Effects Of Sunlight Research Articles

Validated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method and Stability Study of Linalool in the Volatile Oil of the Rhizomes of Homalomena aromatica Schott.

Homalomena aromatica is a herb of tremendous ethnomedicinal importance to various communities residing in northeast India. In this study, a high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based densitometric method was developed for identification, quantification and stability study of linalool. Mass spectrometry was hyphenated to HPTLC for streamlining the method. The stability of linalool was studied by analyzing the effect of acid, base, UV, sunlight, thermal stress and H2O2 on linalool. The chromatographic plates were developed to a height of 70mm in toluene:ethyl acetate solvent system at a ratio of 9.5:0.5 and visualized with p-anisaldehyde reagent. The developed method was found to be precise, accurate and reproducible according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, and compact bands of linalool were observed at Rf of 0.351 ± 0.001. The content of linalool in the volatile oil of H. aromatica was found to be 58% v/v. By application of the hyphenated MS technique, linalool was identified at m/z 137, (M + H)+. It was observed that acidic pH has the highest effect on linalool with a percentage degradation of 65. The developed method can be used in the analysis and quality control of herbal materials and volatile oils containing linalool and quality control of rhizomes of H. aromatica.

The inhibitory effects of sunlight on nitrogen removal in riverine overlying water with suspended particles

Overlying water with suspended particles is a hot spot for nitrogen removal in river systems. Although light exposure affects nitrogen transformations and nitrogen removal in some environments, such effects have rarely been explored and quantified in riverine overlying water. Herein, we examined the difference between dark and light conditions in the community composition and abundance of nitrogen transformation microbes in simulated overlying water by high-throughput sequencing and qPCR. Moreover, 15N-labeling techniques were used to investigate variation in nitrogen removal rates (N2 and N2O) as well as nitrification rates between dark and light conditions. We found apparent differences in the bacterial community between light and dark microcosms. The abundance of Cyanobacteria was greatly elevated in light microcosms, with the diazotroph nifH gene abundance being 7.4-fold higher in the light microcosm (P < 0.01). However, due to the vulnerability of some specifies to UV damage, the diazotroph species richness was reduced. The abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal amoA, ammonia-oxidizing bacterial amoA, and denitrifying nirS genes were 80.1%, 46.3%, and 50.7% lower in the light microcosm, respectively, owing to the differential inhibition of sunlight exposure on these microbes. Both 15N–N2 and 15N–N2O were significantly produced regardless of conditions with or without light. Due to the combined effects of reduced nitrification and denitrification, as well as potentially enhanced nitrogen fixation, the accumulated amounts of 15N–N2 and 15N–N2O were 6.2% and 44.8% lower, respectively, in the light microcosm. This study quantifies the inhibitory effect of sunlight exposure on nitrogen removal in riverine overlying water and reveals the underlying mechanisms, providing insights into our understanding of nitrogen transformations in river systems.

Effect of Direct Sunlight on Plasma Vitamin-D and Histo-pathological Changes in Liver, Kidney and Skin of Mice

Effect of Direct Sunlight on Plasma Vitamin-D and Histo-pathological Changes in Liver, Kidney and Skin of Mice

Effect of sunlight and salinity on the survival of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in water microcosms.

The effect of sunlight and salinities (10, 20, 39, and 60 psu) on the survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carrying either (thermostable direct hemolysin) tdh, the (thermostable related hemolysin) trh, and both or none of them were studied in water microcosms stabilized at 20°C using plate count agar and acridine orange direct viable count. All V.parahaemolyticus strains exposed to sunlight rapidly lose their culturability and evolve into a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC). However, the tdh positive strains remain more culturable than the non-virulent or trh positive strain but statically insignificant. At tested salinities, the survival time was higher at 10, 20, and 60 psu compared with that observed in seawater (39 psu). In seawater under dark condition, Vibrio strains remain culturable for up to 200 days with a significant difference between strains (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the non-pathogenic strain survives longer than the virulent ones. At different salinities, a better adaptation is observed at 10 and 20 psu compared with 39 and 60 psu. Resuscitations essays performed on VBNC bacteria in a nutrient broth at 20°C and 37°C does not show any revivification. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Effect of sunlight and salinities on the survival of V.parahaemolyticus in the marine environment. Resuscitation essay performed on viable but no cultivable bacteria. Microscope motility examines show that all strains exposed to sunlight remain motile after the loss of cultivability.

