Effects Of Spirulina Platensis Research Articles

Effect of Spirulina platensis against Thyroid Disorders Associated with Liver Dysfunction and Dyslipidaemia in Irradiated Rats

SPIRULINA platensis (SP) is a nutritional supplement that has a variety of pharmacological properties and it is considered one of the good nutritional supplements for human and animal feed worldwide. Also, exposure to different forms of radiations is almost unavoidable in daily life, especially during radiotherapy. This study aims at evaluating the effect of SP against thyroid dysfunction associated with alteration in liver functions and lipid profile in gamma-irradiated male albino rats. Male rats were divided into four groups 1-Control, 2-Spirulina, rats were given SP via gavages 300mg/kg/day for 15days, 3-Radiation, whole body γ-irradiated rats at a dose of 5Gy, 4-Spirulina+ Radiation, rats were given SP for 15days before irradiation at a dose of 5Gy. The thyroid tissues of the irradiated rats revealed a significant decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, accompanied by a significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde (MDA) indicating radiation-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the activity of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 was significantly increased. Also, serum level of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) showed a significant decrease while the thyroid stimulating hormone showed an increase. Thyroid dysfunction was accompanied by alteration in liver function enzymes and a state of hyperlipidaemia, SP treatment has significantly decreased oxidative stress and caspase-3 activity in thyroid tissues, which was accompanied by a significant improvement in the level of thyroid hormones, liver functions and lipid profile. SP may be a useful adjunct to attenuate thyroid disorders associated with liver dysfunction and dyslipidaemia in irradiated rats by its free radical scavenging and potent antioxidant activity.

Effect of Spirulina platensis on the crumb firming of wheat bread during storage

Effect of Spirulina platensis on the crumb firming of wheat bread during storage

Sygenetic neuroprotective effects of spirulina platensis (cyanobacteraceae) and levodopa on rat induced with parkinsonism

Sygenetic neuroprotective effects of spirulina platensis (cyanobacteraceae) and levodopa on rat induced with parkinsonism

Dose dependent effects of Spirulina Platensis on liver health in rats

Spirulina platensis which is an important microalgae is interested in both human and animal nutrition for health balance. This study’s aimed to evaluate the dose dependent effects of S.platensis on body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist/height ratio (WHtR), abdominal fat weight, liver weight, serum liver enzymes and liver histopathology. 30 male Wistar albino rats’re used in groups; Control, SP-1(500mg/kgbw) and SP-2(1000mg/kgbw). S.platensis was administered by oral gavage daily. The body weight, height, WC, BMI, WHtR and abdominal lipid weight were calculated. Also, serum cholesterol, ALT and AST were measured. End of the study, liver tissue samples were taken and scaled and histopathologic changes were recorded. There were no differences in body conditions, but positively significant correlations were found among parameters. As the doses were considered, in groupSP-1, significant positively correlations were determined among abdominal fat, growth, height, BMI and WC statistically. Nevertheless, there were no significant changes in liver weight, serum and histopathologic analyzes. S.platensis with its high concentration of functional nutrients is called as an important alternative therapeutic food and it can be used safely.

Is There a Role for Spirulina Platensis against Reprotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Gamma Irradiation in Rats?

Ionizing radiation is one of the environmental factors that may contribute to reproductive dysfunction by a mechanism involving oxidative stress. The present investigation was undertaken to study the possible effect of Spirulina platensis (300 mg/kg body weight) daily for 60 days post whole body gamma irradiation of rats at a dose level of 6 Gy. The samples were collected at two times intervals, two weeks and two months. In serum, the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), as well as, levels of testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were evaluated. In tissue, DNA fragmentation was estimated by using comet assay technique, in addition to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The biochemical results revealed that the fragmentation of DNA increased in irradiated groups at both time intervals (after 2 weeks & 2 months) as compared to control. The disruption in the hormonal levels of testosterone, FSH and LH was demonstrated in the serum of the irradiated and/or Spirulina rats. On the other hand, the administration of Spirulina after irradiation decreased the elevation of serum NO induced by irradiation and improved the significant reduction of antioxidant enzymes level near to control. Moreover, histopathological observations showed great deleterious changes in the structure of testis tissue as a result of irradiation exposure, while the administration of Spirulina restored the structure of testis cell and no changes appeared. These results suggesting that Spirulina contains bioactive metabolites have detrimental effect on steroidogenesis and beneficial role in improving the antioxidant status.

