Effect Of Rural-urban Migration Research Articles

The Effect of Left-Behind Women on Fertilizer Use: Evidence from China's Rural Households Engaging in Rural-Urban Migration.

Rural-urban migration in developing countries has required left-behind women to assume the role of key decision makers and take increasing responsibility for agricultural production. However, little is known about the effect of rural-urban migration on fertilizer use when left-behind women assume key decision-maker roles. This study highlights the effect of left-behind women on fertilizer use, drawing on nationwide household survey data in China. The results indicate that households with recognized left-behind women heads use less fertilizer than those with recognized men heads, while households with de facto left-behind women heads use more fertilizer. Moreover, the average nexus between households with recognized left-behind women heads whose major agricultural income comes from grain crops and fertilize use is negative but small in size and statistically insignificant. The findings indicate that future policy efforts aimed at decreasing rural environmental degradation should place greater emphasis on left-behind women's empowerment in socioeconomic decision-making within and outside the household, thereby contributing to an environment in which left-behind women farmers can succeed in a sustainable way.

Effect of Rural-Urban Migration on Age at Marriage Among Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh.

ObjectivesBangladesh reports one of the highest rates of child marriage (CM) (59%) in the world and the highest rate within South Asia. Age at marriage of girls is a critical human rights and developmental issue in Bangladesh. Migration has been documented to be positively associated with age at marriage. Bangladesh experiences one of the highest rates of rural to urban migration in the world. An increase in rural-urban migration of adolescent girls has been observed over the last few decades in Bangladesh with the expansion of employment opportunities particularly in the ready-made garment industry (RMG). This analysis explores the effect of migration on age at marriage and CM among adolescent girls living in urban slums of Dhaka.MethodsThe sample was selected from icddr,b's Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (UHDSS) and comprises of never-married adolescent girls aged 15–19, who migrated in from rural Bangladesh to slums in and around Dhaka during 2015–2019. These in-migrants were matched with their rural counterparts from icddr,b's Matlab HDSS (MHDSS), using one to one nearest neighbor matching with caliper 0.1 using propensity score matching (PSM) method. The sample derived included a total of 2,700 never-married adolescent girls from Dhaka and Matlab. The association between migration and age at first marriage was estimated using a linear regression model and the effect of migration on CM was explored using logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe in-migrants perfectly matched with their rural peers in terms of age, household wealth and religion. However, their income earning status was hugely different. Urban migrants had significantly higher age at marriage than the rural non-migrants for both 15–19 (Coefficient, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.07–2.46) and 20–24 years age group (Coefficient, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.18–3.55). The migrant girls aged 20–24 years were 71% (aOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.12–0.69) less likely to get married before CM age bar in Bangladesh compared to their rural counterparts.ConclusionMigration has a positive effect on delaying marriage and reducing CM among adolescent girls. Findings from this study suggest that CM can be reduced by creating educational and economic opportunities for females.

Rural-urban migration of farmers in Delta and Edo States, Nigeria: policy implications

ABSTRACT This study examined the agricultural causes and effects of rural-urban migration in Nigeria and its policy implications. A simple random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size 111. A semi-structured questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Data analyzed revealed that major migration cause was unemployment ( = 83%) and effect was drop in agricultural output ( = 90.1%). The study inferred that there were no functional implementation of policy-based agricultural and rural development programs in actuality to reduce the exodus of rural-urban migration. The implication is that rural dwellers particularly farming youths will continue out-migration to urban areas leaving the rural environmental resources untapped. The major effect of migration was a decrease in farmers’ income. The inclusion of policy formulation and implementation in this study will boost rural agricultural productivity.

Causes and Effects of Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia: A Case Study from Amhara Region

ABSTRACT This article analyses the causes and effects of rural-urban migration in the Amhara Region, one of the nine national regional states of Ethiopia. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires in the main destination towns and rural areas from which migrants predominantly originate. Rural-urban migration in Amhara is a multi-causal process. The study reveals food shortages resulting from landlessness and drought as the principal factor for rural-urban migration. Debt, information flow and exigent cultural conventions are also important factors. The income from migration enables rural households to supplement poor harvests, service debts and diversify their livelihood. Migration, however, contributes to the spread of disease, as well as socio-culturally undesirable habits producing dysfunctional families and other societal ills. Considering migration is a livelihood option for the rural poor, policy objectives should be to support returning migrants rather than manage its adversities.

Effects of rural-urban migration on economic status of rural residents

The study examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents. The study utilized a mixed-methods research approach to collect and analyze data, first, data were collected through a questionnaire from households whose family members migrated to urban centers, and interviews were held with various heads of villages in the study area. The study reveals that the majority of the migrants were able-bodied youth who migrated to urban centers to seek employment and education. Migrants’ families at places of origin benefited from migration of their own relations to urban centers mainly through remittances which enabled them to improve their livelihood as the remittances were spent on daily consumption and investment into business activities. The study recommends that government should formulate policies that would create employment for citizens in rural areas, and encourage the private sector to build industries in rural areas to prevent rural-urban migration. Government and the private sector should also empower rural farmers through the promotion of markets for farm produce in order to improve the income of rural farmers, reduce poverty, improve the quality of life and well-being, increase their happiness, satisfaction, and minimize rural-urban migration. The study findings are limited to developing countries where rural-urban migration is a challenge due to the generally low quality of life in rural areas. Further research on the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents should involve a quantitative analysis of the impact of remittances by migrants on poverty reduction in rural areas.

