Tonic Effect Research Articles

Physical factors in medical rehabilitation of children with obstructive megaureter

BACKGROUND: Obstructive megaureter in children, most commonly classified as a congenital defect of the urinary tract, is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. Obstructive megaureter is mainly diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound of the defect. Treatment options for children with obstructive uropathy include medical and surgical interventions, but in most cases surgical treatment does not restore renal function, renal blood flow, or urodynamics. However, there is no medical rehabilitation system for these patients. AIM: The aim of the study is to provide a scientific basis for the combined use of dry carbon dioxide baths and calcium/iodine ion electrophoresis as part of the medical rehabilitation for children with obstructive megaureter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical observations and special studies were dynamically performed in 80 children with obstructive megaureter aged 3 to 10 years. All children received medical rehabilitation during treatment with uroseptic agents. Among them, 40 patients in the experimental group received dry carbon dioxide baths and calcium/iodine ion electrophoresis, and 40 patients in the control group received rehabilitation without physical treatment. RESULTS: The addition of dry carbon dioxide baths and calcium/iodine ion electrophoresis in the medical rehabilitation of children with obstructive uropathy improved symptoms of intoxication and impaired urination. Positive effects of physical factors on renal function and renal blood flow are reflected in the increased glomerular filtration rate and urine osmolarity, decreased blood levels of creatinine and urea, improved renal blood flow, and growth of renal parenchyma. CONCLUSION: Dry carbon dioxide bath activates renal circulation and metabolic processes in the renal parenchyma. Calcium/iodine ion electrophoresis has an antisclerotic and tonic effect on the smooth muscles of the renal pelvis and ureters. The combined use of these treatment options is a pathogenetically based and promising method of rehabilitation of children with obstructive uropathy.

Recent Advances in Polysaccharides Derived from the Genus Panax: Preparation Strategies, Structural Profiles, Functional Properties and Structure-Activity Relationships.

Plants from the Panax genus have significant medicinal and nutritional benefits. Many Panax species are traditionally used in Chinese medicine and have gained popularity as food and health products because of their tonic effects and high safety. Their key bioactive components include polysaccharides, which are hydrophilic biomolecules that have demonstrated significant potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their multiple health-promoting qualities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiaging, blood glucose and blood lipid regulation, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and gastrointestinal protective properties. Additionally, polysaccharides are abundant in health products made from the genus Panax, such as energy drinks and herbal teas. However, compared with more extensively studied components, such as ginsenosides and saponins, polysaccharides from the genus Panax (GPPs) have been the subject of relatively limited research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the extraction and purification technology, structural characteristics, biological activities, applications, and structure-activity relationships of GPPs. Ultimately, this information establishes a theoretical foundation for the further development and application of GPPs in nutrition and medicine.

Therapeutic potential of mackerel-derived peptides and the synthetic tetrapeptide TVGF for sleep disorders in a light-induced anxiety zebrafish model.

Anxiety-like insomnia is a known risk factor for the onset and worsening of certain neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Due to the adverse effects of current anti-insomnia medications, such as drug dependence and limited safety, researchers are actively exploring natural bioactive compounds to mitigate anxiety-like insomnia with fewer side effects. Mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus), a traditional Chinese medicine, is known for its tonic effects and is commonly used to treat neurasthenia. The use of mackerel protein extract has been shown to effectively improve symptoms of light-induced anxiety-like insomnia in a zebrafish model. This study examines the effects of mackerel bone peptides (MW < 1kDa, MBP1) and the synthetic peptide Thr-Val-Gly-Phe (TVGF) on light-induced anxiety-like insomnia in zebrafish. The evaluation is conducted through behavioral observation, biochemical marker analysis, and gene transcriptome profiling. MBP1 significantly alleviated abnormal hyperactivity and restored neurotransmitter levels (dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid) to normal. Moreover, it mitigated oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species production and malonaldehyde levels, while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase). This was further attributed to the regulation of lipid accumulation and protein homeostasis. Furthermore, MBP1 ameliorated sleep disturbances primarily by restoring normal expression levels of genes involved in circadian rhythm (per2 and sik1) and visual function (opn1mw2, zgc:73075, and arr3b). Molecular docking analysis indicated that TVGF exhibited good affinity for receptors linked to sleep disturbances, including IL6, HTR1A, and MAOA. TVGF exhibited sedative effects in behavioral assays, mainly mediated by regulating the normal expression of genes associated with circadian rhythm (cry1bb, cry1ba, per2, per1b and sik1), visual function (opn1mw1, gnb3b, arr3b, gnat2), purine metabolism (pnp5a), and stress recovery (fkbp5). These findings suggest that MBP1 and TVGF could be promising therapies for light-induced anxiety-like insomnia in humans, offering safer alternatives to current medications. Additionally, the regulation of genes related to circadian rhythm and visual perception may be a key mechanism by which MBP1 and TVGF effectively relieve anxiety-like insomnia.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕССОТЕРАПИИ НА ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ И ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ГРЕБЦОВ-АКАДЕМИСТОВ