Effects of Spirulina platensis on the Improvement of Hepatorenal Toxicity Induced by Iron Oxide in Wistar Rats Using Biochemical and Histological Methods

Background: Iron is a key element in different aspects of life, with a remarkable role in the formation of cell structures. Iron is a hazardous substance with potential toxicity due to involvement in oxidation-reduction reactions, causing oxidative stress. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the protection induced by Spirulina platensis against the toxicity caused by iron in Wistar rats. Methods: This experimental research was conducted on 32 adult male rats of the Wistar breed (mean weight: 200 ± 20 g). The animals were divided into four groups of control (group one), iron oxide intraperitoneal administration (group two; 15 mg/kg bw/day), oral S. platensis and iron oxide administration (group three; 400 mg/kg bw/day), and daily S. platensis (group four). Treatments continued for 16 days. In addition, serum, renal, and hepatic tissue examinations were carried out. Results: According to the biomechanical tests, liver and kidney biomarkers significantly increased in group two (P ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, total antioxidant capacity and thiol protein reduced, while malondialdehyde increased in this group. According to the results of histopathology in group two, there were congested and dilated portal and central veins, while inflammatory areas were also observed in the liver. In addition, casts and acute tubular necrosis were detected in the urinary tubules in the renal examination. In group three, S. platensis and iron oxide-enhanced anti-oxidative properties, resulting in the treatment of liver and kidney functions and tissues. Conclusions: According to the results, Spirulina platensis can overcome the damaging effects of iron on the hepatorenal system of rats and protects rats’ liver and kidneys against iron-induced toxicity.

Effect of Spirulina platensis as Nutrition Source on the Chemical, Rheological and Sensory Properties of Spreadable Processed Cheese

Effect of Spirulina platensis as Nutrition Source on the Chemical, Rheological and Sensory Properties of Spreadable Processed Cheese

Spirulina platensis effectively ameliorates anthropometric measurements and obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese or overweight healthy individuals: A randomized controlled trial

AimsNovel alternative treatments such as food supplements may be an effective approach to weight management. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of Spirulina Platensis (SP) on anthropometric measures, appetite and metabolic parameters in obese or overweight individuals. Material and methodsA total of fifty-two obese and overweight subjects (25 kg/m2 ≤ body mass index (BMI) <40 kg/m2) were randomly selected to be allocated to SP (4 × 500 mg daily tablets along with restricted calorie diet (RCD)) or placebo (placebo tablets along with RCD) for 12 weeks of intervention. Anthropometric measurements and appetite score were assessed at baseline, weeks 6 and 12. Biochemical assessments were performed at baseline and week 12. ResultsThirty-eight participants completed the intervention. Body weight, waist circumference, body fat and BMI significantly reduced in the SP group compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001, p = 0.049, p = 0.049 and p = 0.02, respectively). In the SP group, the reduction triglycerides (TG) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels was considerably significant compared to the placebo group (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively). Appetite score was significantly reduced in the SP group compared to the baseline (p < 0.001). ConclusionsThis study suggests that spirulina platensis, as a complementary therapy may have beneficial effects on adherence to RCD, management of weight loss and also reduction in TG levels through possible modulatory effects on anti-inflammatory pathways.

Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Spirulina platensis dan Tepung Wortel Terhadap Kecerahan Warna pada Ikan Koki (Carassius auratus) Oranda

Goldfish is one of the most famous ornamental fish because of body shape and the color which is interesting to culture. The purpose of this experiment is to find the effect of Spirulina platensis and carrot meal was added into feed to increase the red color of koki goldfish. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design with six treatments and three replication. The treatments is 8% Spirulina meal, 8% carrot meal, 0% spirulina meal + carrot meal, 2%+6%, 4%+4%, and 6%+2%. The parameters that observed is color intensity, absolute weight growth, and water quality. The results showed that supplementation of combination 4% spirulina meal and 4% carrot meal gave the best increase in red color on body of koki goldfish with average score 5.93, but no significant effect on growth of goldfish with average growth is 3.55 ± 0.06 gram. Water quality during the research is still in optimal condition and did not affect the enhancement color in goldfish.

Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis against lead-induced nephrotoxicity in newborn rats: Modulation of oxidative stress and histopathological changes.

