pressure have significant effects on auxetic behavior. Optimizing PLA content further helps in improving auxetic behavior and strength properties.

Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae is a worldwide disease of cucurbits that leads to high crop losses mainly in bottle gourd and pumpkin under the sub-tropical zone of Himachal Pradesh. In plant disease development, temperature and relative humidity are two critical factors. We determine the impact of these variables on the development of the disease in order to know how specific environmental factors affect the bacterial spot of bottle gourd and pumpkin. About one month old seedlings were inoculated with bacterial suspension (1-10 cfu ml ) through pinprick spray inoculation and were firstly placed in the 8 -1 desiccators maintained at different relative humidity levels (80.5, 85.7, 89.9, 95.6 and 100.0%). Afterwards, they were kept in BOD incubators adjusted to different temperature regimes (20, 25, 30 and 35 C) to obtain the combined effect of various temperature and relative humidity regimes on the initiation and development of the disease. The mean incubation period in bottle gourd and pumpkin was maximum at 20 C with 80.50 per cent relative humidity and minimum (23.33 h and 25.33 h) at a combination of 35 C with 100 per cent relative humidity. The temperature range of 30-35 C and relative humidity of more than 80 per cent was favourable for bacterial spot of bottle gourd and pumpkin caused by X. cucurbitae.. KEYWORDS :Bottle gourd, disease severity, epidemiology, pumpkin, Xanthomonas cucurbitae

This study explores the effects of various temperatures on the surface modification of carbon fibers, as well as the effect of differing voltages and currents on the morphology, deposition rate, and thickness of the Ni plating layers. Post-treatment characterization of the samples was conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods, thus facilitating a discussion on the mechanism of Ni plating. The findings demonstrate that at a temperature of 500 °C, the carbon fiber surface exhibits the highest concentration of functional groups, including hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and carbonyl (-C=O), resulting in the most efficacious modification. Specifically, exceeding 500 °C leads to significant carbon fiber mass loss, compromising the reinforcement effect. Under a stable voltage of 7.5 V, the Ni-plated layer on the carbon fibers appear smooth, fine, uniform, and complete. Conversely, at a voltage of 15 V, the instantaneous high voltage induces the continuous growth of Ni2+ ions along a singular deposition point, forming a spherical Ni-plated layer. In addition, a current of 0.6 A yields a comparatively uniform and dense carbon fiber coating. Nickel-plated layers on a carbon fiber surface with different morphologies have certain innovative significance for the structural design of composite reinforcements.

Effect of varying temperature increases on the microbial community of Pleistocene and Holocene permafrost

Palm sugar consumption levels may vary depending on societal habits and individual preferences. Palm sugar is a natural sweetener that comes from sap or water with a brownish color. However, the color of palm sugar varies from light to dark brown. So the aim of this research is to regulate the temperature for making sap sugar to prevent the formation of a brown color in making sugar. The method used in making sap sugar is setting various temperatures, to get a brighter color than the control with the help of spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 420 nm. The results in this study are absorbance data at each temperature, namely 1000C: 0.832 ± 0.023; 900C: 0.821 ± 0.051; 800C: 0.799 ± 0.012; 700C: 0.671 ± 0.027; 600C: 0.621 ± 0.034. Based on statistical analysis at temperatures of 700C and 600C it can significantly reduce the color intensity on spectrophotometer examination. The conclusion is that the appropriate temperature for processing sap sugar to reduce color intensity is 700C and 60 0C.

This study uses molecular dynamics to investigate the effect of various temperatures and sample sizes on the mechanical mechanism and thermal conductivity of Ti3C2 and Ti3C2O2 Mxenes. The size of the Mxenes decides the severity of the crack and the von Mises stress clustering. The elastic phase trend of Ti3C2 materials in different sizes follows Hooke’s law, while the complex elastic trend is for the Ti3C2O2 models. The material toughness of Ti3C2 is relatively high, and the material’s response to the force is relatively stable and linear during the process of being subjected to pressure. The Ti3C2O2 Mxene presents a low toughness, low stability, and easier breakage during stress due to the complex structure and the formation of anatase and rutile TiO2 phases. The thermal conductivity decreases when the temperature increases or the material sizes decrease for both materials. Notably, Ti3C2 shows superior thermal conductivity in comparison to the Ti3C2O2 Mxene.

Effects of various heating temperatures (124, 129, 134, 140 or 143 °C) and holding times (1 and 4 s) on milk quality using direct and indirect heating systems at pilot scale were investigated. Vitamin degradation was observed for both direct and indirect heating and the degradation increased with increasing temperature and holding time, however, no difference could be seen between heating systems. Slight increase in pH and decrease in ionic calcium for direct heating occurred. An increase in fat globule size and aggregate formation were noted for direct heating with more pronounced effects with increasing temperature. Physical stability of milk was unaffected on day of production; however, after 28 days of storage instability was more apparent for indirect heating. No effect of heating system was observed on colour. This suggests that heating may influence milk quality, however, no clear differences between direct and indirect heating were observed for the quality parameters investigated.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of various temperatures on the physiochemical and extraction characteristics for oil extracted from white sesame seeds, specifically looking at the yield of extraction, physical analysis, and chemical aspects of the sesame oil that was produced. Using petroleum ether as a solvent, the oil output from sesame seeds was evaluated throughout a temperature range of 100-250°C. Extracted sesame oil had a little aroma, was clear, and had a golden hue; at room temperature, its oil content ranged from 57.49% to 40.79 %. Sesame oil's physical properties were assessed by measuring its density, specific gravity, moisture content, and refractive index. At 250°C, the refractive index reached its maximum, which was in the range of 1.468 to 1.473. At 250°C, the specific gravity was the greatest, however it ranged from 0.9 to 0.98. At 250°C, the moisture content was the lowest, yet it varied from 0.0014% to 0.35%. At 250°C, the density dropped from 0.950 to 0.690 g/cm3, a decline that was temperature dependent. Sesame oil's chemical evaluation included measures for acidity, free fatty acid concentration, iodine, peroxide, and saponification. A possible indicator of oil deterioration or contaminants is the fact that acid value and free fatty acid content rise with increasing sample levels. Differences in unsaturation levels were suggested by the varying iodine values. The peroxide value rose as the sample concentration rose, suggesting that the oxidation potential rose as well. Variations in triglyceride content or source were reflected in the saponification levels, which likewise showed some fluctuation.

Cooling processes like refrigeration and air conditioning are known for their high energy consumption. Since most Indian states experience abundant sunshine year-round, solar refrigeration is a suitable technology for the country. Solar-powered absorption refrigeration systems offer a viable alternative to traditional refrigeration, providing not only cooling and ice-making capabilities but also energy savings and environmental benefits. However, further research is necessary to enable widespread industrial adoption and the replacement of conventional refrigeration systems with solar powered absorption system. Using solar energy for an air-conditioning system is typically more cost-effective, when it can fulfil both heating and cooling needs. This research focuses on the thermodynamic modelling of a system, specifically the effect of various temperature on COP. Thermodynamic modelling was done with the help of first law of thermodynamics. Using engineering equation solver software, study simulated the cycle and equations were developed for energy and mass flow for each component. Further, before proceeding to analysis some assumptions were also made. We then analysed how the Coefficient of Performance (COP) changed when varying the temperatures across each component. Our findings show that COP increases with increase in condenser, evaporator, and absorber temperatures, but it is declined with decrease in generator temperature.