Effect Of Silver Nitrate Research Articles

Effects of silver nitrate on in vitro development of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) plants

Effects of silver nitrate on in vitro development of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) plants

The effects of silver nitrate as antimicrobial agent in rubber latex films to reduce hospital acquired infections

The effects of silver nitrate as antimicrobial agent in rubber latex films to reduce hospital acquired infections

A study on the effect of silver nitrate and 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate pulsing solutions on Lilium cut flowers

Lilium is one of the most important cut flowers in commercial markets, giving customers ornamental value. Fresh flowers, a highly perishable item, need more care and proper treatment for their longer post-harvest life and due to this, the end users face the post-harvest losses of cut flowers. Such losses can be minimized by using preservative chemical, which plays an important role in increasing the vase life of flowers. To increase the post-harvest life of lilium cut flowers cv. ‘Pavia’, the present investigation was aimed to study the effect of different combinations and concentrations of silver nitrate at 50, 75 and 100 ppm and 8-hydroquinoline citrate at 100, 150 and 200 ppm pulsing solutions with 20 % sucrose. Three replications were completely randomised with 16 treatments and one control. Silver nitrate showed better results in flower bud opening, flower bud opening to complete flowering, flower size, bloom life, dry weight and dry matter percentage. Among the treatment concentrations, AgNO3 at 50 ppm with 20% sucrose showed the most effective result on enhancing the selected parameters and improved flower quality during post-harvest life. Among the treatment combinations, 8-HQC at 100 ppm + AgNO3 at 75 ppm with 20 % sucrose showed better results. These findings will be useful to researchers, farmers, and end users to retain the ornamental value of lilium cut flowers for longer than usual.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Combined Silver Nitrate Coagulation and Shave Excision With Surgical Excision and Linear Closure in the Treatment of Pyogenic Granuloma.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a common benign vascular neoplasia. Optimal treatment should have an aesthetically pleasant scar and a low recurrence rate. No treatment method that is fully effective in solving these has been demonstrated. Silver nitrate cauterization is another method for the management of PG lesions. The effects of silver nitrate on the treatment of PG have not been sufficiently investigated and should be investigated with objective data and a controlled study. The prospective clinical trial was designed to compare silver nitrate cauterization with surgical excision treatment. Procedure times and procedure costs, comfort and satisfaction scales, recurrences, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Score, and the Vancouver Scar Scale were compared to evaluate treatments. Silver nitrate treatment had lower procedure times, costs, and better satisfaction and comfort scale scores. The scar assessment scores were better for the silver nitrate treatment. The patients in both groups were successfully treated and no recurrence was seen. Silver nitrate cauterization is low-cost, fast, safe, reliable, and effective with good aesthetic results for the treatment of PG lesions. This study shows that silver nitrate cauterization is a good alternative to surgical excision in the management of PG.

Effect of Silver Nitrate and Thidiazuron on Shoot Proliferation, Hyperhydricity and Assessment of Genetic Fidelity of Microplants in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

Effect of Silver Nitrate and Thidiazuron on Shoot Proliferation, Hyperhydricity and Assessment of Genetic Fidelity of Microplants in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

Effects of Silver Nitrate as Alternative to Antibiotic on Production Performance, Bacterial Count and Intestinal Histological Features of Broiler under Escherichia coli Challenge

Effects of Silver Nitrate as Alternative to Antibiotic on Production Performance, Bacterial Count and Intestinal Histological Features of Broiler under Escherichia coli Challenge

Effect of silver nitrate and putrescine on in vitro shoot organogenesis of Polygonum multiflorum

Polygonum multiflorum is a flowering plant that belongs to the family Polygonaceae and it is commonly used for medicinal and ornamental purposes. Few studies have been studied about the regeneration of this species. Therefore, we aimed to develop a suitable protocol for regeneration and subsequent growth of shoots by comparing the silver nitrate (AgNO3) (ethylene inhibitor) and the putrescine (polyamine). Internode explants were cultured on shoot regeneration media (Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 2 mg L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine). To analysis, the effect of AgNO3 and putrescine on shoot regeneration and length, different concentrations (mg L-1) of AgNO3 (0, 1, 5, 7, 10, and 20) and putrescine (0, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 200) were added to the MS media. The result showed that at highest concentration (20 mg L-1) of AgNO3 treatment decrease number of shoots (NOS) (1.4 ± 0.2 mm) and shoot length (9.7 ± 1.6 mm) was observed. Putrescine considerably increased the regeneration efficiency, NOS per explant, and shoot length in all the concentrations when compared to AgNO3 treatment. Among the different concentrations, the highest NOS (2.52 ± 0.2 mm) was obtained in cultures supplemented with 30 mg L-1 putrescine, whereas the further increase in putrescine concentration reduced shoot regeneration. The longest shoots (20.5 ± 1.7 mm) were achieved in cultures supplemented with 200 mg L-1 putrescine. The findings of this study indicate that the addition of putrescine to the media could be suitable for P. multiflorum micropropagation and plant transformation.