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of pressotherapy on the physiological parameters and psycho-emotional state of academic rowers. Methods and organization of research. The study involved 15 academic rowers (15 men) aged 18 to 20 years with sports qualifications ranging from the 1st category to the master of sports. Measurements were carried out before and after a 40-minute pressotherapy session, which involved alternately applying pressure of 50 to 60 mmHg to the upper and lower extremities. Before and after pressotherapy, the athletes had the following parameters measured: resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), deadlift and wrist dynamometry, vital capacity of the lungs (VC). The study also assessed the athletes' well-being, activity, and mood before and after pressotherapy using the SAN method (assessment of well-being, activity and mood). The data obtained were processed using descriptive and nonparametric statistical methods. The research results and their discussion. The results of the study showed that after pressotherapy sessions there was an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, back muscle strength and an improvement in subjective well-being according to the SAN method. Conclusion. During the study, we found out that pressotherapy has a significant positive effect on the functional state of the body of academic rowers. First of all, this method affects the cardiovascular system, improving its functioning and increasing tone. In addition, pressotherapy helps to increase the strength indicators of the back muscles, which is especially important for rowers. No less significant is the improvement in the subjective well-being of athletes after pressotherapy sessions, which has a positive effect on their general condition and mood. Keywords: PRESSOTHERAPY, ROWING, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, MUSCLE STRENGTH, WELL-BEING, TONIC EFFECT

Research Progress in the Medicine-Food Dual Use of Astragalus for Gastrointestinal Tumors.

Gastrointestinal tumors have a major impact on human life expectancy and quality of life and are a major cause of personal and social hygiene stress. Gastrointestinal tumors are the main cause of cancer-related death, and the main treatment methods are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, they also cause great damage to the body and have a poor prognosis after surgery. Therefore, we urgently need safe and effective drugs to intervene in gastrointestinal tumors. In recent years, Traditional Chinese Medicine has been widely used in tumor treatment as a complementary and alternative therapy. Astragalus membranaceus is one of the main herbal medicines with tonic effect and one of the important components of many antitumor herbal compounds. Astragalus polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids are the main active components of Astragalus, all of which have antitumor effects. In this article, we studied the mechanism of action of Astragalus and its active ingredients in the intervention of gastrointestinal tumors in recent years and suggested a new approach for the study of Astragalus intervention in gastrointestinal tumors from the perspective of the homology of medicine and food.

ID: 324144 Exploring Intraoperative Neural Effects of Tonic and Burst Stimulation in a Patient with Chronic Pain

ID: 324144 Exploring Intraoperative Neural Effects of Tonic and Burst Stimulation in a Patient with Chronic Pain

O98 NEW APPROACHES TARGETING THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM: BRAIN ACE2 ACTIVATION FOLLOWING BRAIN AMINOPEPTIDASE A BLOCKADE BY FIRIBASTAT IN SALT-DEPENDENT HYPERTENSION