Our experimental work was aimed at evaluating the safety and protective effects of dietary spirulina supplementation on the kidney of newborn rats, the offspring of lead contaminated lactating mothers. Female rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I (control) was given a normal diet, group II (positive control, S) received a diet enriched with spirulina, group III received only lead through drinking water (Pb), and group IV received both a diet enriched with spirulina and lead contaminated water (S Pb). The treatment of pregnant rats with lead administrated in drinking water, from the 5th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery, induced an increased level of renal lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, hydrogen peroxide and advanced oxidation protein product, a decreased renal content of glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in newborns. A statistically significant increase of renal DNA, mRNA, hematological parameters as well as in plasma urea and creatinine serum levels and lactate dehydrogenase was seen in pups, while those of uric acid declined. Interestingly, these biochemical modifications were accompanied by a significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase in kidney, plasma alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl-transpeptidase levels, urinary levels of creatinine and urea. Conversely, supplementation of lead-treated mother's with spirulina alleviated hematotoxicity induced by lead as evidenced, by restoring the biochemical markers cited above to near normal levels. Nevertheless, the distorted histoarchitecture in rat kidney attenuated following spirulina supplementation. It can be then concluded that spirulina is an important protective source against kidney impairments.

Effects of Spirulina platensis on DNA damage and chromosomal aberration against cadmium chloride-induced genotoxicity in rats.

Todays, bioactive compounds extracted from Spirulina platensis have been intensively studied for their therapeutical values. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of S. platensis extract on DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations induced by cadmium in rats. Four groups of male albino rats (n = 7 rats) were used. The first group served as a control group and received distilled water. The second group was exposed intraperitoneally to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (3.5mg/kg body weight dissolved in 2ml distilled water). The third group included the rats that were orally treated with S. platensis extract (1g/kg dissolved in 5ml distilled water, every other day for 30days). The fourth group included the rats that were intraperitoneally and orally exposed to cadmium chloride and S. platensis, respectively. The experiment in all groups was extended for 60days. The results of cadmium-mediated toxicity revealed significant genetic effects (DNA fragmentation, deletion or disappearance of some base pairs of DNA, and appearance of few base pairs according to ISSR-PCR analysis). Moreover, chromosomes showed structural aberrations such as reduction of chromosomal number, chromosomal ring, chromatid deletions, chromosomal fragmentations, and dicentric chromosomes. Surprisingly, S. platensis extract plus CdCl2-treated group showed less genetic effects compared with CdCl2 alone. Further, S. platensis extract upon CdCl2 toxicity was associated with less chromosomal aberration number and nearly normal appearance of DNA fragments as indicated by the bone marrow and ISSR-PCR analysis, respectively. In conclusion, the present novel study showed that co-treatment with S. platensis extract could reduce the genotoxic effects of CdCl2 in rats.

Effect of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on laying performance, egg quality and hepatoprotective activity of laying hens

Effect of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on laying performance, egg quality and hepatoprotective activity of laying hens

Effect of Spirulina Platensis on The Number of Spermatogenic Cells in The Seminiferous Tubules of Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) with Excessive Physical Exercise

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis extract on the number of spermatogenic cells of rats with excessive physical exercise. Excessive physical exercise was achieved through one hour of swimming for 35 days. Twenty male rats were divided into five groups i.e (1) C-, control group, (2) C+, a group was only given swimming, (3) T1, a group was given 300 mg/kg BW of Spirulina platensis and swimming, (4) T2, a group was given 600 mg/kg BW of Spirulina platensis and swimming, and (5) T3, a group was given 1200 mg/kg BW of Spirulina platensis and swimming. Spirulina platensis extract was given orally once a day before swimming. ANOVA test followed with Duncan test showed that the number of spermatogenic cells significantly different among treatments (p&lt;0.05). Excessive physical exercise was able to influence on the male reproduction system by declined on the number of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules of male rat. The conclusion of this study was dose of 1200 mg/kg BW of Spirulina platensis extract could maintain the number of spermatogenic cells of male rat after excessive physical exercise. Keywords : Rattus norvegicus, Spirulina platensis, excesive physical exercise, spermatogenic cells