Effect of silver nitrate and growth regulators to enhance anther culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Application of chemical substances as stress pre-treatment factors may positively influence androgenetic responses in cereal and other crops. AgNO3 is an anti-ethylene compounds that played a significant role in combination with other chemicals for anther culture responses in cereal and other crop plants. For this study two local wheat cultivars viz. Kheri and Akbar were considered to evaluate the effect of AgNO3 and to optimize the suitable doses of plant growth regulators, amino acids and sucrose that supplemented in MS medium. Data were recorded on the basis of embryoids induction, regenerated green and albino plants. The results clearly stated that anther culture responses and its major outcomes on regeneration significantly increased with suitable dosages of chemicals. The most noteworthy increases embryo like structures and regenerated green plants accomplished by utilizing the combined effect of AgNO3 (50 mg/l) and as plant growth regulators IAA (1.0 mg/l) + kinetin (0.5 mg/l). Best embryo like structures (79.17%) and green plants (33.33%) were recorded in Kheri. The results clearly stated that reducing albinism and increasing embryos induction and green plants 50–75 mg/l silver nitrate along with optimum doses of IAA and kinetin showed very effective results in wheat.

Dose dependent effect of silver nitrate on enhanced production of gymnemic acid in cell suspension cultures of Gymnemasylvestre R. Br


 Introduction and Aim: Gymnemasylvestre is rich source of triterpenoid saponins and is popularly known for its anti-diabetic potential. Gymnemic acid is chiefly responsible for its therapeutic potential. In fact, gymnemic acid is a group of compounds known as gymnemagenin (oleanane group) and other related compounds are gymnemasides (dammaranes). Despite of its immense medicinal importance, very few studies were conducted for enhanced gymnemic acid production. The present study undertaken for the enhanced gymnemic acid production using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as effective elicitor and its influence on other culture parameters. 
 Materials and Methods:Callus culture was initiated for cell suspension culture establishment and is used to study the elicitor effect. Different doses of AgNO3 used at varied culture periods and its mediated effect on growth index, pH, EC and MDA content was conducted. Gymnemic acid production was estimated by HPLC.
 
 Results:Cell growth was positively influenced by AgNO3 with concomitant change in pH and EC of the medium. Apparent rise in MDA content in response to increased AgNO3 dosage was observed and is positively correlated with enhanced gymnemic acid production. Dose dependent effect of AgNO3 was observed at different culture periods used under study. 
 Conclusion: Substantial improvements of gymnemic acid produced in response to AgNO3 at 100µM dosage can be used for its enhanced production at industrial scale. It also offers opportunities for studying elicitor influence on other parameters for gymnemic acid production

Effect of silver nitrate and growth regulators on direct shoot organogenesis and in vitro flowering from internodal segment explants of Alternanthera sessilis L.

Abstract The present report deciphers a rapid method for efficient shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis from internodal segment explants of Alternanthera sessilis. Internodal segment explants were placed on MS medium containing various doses of BAP and/or KIN (0.5–10.0 mg L 1) for shoot bud initiation. High frequency shoot bud induction (89%) was recorded on MS medium containing 2.5 mg L 1 BAP. Of the two cytokinin combinations tested, highest percent of plant regeneration (100%) with 81.1 shoots/culture was obtained on medium fortified with 2.5 mg L 1 BAP along with 50 mg L 1 adenine sulphate (AdS) and 0.5 mg L 1 silver nitrate (AgNO3) combination. Interestingly, BAP at 2.5 mg L 1 exhibited in vitro flowering from elongated shoots. Elongated shoot buds were carefully excised from the multiple shoot clumps and transferred onto half-strength MS medium without and/or fortified with different doses of NAA/IBA (0.1–1.0 mg L 1) for root initiation. IBA at 0.5 mg L 1 was found to be the best concentration for maximum percent of rooting (95.7%) over NAA. Well rooted plantlets were transferred into field conditions where they were successfully survived with 95%. It is noteworthy to mention that the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analysis between mother (control) and in vitro derived plantlets was found to be identical (monomorphic banding pattern) and no variability was observed with ISSR marker while RAPD marker showed 1.19% polymorphism. Hence, molecular results confirm that the in vitro regenerated plantlets were found to be the true-to-type in nature. In conclusion, the suitable growth hormonal combinations were identified for large scale production of genetically identical plantlets from internodal segment explants of Alternanthera sessilis.