Background and Objective: In the brain, aminopeptidase A (APA), a membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease, generates angiotensin III from angiotensin II. Brain angiotensin III exerts a tonic stimulatory effect on the control of blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats and increases vasopressin release. Blocking brain angiotensin III formation by the APA inhibitor prodrug RB150/firibastat normalizes arterial BP in hypertensive deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. Ang II and Ang III have similar affinities for AT1 receptors and blocking brain AngIII formation by RB150 decreases arterial BP without inducing Ang II accumulation. Methods: We therefore hypothesized that another metabolic pathway of brain angiotensin II, such as the conversion of angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) might be activated following brain APA inhibition. To answer this question, we use surgical animal models that could allow us to monitor awake blood pressure responses to intracerebroventricular (icv) injections and measure enzymatic activity. Results: We found that the intracerebroventricular administration of RB150/firibastat in conscious DOCA-salt rats both inhibited brain APA activity and induced an increase in brain ACE2 activity. Then, we showed that the decreases in BP and vasopressin release resulting from brain APA inhibition with RB150/firibastat were reduced if ACE2 was concomitantly inhibited by MLN4760, a potent ACE2 inhibitor, or if the Mas receptor (MasR) was blocked by A779, a MasR antagonist. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in the brain, the increase in ACE2 activity resulting from APA inhibition by RB150/firibastat treatment, subsequently increasing Ang 1-7 and activating the MasR while blocking angiotensin III formation, contributes to the antihypertensive effect and the decrease in vasopressin release induced by RB150/firibastat. RB150/firibastat treatment constitutes an interesting therapeutic approach to improve BP control in hypertensive patients by inducing in the brain renin-angiotensin system, hyperactivity of the beneficial ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR axis while decreasing that of the deleterious APA/Ang II/Ang III/ATI receptor axis.

Effects of Different Tonic, Isometric and Isometric/Vibratory Strength Training Programs on Motor Symptomatology in People with Parkinson’s Disease: Study Protocol for a Randomized Trial

Background: The Chilean population has experienced increased longevity in recent decades, leading to an increased incidence of and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is a chronic degenerative condition that affects the central nervous system. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of 12-week programs of tonic, isometric, and isometric/vibratory muscular strength training while controlling the manipulation of the intensity variable on motor and non-motor symptomatology in PD patients. The secondary objective is to assess the levels of muscular strength in PD patients and their relationship with motor and non-motor symptomatology. Methods: A parallel-group, randomized trial will randomly assign (n = 34) people of both sexes with Parkinson’s disease between stages I–III Hoehn and Yahr (H&amp;Y), aged between 50 and 70 years to one of the experimental groups, in which they will undergo a total of 24 strength training sessions during 12 weeks. During the intervention period, the participants will be advised not to undertake additional exercise programs, to avoid substances that may disrupt metabolism and circadian cycles, and to maintain their medication regimen. The primary or motor evaluation of rest tremor will be performed with an accelerometer (Actigraphy), balance with the Mini-BESTest balance test, gait speed with the Ten Meters Walk Test, and non-motor symptomatology through anxiety, depression (MDS-UPDRS), and quality of life (PDQ-39) questionnaires. The Secondary evaluation of muscle strength will be performed with a functional electromechanical dynamometer. Discussion: Established as a hypothesis is that manipulating intensity variables in 12-week tonic, isometric, and isometric/vibratory muscle strength training programs has an effect on motor and non-motor symptomatology in people with Parkinson’s disease. The research will establish the extent to which controlled muscular strength training has an effect on relevant factors related to motor and non-motor symptomatology.

Cardioprotective effects of native herb-derived cardiac tonic on infarct size in a mouse model of experimental myocardial infarction

Cardiac remodeling is a significant issue involving molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that affect the size, mass, integrity, and function of the heart following a myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that therapy with mixed herbal extracts has a protective effect in mouse models of MI. The underlying mechanisms are thought to be protective against left ventricular (LV) remodeling through reduced collagen deposition. We therefore studied the effects of mixed herbal extracts commonly used in various ways in the belief that they have beneficial effects on cardiac disease. MI was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation in switch albino mice. Ethanol extracts of herbs Arjuna bark, oleander leaves, ginseng root, garlic, cardamom seeds and oregano leaves were prepared by ethanol extraction and rotary evaporation technique of dried herbs and then mixed the extracts to make a therapeutic cocktail. The mixture is then administered orally by lavage for 28 days. At the end of 28 days cardiac tissues were harvested and stored for histopathology analysis and assessment of SOD levels. Survival curve data over a period of 28 days showed significant (P&lt;0.05) differences between groups and mortality was reduced in the herbal extract treated group. Heart mass especially ventricular and atrial space and ratio of ​​infarct to total heart area revealed better improvement in treated group compared to untreated group. Histopathological studies showed that the myocardium of the herbal extract treated group had fewer collagen fibers than the non-treated group. SOD activity levels were up-regulated in animals treated with herbal extracts indicating reduction of oxidative stress by herbal extract mixture. Hence, their effects reduce collagen deposition, reduce LV mass and prevent myocardial tissue damage, reduce structural changes and increase survival by their anti-stress effects. Mixed herbal tonic may provide a new therapeutic approach in ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart failure. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2024, 9(2), 14-23