Tomato Harvesting in Greenhouse Considering the Effect of Sunlight

Tomato Harvesting in Greenhouse Considering the Effect of Sunlight

A Review on Sun Exposure and Skin Diseases.

Skin is the thin layer of tissue forming the natural integumentary system of the body that acts as a barrier to protect it from exogenous and endogenous factors that induce undesirable biological responses in the body. Among these risk factors, skin damage triggered by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an escalating problem in dermatology with an increased incidence of acute and chronic cutaneous reactions. Several epidemiological studies have provided evidence for both beneficial and harmful effects of sunlight, particularly the solar UVR exposure of human beings. Due to overexposure to solar UVR on the earth's surface, outdoor professionals such as farmers, rural workers, builders and road workers are most vulnerable to developing occupational skin diseases. Indoor tanning is also associated with increased risks for various dermatological diseases. Sunburn is described as the erythematic acute cutaneous response in addition to increased melanin and apoptosis of keratinocytes to prevent skin carcinoma. Alterations in molecular, pigmentary and morphological characteristics cause carcinogenic progression in skin malignancies and premature ageing of the skin. Solar UV damage leads to immunosuppressive skin diseases such as phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. UV-induced pigmentation persists for a longer time, called long-lasting pigmentation. Sunscreen is the most mentioned skin protective behaviour and it is the most promoted part of the sun smart message along with other effective skin protection strategies such as clothing, that is, long sleeves, hats and sunglasses.

Effects of Thermal Treatment, Ultrasonication, and Sunlight Exposure on Antioxidant Properties of Honey.

This study aimed to determine effects of controlled heating, ultrasonication, and sunlight on antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of honey. Honey was subjected to thermal treatment (for 5-20 min at 30-80°C), ultrasonication (for 5-20 min at 37 kHz frequency), and sunlight (for 1-10 days), and the impact of these treatments on antioxidant capacity, TPC, and flavonoid contents was evaluated. One-Way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, was performed to compare the differences between experimental results. Antioxidant quality of samples heated at 60°C and 80°C were negatively affected when compared to untreated samples (p<0.05); however, there were no statistically significant differences between untreated samples and samples heated at 30°C and 45°C. On the other hand, ultrasonication of honey samples for 60 min enhanced the antioxidant properties when compared to untreated samples (p<0.05). In addition, while exposure to sunlight for 10 days decreased the TPC, the TFC and antioxidant capacity began to decrease after 6 days (p<0.05). The results suggest that producers and consumers should consider the adverse effects of sunlight and temperature on antioxidative quality of honey. Additionally, ultrasonication technique has the advantage of preserving the antioxidant properties of honey.

What are the effects of sunlight for term and late preterm neonates at low risk of hyperbilirubinemia?

What are the effects of sunlight for term and late preterm neonates at low risk of hyperbilirubinemia?

What are the effects of sunlight for infants with hyperbilirubinemia?

What are the effects of sunlight for infants with hyperbilirubinemia?

Impact of sun exposure on adult patients affected by atopic dermatitis.

Background Atopic dermatitis management is challenging and usually requires intermittent or continuous, long-term treatment with topical and/or systemic antiinflammatory agents and appropriate skin care. Most patients affected by atopic dermatitis improve during sun exposure. It has been reported that the change from a subartic/temperate to a subtropical climate for 4 weeks improved significantly skin symptoms and quality of life in children, even for 3 months after return. However, until now the effect of sun exposure on adult patients with atopic dermatitis has never been investigated. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to assess the short-term effect of sun exposure during summer holidays on skin symptoms of adults affected by AD. Results One hundred and fourteen patients were enrolled in the study (62 males; aged 18-72 years, mean age 35.3 ± 12.6). Seventy-three out of 114 patients (64%) spent their holidays at the seaside, and 41/114 (36%) in the mountains; 38/41 (92.7%) subjects from the latter group reported that during their holidays they frequented outdoor swimming pools or solariums almost every day of their vacation. The sunlight effect was considered beneficial by 68/114 (59.6%) of patients. In particular, 38/114 patients (33.3%%) reported the improvement of AD and 30/114 (26.3%) the complete resolution of the disease during summer holiday. Conclusions Our data seem to suggest that sun exposure is beneficial in most patients, but not in all patients. In fact, sun exposure does not appear to improve skin symptoms or even aggravate them in about 4 out of 10 patients. This could be particularly important also in light of ongoing climate changes that may affect the clinical history of several skin diseases, among which AD.