Ex situ Conservation Using In vitro Methods of an Endangered Plant Sterculia urens Roxb.: A High Volume Trade Plant for Gum Karaya

Sterculia urens is a vanishing non timber tree species of India, known for its gum exudates having high worldwide trade value and hence needs to be protected for its sustainable supply in nature. In present research, an efficient regeneration protocol is standardized using cotyledonary node of Sterculia urens (Gum Karaya) seedlings. In addition, appearance of different anomalies such as high callogenesis, yellowing of leaves, translucent shoots, shoot etiolation, reduced leaf number, and leaf abscission was observed during the study. Thus based on the assumption that these abnormalities can be a result of ethylene accretion, effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3; ethylene inhibitor) to overcome such abnormalities and enhancement of shoot quality was studied. Among different media compositions tried, full strength Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.33 mg/L thiadiazuron (TDZ), was found to be optimum resulting highest shoot multiplication (19.62 ± 0.27) after five weeks incubation with 81.9% regeneration response recorded. After mass regeneration shoots were transferred to full strength MS medium fortified with 0.2 mg/L N6-Benzyladenine (BAP), 1.5 mg/L 6-furfurylaminopurine (Kn), and 2.0 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) in combination, which resulted optimum shoot elongation (5.06 ± 0.41 cm) within 2 weeks. Treatments, AgNO3 (1.0 mg/L) with Kn (1.0 mg/L) in MS medium gave adequate shoot quality having dark green & shiny leaves, strengthened stem (dark green), reduced inter-nodal length (de-etiolation) and reduced callus formation. The optimum rhizogenesis (5.67 ± 0.58) was obtained on half strength MS fortified with IBA (2.0 mg/L) when shoots were given pulse treatment using IBA (200 mg/L) for 3-4 min. Further, process of biotization at hardening stage using Glomus sp. enhanced the plant survival rate (80%) at acclimatization stage. Mycorrhizae treated plants were healthy dark green in color having improved root system and less susceptibility to infections in comparison to untreated plants. Tissue culture raised plants revealed 95% genetic homogeneity through Jaccard’s silmilarity coefficient using RAPD markers. The established protocol can significantly be used to generate quality plantlets in elevated amounts to overcome declining abundance of S. urens in natural environment.

Green synthesis of AgNPs using Cannabis sativa leaf extract: Characterization, antibacterial, anti-yeast and α-amylase inhibitory activity

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Cannabis sativa aqueous leaf extract (CSE). The effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration, extract to AgNO3 ratio, pH and incubation time was also determined for optimization of green synthesis. 3 mM AgNO3, 1:0.1 ratio of AgNO3 to CSE, neutral pH and contact time of 24 h were found to be ideal for the synthesis of AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized through UV–visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM and TEM analysis. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak was observed at 418 nm and AgNPs formed had average size of 26.52 nm. Three gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis) and two gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria were used to determine the effect of AgNPs on their growth kinetics and integrity of cell membrane. In addition to this, AgNPs were also investigated for their α-amylase inhibitory and anti-yeast activity against model yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Findings of this study showed that the AgNPs synthesized from CSE exhibit potential antibacterial, anti-yeast and α-amylase inhibitory activities.

Effect of Silver Nitrate and Silver Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus Aureus

Effect of Silver Nitrate and Silver Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus Aureus

Effects of Silver Nitrate are a Conservative Estimate for the Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Algae Growth and Daphnia magna Reproduction.