Free Radical Scavenging Effect and Immunomodulatory Activity of Total Saponins Extract of Ginseng Fibrous Roots.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is known for its rich saponin compounds and tonic effects. To better utilize the medicinal value of ginseng, this study investigated the extraction process, components, free radical scavenging ability, and immunomodulatory activity of total saponins of ginseng fibrous roots. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction process of total saponins, and Q-Orbitrap high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents in the total saponins extract of ginseng fibrous roots (GRS). The results showed that the optimal extraction process was achieved with an ethanol concentration of 68%, a material-solvent ratio of 1:25 mL/g, and an extraction time of 20 min, yielding a total saponin content of 6.34% under these conditions. The extract contained four terpenoid compounds and four polyphenolic compounds. GRS exhibited considerable scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with IC50 values of 0.893 and 0.210 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, GRS restored immune suppression in mice by increasing white blood cell, red blood cell, and neutrophil counts, and improving the lymphocyte. It also promoted immune system recovery, as evidenced by elevated serum levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β in mice. GRS is a natural compound with promising potential for developing antioxidants and immunomodulatory foods.

The influence of storage conditions on the quality of Schisandra chinensis fruits: A integrated investigation of constituent and antioxidant activity

Schisandra chinensis is a functional fruit with tonic effect and was widely used by traditional Chinese medicine for treatment and health care. The quality of Schisandra chinensis fruit may vary by different storage condition. In this study, the influence of ambient temperature, humidity, packaging materials and period of storage on the quality of Schisandra chinensis fruits were investigated. The contents of main active components lignans and organic acids were simultaneously determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC Orbitrap HRMS). The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ABTS+ inhibition rate and FRAP value. The correlation of multicomponent and antioxidant activity was analyzed by grey relevance analysis. Taking the changes of multicomponent and antioxidant activity as investigation index, Schisandra chinensis fruits under different storage conditions was comprehensively evaluated. Schisandrol A, malic acid, sorbic acid, schizandrin A, schizandrin B, and schisandrol B were the main effective components of antioxidant activity. Ambient temperature at 5 °C and humidity at 40 % were more suitable for Schisandra chinensis fruits and kraft paper bag was better packaging material. Do not exceed 1 year was the effective storage period. For the safety evaluation, no aflatoxin was detected within the storage period of 2 years, demonstrated the storage was satisfactory. This study provided a reference for the high-quality storage and standardized operating procedures for storage of Schisandra chinensis fruits.

The chemometrics analysis and integrated pharmacology approach to decipher the effect and mechanism between raw and processed cistanche tubulosa

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCistanche tubulosa (CT) is the dried fleshy stem with scaly leaves of Cistanche tubiflora (Schenk) Wight, which has the effects of tonifying the kidney-yang, benefiting the vital essence and blood, and moisturizing the intestines and laxatives. There are differences in the activity of CT before and after processing, but the mechanism of processing is not clear. Aim of the studyThe study aimed to compare the strength of action of CT before and after yellow-wine processing in the treatment of constipation and kidney yang deficiency and to identify the active ingredients responsible for the differences in activity before and after yellow-wine processing. Materials and methodsThis study established the fingerprints of CT and PCT using HPLC to identify their shared components. Then efficacy of KYDS and FC were carried out to compare the differences between CT and PCT in terms of efficacy. Next, this study established the spectrum-effect relationship between the shared chemical components and the medical effects of CT and PCT using the gray correlation analysis and entropy methods. Ultimately, the activity of the analyzed chemical components was verified using the zebrafish model. ResultsCT was more effective than PCT in promoting intestinal peristalsis, regulating gastrointestinal hormone levels, and thus treating FC. PCT was more effective than CT in improving the level of hormone indexes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland axis, replenishing blood, and enhancing immunity. Through the analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship, it was finally found that 5, 6, 12 (tubuloside A), and 13 (isoacteoside) might be more closely related to the activity of tonifying kidney yang, and peaks 9, 10, and 11 (acteoside) are more closely associated with the treatment of constipation, and peaks 3 (salidroside), 4, 1, 2 (geniposidic acid), and 8 (echinacoside) were associated with both kidney yang tonic and treatment of constipation. At the same time, an activity verification experiment showed that echinacoside, geniposidic acid, and salidroside were effective in the treatment of FC and KYDS, while acteoside was very effective in the treatment of FC, and tubuloside A was significant in supplementing the blood, which validated the spectrum-effect relationship analysis. ConclusionThis study proved that the raw CT had a better laxative effect, while the yellow-wine processed CT had a better kidney-yang tonic effect; moreover, spectrum-effect relationships were established to analyze the chemical components leading to changes in the activity of CT before and after yellow-wine processing.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ В КУЛЬТУРУ IN VITRO И МИКРОКЛОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЕ БОЛЬШЕГОЛОВНИКА СЕРПУХОВИДНОГО STEMMACANTHA SERRATULOIDES (GEORGI) M. DITTRICH