Preparation of chiral polymer/cholesteric liquid crystals composite films with broadband reflective capability for smart windows and thermal management of buildings

In this study, a new method to prepare the chiral polymer/cholesteric liquid crystals composite films with broadband reflective capability was reported. A negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal material was utilized as the mesogenic solvents and a chiral mesogenic monomer was employed as the chiral dopant. The chiral mesogenic monomer not only induced the liquid crystal molecules to align to form the helical structure, but also as the polymerizable monomer to be crosslinked under UV light to stabilize the pitch gradient in the materials. The UV absorbing dye was used to generate the intensity gradient of UV light and promoted the diffusion of the chiral mesogenic monomer from the backlight side to the light side. The effect of the content of the chiral mesogenic monomer and the intensity of the UV light applied during the preparation process of the composite film on the broadband reflective capability was studied systematically. The chiral polymer/cholesteric liquid crystals composite film that can reflect the light covering the wavelength from 820 nm to 2100 nm was achieved successfully and was used as the functional film in the windows for shielding part of near-infrared light to achieve the thermal management effect of buildings. This work is expected to provide a new method for the preparation of smart windows and thermal management of buildings. • A composite film with broadband reflective capability was presented. • The composite film contributed to shielding part of near-infrared light. • The film can reflect the light covering the wavelength from 820 nm to 2100 nm. • The composite film can be applied in the thermal management effect of buildings. • The film was capable of reducing the thermal effect of sunlight in the house.

Effect of Sunlight on Photovoltaics as Optical Wireless Communication Receivers

This paper explores the effects of sunlight on using a low-cost off-the-shelf silicon solar panel as an optical wireless communication (OWC) receiver. A receiver circuit structure has been proposed to maximize simultaneous energy harvesting and data communication performance. An equivalent circuit model of the solar panel for simultaneous energy harvesting and wireless optical communication is discussed. By using the solar panel model, the effects of varying sunlight conditions on the performance of the model as an OWC receiver are estimated. Furthermore, an experimental setup is developed to study the effects and verify the simulated estimations. The experimental setup consists of a 3.5 m wireless optical link with a full Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network stack. The system uses DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) to use the available communication bandwidth efficiently. A 940 nm low-cost off-the-shelf laser device along with an off-the-shelf off-axis-parabolic mirror is used as the transmitter. The maximum user throughput achieved over the air is 28.3 Mb/s while simultaneously harvesting energy using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The peak power harvested with simultaneous communication is 4.5 W. The harvested energy is stored in a 38 Wh lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery.

Environmental Influences on the Stability of two Chlorpyrifos Formulations, with a Focus on Sulfotep Content.

GLC determined the presence of sulfotep, a toxic contaminant in chlorpyrifos formulations (Tak and Chlorfos 48% EC), as well as the effect of different temperatures (25, 35, and 45), direct sunlight, and UV-rays on the stability of chlorpyrifos a.i and sulfotep content of the formed products. The levels of sulfotep in Tak and Chlorfos, measured in micrograms, were 50.01 and 63, respectively. In addition, when exposed to high temperatures, chlorpyrifos a.i. in all tested formulations became unstable (450C), sulfotep, on the other hand, is relatively stable. After 336 hours of exposure to 450C, the loss percentage of the active ingredient (a.i) of chlorpyrifos formulations Tak and Chlorfos were 99 and 99.3 %, respectively, while the loss percentage of sulfotep were 9.998 and 7.08 % for Tak and Chlorfos, respectively. Data showed that direct sunlight was more successful than UV-rays in degrading chlorpyrifos in its tested formulations Tak and Chlorfos with loss percentage of 79 and 81 % after 48 hours of direct sunlight exposure, respectively. After 48 hours of exposure to direct sunlight, Tak and Chlorfos lost 9.80 and 7.41 % of their sulfotep, respectively. Tak and Chlorfos, on the other hand, lost 50 and 51 % of chlorpyrifos (a.i) in their tested formulations after 24 hours of UV exposure, respectively, and lost 6.92 and 5.81 % of sulfotep after 24 hours of UV exposure, respectively.