Silver (Ag) salts have been shown to be highly toxic to freshwater organisms. There is nevertheless still a high level of uncertainty as to the aquatic effects of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs), and how these relate to the effects of soluble Ag salts. As part of the substance evaluation for Ag of the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals regulation, we have generated new data to justify read-across from soluble Ag salts to AgNPs. The aquatic toxicity to algae growth and Daphnia magna reproduction, fate, and behavior of AgNO3 versus AgNPs were tested and compared. Chloride salts in the test media were replaced with equimolar concentrations of nitrate salts. Total Ag, "conventionally" dissolved Ag (0.45 µm), and "truly" dissolved Ag (3 kDa) were determined. Algae were the most sensitive test species to AgNO3 (10% effect concentration [EC10] 0.10 µg Ag/L) when expressed as conventionally dissolved Ag. The corresponding value for AgNPs was 0.26 µg/L. For D. magna reproduction, the lowest EC10 values were 3.49 µg Ag/L for AgNO3 and 33.4 µg Ag/L for AgNPs. Using measured Ag concentrations, AgNO3 was experimentally shown to be more toxic than AgNPs for all Ag fractions. We explain these observations by a different dissolution behavior of AgNO3 versus AgNPs. The results provide experimental confirmation that AgNO3 can be used as a conservative estimate for the aquatic effects of AgNPs at comparable Ag concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1701-1713. © 2019 SETAC.

The effect of silver nitrate on micropropagation of Moringa oleifera Lam. an important vegetable crop of tropics with substantial nutritional value.

An improved micropropagation protocol facilitating continuous multiplication of elite germplasm of Moringa oleifera has been developed. Initial culture of nodal explant in MS medium supplemented with 2.5µM BA resulted in the formation of 12.5 shoots per explant with high frequency of leaf fall (84.3%). To confirm whether the leaf fall is due to accumulation of ethylene in the culture vessel, effect of ethylene releasing agent CEPA in the medium was tested. In order to reduce leaf fall and improve multiplication, varying concentration of anti-ethylene agent, AgNO3 was incorporated in the medium. Addition of 2.5μM AgNO3 in combination with 2.5μM BA produced maximum number of shoots (17.6) including shoots originated from the base of the explant and shoots from the axillary buds of the primary shoots, where significant reduction in leaf fall (20.6%) was noticed. This enabled sustained multiplication of M. oleifera through continuous subculture without adversely affecting shoot number or shoot quality in terms of shoot length. Microshoots obtained from fourth subculture onwards were used for ex vitro rooting and found that by treating 50µM NAA for 30s, maximum numbers of microshoots (83.3%) were rooted. Rooted plants were acclimatized, survived and were successfully transferred to field. Genetic fidelity analysis using 10 ISSR primers revealed more than 95% monomorphic bands among plants raised in MS medium containing low concentration (2.5µM) of AgNO3 and BA (2.5µM). The addition of AgNO3 in the medium sustained in vitro growth and effectively prevented leaf fall compared to control, thus demonstrating efficient micropropagation of M. oleifera.

Effect of silver nitrate on some mechanical properties of heat polymerizing acrylic resins

Aim: The aimed study was to evaluate the influence of silver nitrate on surfacehardness and tensile strength of acrylic resins.Materials and methods: A total of 60 specimens were made from heat polymerizingresins. Two mechanical tests were utilized (surface hardness and tensile strength)and 4 experimental groups according to the concentration of silver nitrate used.The specimens without the use of silver nitrate were considered as control. Fortensile strength, all specimens were subjected to force till fracture. For surfacehardness, the specimens were tested via a durometer hardness tester. Allspecimens data were analyzed via ANOVA and Tukey tests.Results: The addition of silver nitrate to acrylic resins reduced significantly thetensile strength. Statistically, highly significant differences were found among allgroups (P≤0.001). Also, the difference between control and experimental groupswas highly significant (P≤0.001). For surface hardness, the silver nitrate improvedthe surface hardness of acrylics. Highly significant differences were statisticallyobserved between control and 900 ppm group (P≤0.001); and among all groups(P≤0.001)with exception that no significant differences between control and150ppm; and between 150ppm and 900ppm groups(P>0.05).Conclusion: The addition of silver nitrate to acrylics reduced significantly the tensilestrength and improved slightly the surface hardness.

Effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) on growth and anatomical structure of vegetative organs of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) under in vitro condition

Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) has been used worldwide as a medicine for a long time. In this research, the effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a growth regulator and anti-ethylene in in vitro culture was investigated on growth and anatomical structure of vegetative organs (root, hypocotyl, shoot, leaf) as well as the number of stomata and trichomes in the leaves of liquorice under in vitro culture condition. The seeds were cultured in MS culture media containing different concentrations of AgNO3 (0, 2, 4, 8, and 10 mg L-1). Investigations on 20-day seedlings after three replications showed a significant increase in length and growth of roots, hypocotyls and shoots, and decreased number of stomata and trichomes in the samples treated with AgNO3 (P≤0.05). The effects of AgNO3 on anatomical structures of the organs included the increased cell division in root and shoot tips, reduced vascular tissues and sclerenchyma-fiber (with lignified cell walls), increased thickness of Casparian strip and cell walls of endodermis, reduced thickness of epidermis and increased intercellular spaces in mesophyll. The leaf area was measured in the 4-month plantlets, showing a significant increase in the samples treated with AgNO3. Furthermore, there was significant difference in increased leaf area applying 10 mg L-1 treatment and other concentrations as well as between the concentrations of 2 and 8 mg L-1. It seems that these results are due to the inhibitory effects of AgNO3 on the production and function of ethylene and the plant strategy to increase the tolerance against silver metal.