Stemmacantha serratuloides (Georgi) M. Dittrich is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant, a source of a number of phytoecdysteroids with adaptogenic, anabolic and tonic effects. Due to the rarity of this plant species and the strong dependence of its seed productivity on weather conditions, the relevance of research aimed at its biotechnological cultivation and reproduction is high. The aim of this study was to introduce S. serratuloides plants from the Cis-Ural population of the Republic of Bashkortostan into in vitro culture and to develop an effective protocol for micropropagation of this species. It was shown that an effective method of preparing seeds for in vitro culture is their successive sterilization with 96% ethanol (1 min) and 20% bleach (20 min), as well as me- chanical scarification, without a preliminary stratification step. When using 1 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.5 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine on Murashige-Skoog medium, no regeneration of shoots on explants of cotyledons and hypocotyls occurred. Shoot regeneration was induced from root explants using Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and indoleacetic acid at concentrations of 1 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l, respectively. Rooting of shoots was carried out on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L IAA. This micropropagation technology can be used for rapid propagation of plants for various biotechnological purposes, for example, for further transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and creating of hairy root cultures.

Influence of excessive salt consumption on the functional state of microvascular vessels of the skin of rats with renal dysfunction

Background. Cardiovascular complications are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The relationship between the cardiovascular system and the kidneys is complex and diverse, but the question of the mechanisms of the influence of excess NaCl consumption on the functional state of blood vessels during renal dysfunction remains relevant.The aim: to evaluate the effect of a high-salt diet on the functional state of microcirculatory vessels (MCR) of the skin in rats at an early stage of renal dysfunction.Material and Methods. The study was conducted on Wistar rats. The first SO group included animals subjected to sham surgery (SO) and receiving a standard diet (0.34% NaCl); in the second, HS group – animals that also underwent a sham operation, but received a high-salt diet (4% NaCl); in the third, NE group – rats subjected to ¾ nephrectomy (NE) and receiving a standard diet; the fourth, HS+ NE group included rats subjected to ¾ NE and fed a high-salt diet (4% NaCl). Blood pressure (BP) was measured in the tail using the cuff method (Sistola, Russia), MCR was assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The reactivity of skin microvessels was assessed by changes in the MCR index before and after iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (NP). Based on the assessment of the spectral characteristics of fluctuations in the MCR index obtained using Wavelet analysis, the value of endothelial, neurogenic and myogenic microvascular tone was calculated.Results. 4 months after ¾ NE, rats showed a decrease in the excretory function of the kidneys. In rats on a highsalt diet, an increase in blood urea levels was noted. The blood pressure in rats of the SO+HS group did not significantly differ from the control animals of the SO group (131 ± 8 and 125 ± 4 mmHg, respectively, NS), NE led to a significant increase in blood pressure (135 ± 5 mmHg in rats of the NE group, and 145 ± 7 mmHg – in the NE+HS group). The average MCR was higher in rats receiving a high-salt diet (SO+HS and NE+HS groups), compared with animals of the corresponding group receiving a standard diet. The combination of NE and high-salt load has an inhibitory effect on the amplitude of fluctuations in the intensity of perfusion in all studied ranges: endothelial, neurogenic and myogenic, while the calculated value of skin microvascular tone in three ranges was the highest in NE+HS group rats. In all experimental groups, the reactivity to AH was reduced compared with the SO group, and after NP iontophoresis, the average perfusion rate significantly decreased only in groups of animals receiving a high-salt diet: SO+HS and NE+HS.Conclusion. A high-salt diet in rats with an initial stage of renal dysfunction contributes to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in natriuresis compared with animals with NE who received a standard diet. With excessive consumption of table salt in rats after NE, the intensity of cutaneous MCR increases, while reducing the variability of the MCR index. A high-salt diet in rats with NE modifies the characteristics of the spectral components of fluctuations in the MCR index, indicating an increase in tonic effects on skin microvessels in the endothelial, neurogenic and myogenic ranges. With hypernatrial load, animals with ¾ NE have a decrease in the reactivity of cutaneous microvessels to AH and NP, which is mediated by both a decrease in endothelial NO production and a decrease in MMC sensitivity to NO.

Evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of Psoralea corylifolia L. based on a zebrafish model.

Objective: Psoralea corylifolia L. (FP) has received increasing attention due to its potential hepatotoxicity. Methods: In this study, zebrafish were treated with different concentrations of an aqueous extract of FP (AEFP; 40, 50, or 60μg/mL), and the hepatotoxic effects of tonicity were determined by the mortality rate, liver morphology, fluorescence area and intensity of the liver, biochemical indices, and pathological tissue staining. The mRNA expression of target genes in the bile acid metabolic signaling pathway and lipid metabolic pathway was detected by qPCR, and the mechanism of toxicity was initially investigated. AEFP (50μg/mL) was administered in combination with FXR or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist/inhibitor to further define the target of toxicity. Results: Experiments on toxic effects showed that, compared with no treatment, AEFP administration resulted in liver atrophy, a smaller fluorescence area in the liver, and a lower fluorescence intensity (p < 0.05); alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and γ-GT levels were significantly elevated in zebrafish (p < 0.01), and TBA, TBIL, total cholesterol (TC), TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were elevated to different degrees (p < 0.05); and increased lipid droplets in the liver appeared as fatty deposits. Molecular biological validation revealed that AEFP inhibited the expression of the FXR gene, causing an increase in the expression of the downstream genes SHP, CYP7A1, CYP8B1, BSEP, MRP2, NTCP, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), ME-1, SCD-1, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CPT-1, and CPT-2 and a decrease in the expression of PPARα (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that tonic acid extracts are hepatotoxic to zebrafish through the inhibition of FXR and PPARα expression, thereby causing bile acid and lipid metabolism disorders.

Comparative Study of The Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activity of Three Chemotypes of Peppermint

The aim of the work was to study the composition of the alcohol extract, antioxidant activity and pharmacological properties of peppermint leaves of three forms - menthol, linalool and carvone. Materials and methods: Chromatography-mass-spectrometric analysis was performed on an Agilent Technologies device. For the model evaluation of antioxidant activity, the aerometric method for measuring the total antioxidant activity was used, implemented in the TsvetYauza-01-AA device. Tonic activity was studied in terms of the duration of swimming of laboratory animal (male mice) with a load of 7% of the animal's body weight until complete fatigue - "The mouse forced swim test". The discussion of the results. When studying the chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of peppermint leaves of menthol, linalool, carvone types, more than 50 compounds were identified. A comparative analysis showed that the content of menthol in peppermint leaves of the menthol type can exceed the content of menthol in other chemotypes by ten or more times. At the same time, the tonic effect of an aqueous extract from peppermint leaves is mostly associated with the menthol. It should be taken into account when using this type of raw material in the manufacturing. Findings. The raw material of peppermint leaves may have a different degree of pharmacological activity depending on the chemotype, which should be taken into consideration when using this type of raw material.

APOPTOTIC AND PROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES ESTIMATION IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Relevance. In many countries plants have long been used in folk medicine as a source of medicines, as they are well tolerated, gradual development of therapeutic effect and a mild effect on the body. Due to these features such medicines are being safely used in the treatment and prevention of exacerbations of chronic diseases: of cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, pathologies of the urinary tract, etc., and also as a rehabilitation therapy after past diseases. The purpose of the study is to systematize and generalize the data of world literature concerning the general health-improving and tonic properties study of plants growing in the Republic of Buryatia. Material and methods. In this work used publication materials from the PubMed and е-library databases, search.rsl. The keyword search: restorative, tonic effect, herbal medicines, medicinal plants of Buryatia, biologically active substances, Astragalus membranaceus, Saposhnikovia divaricatа, Scutellaria baicalensis, Sedum roseum, Crataegus sangunea. The survey comprises the data of foreign and national articles, published on the topic during last 20 years. Conclusions. All the plants listed in this review are used for thousands of years in the Tibetan medicine. Based on the analysis of the presented literature data, their range of medicinal use is much wider, then the applications in modern clinical practice. The information reported in this review may be the basis for the development of new herbal medicines, including officinal mixture, with specified pharmacological properties.

MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH RESTORATIVE AND TONIC EFFECT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA (REVIEW)

Relevance. In many countries plants have long been used in folk medicine as a source of medicines, as they are well tolerated, gradual development of therapeutic effect and a mild effect on the body. Due to these features such medicines are being safely used in the treatment and prevention of exacerbations of chronic diseases: of cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, pathologies of the urinary tract, etc., and also as a rehabilitation therapy after past diseases. The purpose of the study is to systematize and generalize the data of world literature concerning the general health-improving and tonic properties study of plants growing in the Republic of Buryatia. Material and methods. In this work used publication materials from the PubMed and е-library databases, search.rsl. The keyword search: restorative, tonic effect, herbal medicines, medicinal plants of Buryatia, biologically active substances, Astragalus membranaceus, Saposhnikovia divaricatа, Scutellaria baicalensis, Sedum roseum, Crataegus sangunea. The survey comprises the data of foreign and national articles, published on the topic during last 20 years. Conclusions. All the plants listed in this review are used for thousands of years in the Tibetan medicine. Based on the analysis of the presented literature data, their range of medicinal use is much wider, then the applications in modern clinical practice. The information reported in this review may be the basis for the development of new herbal medicines, including officinal mixture, with specified pharmacological properties.

Heterologous investigation of metabotropic and ionotropic odorant receptors in ab3A neurons of Drosophila melanogaster.

In insects, antennal ionotropic receptors (IRs) and odorant receptors (ORs) are among the main sensors of olfactory cues. To functionally characterize the subunits from these receptors, the use of ab3A neurons from transgenic Drosophila melanogaster represented one of the most powerful tools, allowing the identification of ligands (deorphanization) and decrypting their pharmacological properties. However, further investigation is needed to shed light on possible metabotropic functionalities behind insect olfactory receptors and test potentials from the up-to-now-used empty neuronal systems to express subunits belonging to variegate receptor classes. In this project, we adopted the most updated system of Drosophila ab3A empty neurons to test various olfactory receptors, ranging from human ORs working as metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors to insect ionotropic IRs and ORs. Testing transgenic Drosophila expressing human ORs into ab3A neurons by single sensillum recording did not result in an OR response to ligands, but it rather re-established neuronal spiking from the empty neurons. When transgenic D. melanogaster expressed ionotropic IRs and ORs, both heterologous and cis-expressed IRs were non-functional, but the Drosophila suzukii OR19A1 subunit responded to a wide asset of ligands, distinguishing phasic or tonic compound-dependent effects. Despite the use of Drosophila ab3A neurons to test the activation of some metabotropic and ionotropic receptor subunits resulted non-functional, this study deorphanized a key OR of D. suzukii demonstrating its binding to alcohols, ketones, terpenes, and esters.

Measuring the efficiency of the Republic of Korea’s cultural diplomacy in Vietnam under Moon Jae-in’s presidency (2017-2022) and its potentialities

As soon as the new president of the Republic of Korea was elected in 2017, Moon Jae-in anchored the New Southern Policy (NSP), which targeted southern Asian countries and expanded South Korea’s strategic presence in the Asia-Pacific Ocean. As such, the ROK continued to adopt a public diplomacy policy and empowered Korean culture in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam. This article aims to generalize Moon Jae-in’s policy on cultural diplomacy and his application in Vietnam as a case study. I employed Joseph Nye’s soft power and cultural diplomacy concept while adopting a qualitative method to collect official information from the ROK’s homepages and assess diplomatic results. The central argument of this article is that Moon Jae-in considers cultural diplomacy a key element of the NSP for promoting Korean culture and bolstering a strategic presence in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The ROK attempted to graft K-pop, movies, Korean customs, Korean languages, and Korean cuisine onto the Vietnamese concept and seek an upgrade of Vietnamese Korean cultural exchanges and the frequent organization of cultural events. Hence, an upgrade between the ROK and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in December 2022 marked an achievement of cultural diplomacy. I also argued that this attempt has a tonic effect on continuing the ROK cultural diplomacy under Yoon Suk Yeol’s presidency and on the foreseeable chance of both the SRV and the ROK in cultural diplomacy.