305 Sunfilter distribution after topical application of sunscreen onto human skin: quantification and visualization using mass spectrometry imaging

The sun emits UV radiation, UVA and UVB are the most important in causing detrimental skin effects and represent 95% and 5% of the sun’s UV radiations. The main photoprotection function of filters is to absorb and reflect UVB and UVA. To date, a photoprotection in the visible/infrared spectral range is also relevant to prevent the harmful effects of sunlight. We characterized TriAsorB, a new broad spectrum UVB+UVA but also in the visible/infrared light, especially in the high energy visible/blue light.

An attempt to the nondestructive investigation of photo-induced potato postharvest quality degradation – Preliminary results

AbstractAmong improper harvest and/or postharvest storage conditions, the effect of direct sunlight plays an important role in quality degradation of potato resulting in the development of green surface color based on chlorophyll formation associated with the formation of poisonous chemicals – glycoalcaloids – known as α-chaconine and α-solanine. Yellow skinned and fleshed potatoes with or without visible initial marks of green surface color were stored at normal room temperature under direct natural (sun)light conditions for almost two months. The aim of this study was the preliminary investigation of the sunlight induced formation of chlorophyll related compounds in potato indirectly by the detection of chlorophyll development. This attempt was based on nondestructive determination of chlorophyll related spectral and fluorescence indices for both sunlight exposed and unexposed potato sides. For both potato groups the chlorophyll content related DA-index® and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics (F0, Fm, Fv and Fv/Fm) increased during the storage period representing chlorophyll formation. In the case of Fm, Fv and Fv/Fm values, the yellow samples reached the values of the initial spotted green samples by the 7th–9th days. From this time, the chlorophyll fluorescence values changed only minimally. After storage day 34, in the case of both at day 0 yellow and green spotted potatoes, the sunny side's F0 value was lower than that of shaded side. Close relationship was found between the results of Walz monitoring-PAM (Pulse Amplitude-Modulated) chlorophyll fluorometer and the PSI (Photon Systems Instruments) chlorophyll fluorescence imaging device (e.g. Fv R2 = 0.7226). According to our preliminary results, the Vis/NIR DA-meter®, the monitoring-PAM and the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging fluorometers were found to be suitable nondestructive devices for further investigations concerning the postharvest chlorophyll formation based greening phenomena, which is associated with solanine development in potato.

Public attitudes to, and behaviours taken during, hot weather by vulnerable groups: results from a national survey in England

BackgroundHot weather leads to increased illness and deaths. The Heatwave Plan for England (HWP) aims to protect the population by raising awareness of the dangers of hot weather, especially for those most vulnerable. Individuals at increased risk to the effects of heat include older adults, particularly 75+, and those with specific chronic conditions, such as diabetes, respiratory and heart conditions. The HWP recommends specific protective actions which relate to five heat-health alert levels (levels 0–4). This study examines the attitudes to hot weather of adults in England, and the protective measures taken during a heatwave.MethodsAs part of a wider evaluation of the implementation and effects of the HWP, a survey (n = 3153) and focus groups, a form of group interview facilitated by a researcher, were carried out after the June 2017 level 3 heat-health alert. Survey respondents were categorised into three groups based on their age and health status: ‘vulnerable’ (aged 75+), ‘potentially vulnerable’ (aged 18–74 in poor health) and ‘not vulnerable’ (rest of the adult population) to hot weather. Multivariable logistic regression models identified factors associated with these groups taking protective measures. In-person group discussion, focused on heat-health, were carried out with 25 people, mostly aged 75 + .ResultsMost vulnerable and potentially vulnerable adults do not consider themselves at risk of hot weather and are unaware of the effectiveness of important protective behaviours. Only one-quarter of (potentially) vulnerable adults reported changing their behaviour as a result of hearing hot weather-related health advice during the level 3 alert period. Focus group findings showed many vulnerable adults were more concerned about the effects of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation on the skin than on the effects of hot temperatures on health.ConclusionsCurrent public health messages appear to be insufficient, given the low level of (potentially) vulnerable adults changing their behaviour during hot weather. In the context of increasingly warmer summers in England due to climate change, public health messaging needs to convince (potentially) vulnerable adults of all the risks of hot weather (not just effects of sunlight on the skin) and of the importance of heat protective measures.