The effects of Spirulina platensis ( Arthrospira platensis ) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the distribution and cytokine production of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in rabbits

espanolRESUMEN. Los aditivos naturales se han convertido en uno de los mayores potenciadores alternativos de inmunidad actualmente. Spirulina platensis (SP) y Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) se han usado para mejorar el sistema inmunologico y la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue regular el efecto inmune de la combinacion de S. cerevisiae y S. platensis (A. platensis). Se analizaron 40 conejos blancos machos de Nueva Zelanda, de 5 a 6 semanas de edad, en 4 grupos: Control (dieta basal); SC (anadido 3 g / kg de dieta); SP (anadido 5% de la dieta); SC y SP (se anadieron 3 g/kg SC y 5% SP de la dieta), respectivamente. El experimento completo duro 90 dias. Muestras de sangre fueron obtenidas mediante puncion venosa de oido en el dia 90. Los valores de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+ se determinaron mediante citometria de flujo y las citoquinas (IFN-γ e IL-4) se determinaron por ELISA. De acuerdo con los resultados, no hubo diferencias significativas en la expresion de citoquinas, pero el suero CD4+/CD8+ aumento en los animales alimentados con SP y SC + SP dietas suplementadas (3 g/kg y 5% de la dieta, respectivamente). Se concluye que S. platensis (A. platensis) se puede utilizar como un potenciador immune, aunque se necesitan mas estudios para aclarar los efectos de la suplementacion de espirulina en la inmunidad. EnglishABSTRACT. Natural additives have become one of the most alternative immune enhancer nowadays. In particular, Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) (SP) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) have been used for improving the immune system and quality of life. The aim of this study was to regulate the immune effect of S. cerevisiae and S. platensis (A. platensis) combination. Forty male New Zealand white rabbits, aged 5-6 weeks, were analysed in 4 groups: Control (basal diet); SC (added 3 g/kg diet), SP (added 5% of the diet); SC and SP (added 3 g/kg SC and 5% SP of the diet). The entire experiment lasted 90 days. Blood samples were obtained by ear venipuncture on the 90th day. The CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte values were determined by flow cytometry and cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) were determined by ELISA. According to the results, there were no significant differences in the expression of cytokines, but serum CD4+/CD8+ increased in the animals fed SP and SC+SP supplemented diets (3 g/kg and 5% of the diet, respectively). It was concluded that S. platensis (A. platensis) may be used as an immune enhancer, although further studies are needed to clarify the effects of spirulina supplement on immunity.

Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against cell damage and apoptosis in hepatic tissue caused by high fat diet

Spirulina platensis is a microalga that may be a source of antioxidants that can reduce body fat deposition. Consumption of a high fat diet produces elevated blood lipid levels, inflammation and apoptosis. We investigated the possible effects of S. platensis on the blood lipid profile, and liver inflammation and apoptosis in rats fed a high fat diet. Sixty-four young male rats were divided into eight equal groups. The control group was fed a basic diet. The experimental groups were fed a diet for 60 days that was prepared by mixing variable amounts of 43% vegetable oil and 10% cholesterol with or without 3% S. platensis mixed with the basal diet. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected from each animal. Serum samples were used to analyze lipid parameters, total antioxidant status and total oxidant status. iNOS and eNOS were determined by immunohistochemistry. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis to investigate a possible connection between inflammation and apoptosis in the liver tissue. The relations between fat deposition and liver degeneration were assessed by Sirius red staining and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining. S. platensis reduced serum HDL-C, LDL-C and triglyceride, increased HDL-C levels in rats fed a high fat diet to near control levels, and reduced iNOS levels and increased eNOS levels in the liver tissue compared to vegetable oil and cholesterol treated groups. The apoptotic index was reduced in the groups that were fed a high fat or a basic diet when supplemented with S. platensis.

Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against aluminium-induced nephrotoxicity and DNA damage in rats

The protective effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) powder against aluminium-induced nephrotoxicity and DNA damage in rats was studied. Male rats receiving daily 40 mg/kg b.wt. aluminium chloride (AlCl3) orally had increased serum levels of urea and creatinine, up regulated kidney injury molecule-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 genes, down regulated catalase and glutathione peroxidase genes, and increased all parameters of kidney DNA damage using comet assay. Treatment with SP alleviated all AlCl3-induced effects of toxicity, especially when the animals were pre-treated.