Enhanced anthraquinone production in presence of silver nitrate in suspension culture of Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B. Bremer (Rubiaceae), a traditional medicinal plant mentioned in Hortus Malabaricus

Silver nitrate (AgNO3) enhanced production of anthraquinone was standardized in cell suspension cultures of Gynochthodes umbellata, a plant mentioned in the Hortus Malabaricus. The present research investigates the effect of silver nitrate, an abiotic elicitor on production of anthraquinone in in vitro cell suspension cultures of G. umbellata. Friable callus culture was established using in vitro derived leaf segment obtained from the nodal explant culture maintained in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg/l benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 3% sucrose. The in vitro derived leaf segments (0.5cm2) were cultured on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2% glucose for the production of friable callus. After 30 days of culture, uniform yellow friable callus was inoculated into MS liquid medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 % glucose for raising suspension culture. Uniform cell suspension was transferred to same media constituents and treated with different concentrations of AgNO3 on 25th day of culture. Fresh weight, dry weight and accumulation of anthraquinone content was studied and found that AgNO3 caused a marginal increase in biomass and anthraquinone based on the concentration and duration of AgNO3 treatment. A maximum fresh weight (19.48 g/fwt) dry weight (1.92g/dwt) and highest amount of anthraquinone content (48.62 mg/gdwt) were recorded in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 2%glucose and 3.5µM AgNO3 after 72 hrs of incubation.

Evaluation of the Bactericidal Properties of the Biomimetic Coating of Ha Doped with AgNO<sub>3</sub>

Commercially pure titanium and its alloys have been widely applied as implant materials with excellent long-term results and present benefits compared to other metal biomaterials because of the good mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity with values close to those of the bone. Titanium implants coated with hydroxyapatite give the metal a bioactive surface, which induces a direct connection between the implant and the bone tissue. As a consequence, the time for osseointegration, and hence the total treatment time, may be reduced. This paper aimed at studying the bactericidal effect of silver nitrate at 10 ppm and 100 ppm, incorporated in the layer on the surface of commercial titanium. The results showed efficiency in both osseointegration and bactericidal effect, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and corrosion tests. The bacterial culture tests, by means of the halo inhibition tests, indicate that the doping with AgNO3in concentrations 10 and 100 ppm did not present significant variation.

Effect of Silver Nitrate and Sodium Fluoride with Tri-Calcium Phosphate on Streptococcus mutans and Demineralised Dentine.

This study investigated the effect of 25% silver nitrate (AgNO3) and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish with functionalized tri-calcium phosphate (fTCP) on a Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm and dentine caries lesion. Demineralised dentine specimens were treated with 25% AgNO3 and 5% NaF + fTCP (Group 1), 25% AgNO3 and 5% NaF (Group 2), 25% AgNO3 (Group 3), or water (Group 4). The specimens were subjected to a S. mutans biofilm challenge after treatment. The biofilm was then studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and colony forming units (CFU). The specimens were assessed by micro-computed tomography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM and CLSM revealed less biofilm in Groups 1 to 3. The log10 CFU of Groups 1 to 4 were 4.5 ± 0.7, 4.4 ± 0.9, 4.4 ± 0.9, and 6.7 ± 1.0, respectively (Groups 1, 2, 3 < 4, p < 0.001). The lesion depths of Groups 1 to 4 were 212.6 ± 20.1 µm, 280.8 ± 51.6 µm, 402.5 ± 61.7 µm, and 497.4 ± 67.2 µm, respectively (Groups 1 < 2 < 3 < 4, p < 0.001). XRD demonstrated silver chloride formation in Groups 1, 2, and 3. FTIR found the amide I: HPO42− values of the four groups were 0.22 ± 0.05, 0.25 ± 0.05, 0.41 ± 0.12, and 0.64 ± 0.14, respectively (Groups 1, 2 < 3 < 4; p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study revealed that AgNO3 and NaF + fTCP reduced the damage of dentine caries by cariogenic biofilm.