Thermodynamic and kinetics of hydrogen photoproduction enhancement by concentrated sunlight with CO2 photoreduction by heterojunction photocatalysts

For achieving water splitting into hydrogen under sunlight for practical applications, the high efficiencies of the photoreduction of CO2 over TiO2/Fe3O4 photocatalysts combined with hydrogenation of water splitting over Pt/TiO2 were investigated by practical concentrated solar energy compared with Hg lamp and Xe lamp. Based on AI analysis on the influence factors, the key parameters for TOC concentration were photocatalysts, Na2CO3 concentration and radiation intensity while the key parameters for hydrogen production were photocatalysts, radiation intensity, and TOC concentration. Accordingly, the mechanism of concentrated sunlight effects has been discussed from the view of thermodynamics and kinetics. The concentrated sunlight provides a simultaneous supply of sufficient electron–hole pairs and thermal energy. Water to hydrogen and CO2 reduction are both enhanced in concentrated sunlight due to endothermal reactions. Doping changes the internal electric field of p-n junction of in different possible ways, and thus composite photocatalysts with favorable formation of p-n junctions would enhance the charge separation by internal electric field. Moreover, photocatalysts are beneficial for providing more excited electrons at a time for achieving CO2 photoreduction at the surface region of the particles with higher density of radiation by concentrated solar energy. Subsequently, products from CO2 photoreduction, acting as sacrificial electron donors, improved hydrogen evolution in solar-mediated water splitting for prohibiting reverse reactions.

Vitamin D-independent benefits of safe sunlight exposure

This review examines the beneficial effects of ultraviolet radiation on systemic autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes, where the epidemiological evidence for the vitamin D-independent effects of sunlight is most apparent. Ultraviolet radiation, in addition to its role in the synthesis of vitamin D, stimulates anti-inflammatory pathways, alters the composition of dendritic cells, T cells, and T regulatory cells, and induces nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase metabolic pathways, which may directly or indirectly mitigate disease progression and susceptibility. Recent work has also explored how the immune-modulating functions of ultraviolet radiation affect type II diabetes, cancer, and the current global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. These diseases are particularly important amidst global changes in lifestyle that result in unhealthy eating, increased sedentary habits, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. Compelling epidemiological data shows increased ultraviolet radiation associated with reduced rates of certain cancers, such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and ultraviolet radiation exposure correlated with susceptibility and mortality rates of COVID-19. Therefore, understanding the effects of ultraviolet radiation on both vitamin D-dependent and -independent pathways is necessary to understand how they influence the course of many human diseases.

Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Simulated Sunlight on Contaminated Surfaces.

ABSTRACTWe studied the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under different simulated outdoor conditions by changing the temperature (20°C and 35°C), the illuminance (darkness, 10 klx, and 56 klx), and/or the cleanness of the surfaces at 50% relative humidity (RH). In darkness, the loss of viability of the virus on stainless steel is temperature dependent, but this is hidden by the effect of the sunlight from the first minutes of exposure. The virus shows a sensitivity to sunlight proportional to the illuminance intensity of the sunlight. The presence of interfering substances has a moderate effect on virus viability even with an elevated illuminance. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly inactivated by simulated sunlight in the presence or absence of high levels of interfering substances at 20°C or 35°C and 50% relative humidity.IMPORTANCE Clinical matrix contains high levels of interfering substances. This study is the first to reveal that the presence of high levels of interfering substances had little impact on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel following exposure to simulated sunlight. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 should be rapidly inactivated in outdoor environments in the presence or absence of interfering substances. Our results indicate that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to occur through outdoor surfaces, dependent on illuminance intensity. Moreover, most studies are interested in lineage S of SARS-CoV-2. In our experiments, we studied the stability of L-type strains, which comprise the majority of strains isolated from worldwide patients. Nevertheless, the effect of sunlight seems to be similar regardless of the strain studied, suggesting that the greater spread of certain variants is not correlated with better survival in outdoor conditions.

Vitiligo – Study In view of familial occurence

Vitiligo – Study In view of familial occurence