Spirulina platensis inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation through the repression of histone deacetylases in RAW 264.7 macrophages

We observed a potent anti‐inflammatory effect of Spirulina platensis (SP), an edible blue‐green alga, in vitro and ex vivo. To gain a mechanistic insight into the anti‐inflammatory effect of SP organic extract (SPE), we examined the effect of SPE on the expression of histone deacetylases (HDAC) 1 to 11 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. When macrophages were treated with LPS alone (100 ng/ml), SPE alone (100 μg/ml), or SPE+LPS, mRNA and protein levels of most HDAC isoforms were significantly decreased. However, one striking difference was that HDAC1 and HDAC3 protein levels were markedly decreased by SPE but LPS had a minimal effect. The potent repression of HDAC by SPE was evidenced by a marked increase in histone 3 acetylation to a similar extent to that of 25 nM trichostatin A (TSA), a pan HDAC inhibitor. When LPSactivated macrophages were treated with TSA (25 nM), proinflammatory cytokine expression including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β was significantly decreased but the reduction was less than that of SPE (50 or 100 μg/ml). The repressive effect of SPE on HDAC is likely cell type‐specific because this effect was also observed in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes but not in HepG2 and Caco‐2 cells. In conclusion, SPE exerts its anti‐inflammatory effect at least in part by a HDAC‐dependent mechanism via the repression of HDAC1 and HDAC3 in macrophages.Grant Funding Source: NIH R21AT005152

Hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis enriched in phenolic compounds

Hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis enriched in phenolic compounds

Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats

In the present investigation, the effect of Spirulina platensis (Sp) was undertaken on rats fed with lead and cadmium including diet by using physiological, enzymehistochemical and stereological methods. For this aim, 50 rats were equally divided into five groups as control (C), lead (Pb), Spirulina + lead (Sp + Pb), cadmium (Cd), and Spirulina + cadmium (Sp + Cd). Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV), and haemoglobine (Hb) concentrations were determined by haemocytometric methods in blood samples collected on 30th day. Population of T lymphocyte was counted by the α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining method, and reticulocytes were counted by stereological method. The counts of RBC, WBC, and ANAE positive T lymphocyte, and the values of Hb, PCV, and MCHC were decreased in the Pb and Cd groups compared to control group. Also, the number of reticulocytes (polychromatofilic erythrocyte) increased in the Pb groups, whereas it decreased in the Cd group. On the other hand, these values were ceased by S. platensis in the treated groups. These results suggest that S. platensis supplementation may be useful in adjuvant treatment of leukemia and anemia caused by lead and cadmium toxication.

Effects of Spirulina platensis on growth performance of weanling pigs

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of an algae derived feed additive, Spirulina platensis (SP), on weanling pig performance. In all experiments, pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to one of four (experiments 1 and 3) or six (Experiment 2) dietary treatments. Standard diets and feeding regimens were implemented in all three experiments and SP replaced soybean meal on an equal lysine basis. Zinc oxide (3000 mg Zn kg −1) and medication were included in the diets for only experiments 1 and 3. In Experiment 1, a control diet or diets containing 2, 5, or 20 g SP kg −1 were fed in a pellet form from days 0 to 14 after weaning followed by meal form from days 14 to 28 after weaning. From days 0 to 14, no differences in pig performance were observed. From days 14 to 28, a cubic ( p < 0.05) response was observed for ADG and ADFI with pigs fed 20 g SP kg −1 having greater ADG than pigs fed the control diet. In Experiment 2, dietary treatments (meal form) consisted of a control diet (no SP, fed for 6 weeks), 1 g SP kg −1 (fed for 6 weeks) or 2 g SP kg −1 (fed for 1, 2, 4, or 6 weeks). Pigs were switched to the control diet at the end of each SP feeding regimen. From days 0 to 14 after weaning, no differences in ADG or ADFI were observed. Pigs fed diets containing 1 or 2 g SP kg −1 for the entire 28 days had better feed efficiency ( p < 0.02) than the treatments in which SP had been removed from the diet on day 7 or 14 after weaning. However, from days 0 to 42 after weaning, no differences in ADG or ADFI were observed. In Experiment 3, dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of feed processing (meal versus pellet) with or without 2 g SP kg −1. From days 0 to 14 after weaning, adding SP to pelleted diets numerically tended to decrease ADG (SP × feed processing, p < 0.10), whereas adding SP to meal diets tended to improve ADG. From days 14 to 28 or days 0 to 28 after weaning, no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G were observed. In conclusion, the response to SP was inconsistent and occurred only with meal diets.