Rural-Urban Migration and Unemployment Tendency

<p><em>The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration on unemployment tendency, while controlling for other variables. We make use of the instrumental variable approach and probit controlling for endogeneity to determine the relationship between rural-urban migration and unemployment. Cameroon labour force survey is used to estimate our results. Results shows that the likelihood of unemployment decreases among rural-urban migrates compared to their rural counterparts who do not migrate. By the same token, holders of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of are less likely to be unemployed relative to their counterparts with no education, respectively. </em><em>These findings have a number of policy implementations: the government could create an enabling environment for labour markets to work better for the youths seeking employment and could invest rationally on education to enable the youth become self-reliant instead of job seekers through skill development and training.</em></p>

Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study

This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.

The Effects of Rural-Urban Migration on Corporate Innovation: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in China

We show that the migration of low-skilled, rural workers to urban centers has a negative causal effect on innovation of firms in such urban centers. Our tests exploit the staggered relaxation of city-level household registration system in China, which facilitates rural residents to migrate to cities. We find a significant decrease in innovation for firms headquartered in cities that have adopted such policies relative to firms headquartered in cities that have not. Overall, our results support the view that an abundant supply of low-skilled workers increases the benefit of using existing low-skilled technology and thus reduces firms’ incentive to innovate.

Causes and Effects of Rural-Urban Migration in Rural Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan

The main objective of the study was to see the effect of migration on household income in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan especially in district Peshawar. A total of 93 sampled respondents were purposively interviewed. The study indicates that about 71% of the total respondents migrated with their families during the period (2001-2010). The study revealed that war against terror, quality education, and employment were observed as major causes of rural-urban migration. Paired t-test was used to see before and after effect of migration on household income and expenditure. Moreover, after migration the monthly income and expenditure of the respondents increased. The earning members of 69.9% of the respondents increased after migration. The joint families were scattered in to nuclear family. Before migration farming were the main occupation of about 42% of the respondents while after migration most of them were engaged with private jobs and some have their own business. The education ratio of 83.9% of the respondents increased with migration. Positive changes have been observed in pre and post facilities under consideration. It is recommended that basic facilities like education, health and creation of off-farm jobs, improved training opportunities and development programs should be provided to rural peoples.

Effects of Rural Urban Migration on Labour Supply in Cocoa Production in Ondo East Local Government Area of Ondo State

The study was conducted to examine the effect of rural urban migration on labour supply in cocoa production. Data were collected from one hundred farmers in Ondo East Local Government area of Ondo state. Five villages were selected from which twenty respondents were randomly selected making a total of 100. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis used for analysis of data. The study revealed that people migrate for social, educational and economic reasons. Based on this, the study recommends that rural areas should be developed so as to make it more habitable for the rural people as this will discourage emigration. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n7p25

Effects of Rural Urban Migration on Labour Supply in Cocoa Production in Ondo East Local Government Area of Ondo State

The study was conducted to examine the effect of rural urban migration on labour supply in cocoa production. Data were collected from one hundred farmers in Ondo East Local Government area of Ondo state. Five villages were selected from which twenty respondents were randomly selected making a total of 100. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis used for analysis of data. The study revealed that people migrate for social, educational and economic reasons. Based on this, the study recommends that rural areas should be developed so as to make it more habitable for the rural people as this will discourage emigration.

Effects of Rural Urban Migration on Labour Supply in Cocoa Production in Ondo East Local Government Area of Ondo State

The study was conducted to examine the effect of rural urban migration on labour supply in cocoa production. Data were collected from one hundred farmers in Ondo East Local Government area of Ondo state. Five villages were selected from which twenty respondents were randomly selected making a total of 100. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis used for analysis of data. The study revealed that people migrate for social, educational and economic reasons. Based on this, the study recommends that rural areas should be developed so as to make it more habitable for the rural people as this will discourage emigration.

The effect of rural-urban migration on agricultural production in the northern region of Ghana

Migration has been linked with the rapid population growth in the urban areas in Ghana. This paper examines how rural-urban migration affects agricultural production at the origin of migration. Again, it accounts for the net effect of different migration strategies (temporary and permanent migration) on agricultural production. Sample data of two hundred households from fifteen villages were used from the Ghana Living Standards Survey 5 (GLSS 5) to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of households which have no migrants, those with temporary migrants and households which have permanent migrants. Cobb Douglas production function and two stage least squares regression model was used to establish the relationship between agricultural production and migration. The findings of this paper showed that households whose members engaged in temporary migration had significantly reduced farm production while households whose members engaged in permanent migration had no significant effect on production. The hypothesis of the New Economics of Labour Migration which states that migration facilitates investment and serves as insurance to risks associated with these investments at the origin of migration does not hold. The loss of labour from the origin of migration for both types of migration appears to keep households held down in poverty. This paper supports the policy which sees to the reduction of rural-urban migration by increasing the per capita income in rural areas through agricultural investment.

Efficiency wages, agglomeration, and a developing dual economy

In analyzing the implications of rural-urban migration in the presence of efficiency wages and external economies of scale in the urban sector, this paper focuses on structural transformation of a developing dual economy. It compares the agglomeration effects in the urban sector under exogenous wage distortion with that under exogenous wage distortion and external economies of scale and also with the agglomeration under efficiency wages and external economies of scale. It shows that because of the employment enhancing effect of rural-urban migration with efficiency wages, the agglomeration economies are bigger with efficiency wages than with minimum wage distortion in the Harris-Todaro model. In exploiting the existing external economies of scale, this agglomeration reduces the sectoral wage differential, and changes the effects of factor accumulation and commodity price changes in a way that is different from the effects under migration with exogenous wage distortion.