Effect Of Organic Manure Application Research Articles

Benefits of organic amendments on soil C stock may be offset by increased methane flux in rice paddy field

Periodic application of organic manure (OM) has been suggested to increase soil carbon stock and mitigate global warming. However, in irrigated rice fields, OM amendment greatly increases methane (CH4) emissions, which in turn may offset the effect of increased soil carbon storage on mitigating global warming. Research on the effects of OM application on net global warming potential that integrates greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and soil carbon stocks change in rice cultivating systems has been elusive. To determine the impact of organic amendments on global warming in a rice paddy, chemical (NPK) and organic fertilization were installed, and straw removal and recycling plots were added in two fertilization treatments. Annual CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were evaluated using the static closed chamber method. Soil C stock changes were estimated using the net ecosystem C budget (NECB) which indicates the difference between C input and output. In chemical fertilization, straw removal decreased soil C stock by an average of 751 kg C ha−1 year−1, but straw recycling significantly increased soil C stock by an average of 464 kg C ha−1 year−1. In organic fertilization, soil C stock was strongly affected by cover crop productivity. Under favorable climatic conditions for cover cropping, soil C stocks were greatly increased by green manuring and even more so by straw recycling. However, under an unfavorable climate, soil C stock was not statistically increased, regardless of straw addition. Straw recycling increased annual CH4 flux by approximately 220–310 and 130–190% over straw removal in chemical (7.9 Mg CO2-eq. ha−1 year−1) and organic fertilization (40 Mg CO2-eq. ha−1 year−1), respectively, but negligibly affected N2O flux. Irrespective of fertilization background, net GWP was mainly decided by CH4 flux with 54–98% coverage, and then followed by soil C stock change and N2O flux. As a result, straw addition increased net GWP by around 110–140 and 120–150% over straw removal in chemical and organic fertilization, respectively. Rice yield was stable between years in the chemical fertilization but showed a big difference in organic fertilization, due to the difference in cover crop biomass productivity. However, rice productivity was not significantly affected by straw recycling. Organic amendment and straw applications increased greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) by an average of 131% and 269% in a rice paddy, respectively, due to a high increase of CH4 flux but a low increase of soil C stock. In conclusion, more effective OM management which can decrease CH4 emissions and increase SOC stock is required in rice paddies.

Unexpected bulk density and microstructures response to long-term pig manure application in a Ferralic Cambisol Soil: Implications for rebuilding a healthy soil

Excessive applications of chemical fertilizers (e.g., nitrogen fertilizers) result in soil degradation, while organic manure application can alleviate soil degradation and rebuild a healthy soil. However, the effect of organic manure application on alleviating soil degradation over long-term fertilization remains poorly understood. Using soils (Ferralic Cambisol) that had been collected from a long-term fertilization experiment for 23 years (1990 − 2013) in subtropic South China, we showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks increased by 2.5 times following 23 years of manure fertilizations (pig manure or a combination of manure and chemical fertilizers) or by 1.4 − 1.8 times following non-manure fertilizations, compared to the initial SOC stock in 1990. Strikingly, soil bulk density after 23 years fertilizations decreased in the order: 1.41 g cm−3 (manure) > 1.26 g cm−3 (no fertilizer) > 1.12 g cm−3 (chemical fertilizer), suggesting that long-term manure fertilization increased soil bulk density when compared to the non-manure treatments. The X-ray micro-computed tomography further demonstrated that compared to the non-manure treatments, manure fertilizations decreased the number of pores, throats and paths as well as porosity. In addition, the stock of oxalate-extractable Al and Fe increased by 2 times following 23 years of manure fertilizations, relative to the initial soil. In summary, this study for the first time showed that changes in mineral reactivity impact soil physical properties and the potential of soils to stabilize C, strengthening the possibility in alleviating soil degradation and rebuilding a healthy soil.

Effects of organic manure application on blueberry fruit quality and soil condition

The present study investigated organic manure of southern highbush blueberry cultivated in southwestern China. We studied the efficiency of three organic fertilizers produced from locally accessible resources, namely rapeseed residue (RS-R), cattle manure (Cat-M), and chicken manure (Chi-M). Fruit quality, and soil chemical properties were analyzed. Rapeseed residue at the highest concentrations (2 or 3 kg RS-R plant−1) improved fruit sweetness (total soluble sugar and water-soluble sugar contents) and anthocyanin content, and depressed soil pH.

Effect of Organic Manure Application on Neutron Moisture Meter Calibration Curve of Sand Soil

Neutron moisture meter (NMM) calibration accuracy and precision must be done to obtain reliable results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applied organic manure on neutron moisture meter calibration curve of sandy soil. The experiment was carried out at the farm of soil and water department, Atomic Energy Authority. Two rates of organic manure were added (48 and 71.5m3/ha) including untreated control to surface sand soil at depth 20 cm. Neutron moisture meter calibration curve for 30 and 50 cm depth were done, the results showed that a 30 cm depth the neutron calibration curves for three treatments have approximately the same slope, and there is differences in the intercept which were 1.131, 1.298 and 1.978 for rate 2, rate 1 and control, respectively. The values of volumetric soil water content versus count ration presented in Tables 2 and 3 showed that at the same count ratio the values of water content decrease with increasing rate of organic matter in the case of 30cm depth, for 50cm depth the values of soil water content approximately the same at each count.

畑地における有機物施用効果の微生物学的解析上の問題点(シンポジウム:有機物と土壌微生物-農業生産並びに環境浄化の視点から-)

畑地における有機物施用効果の微生物学的解析上の問題点(シンポジウム:有機物と土壌微生物-農業生産並びに環境浄化の視点から-)

不同施肥处理对土壤活性有机碳和甲烷排放的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同施肥处理对土壤活性有机碳和甲烷排放的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201606181181 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（31300413）；国家科技支撑计划课题（2013 BAD11B02） Effects of organic manure application on active soil organic carbon and methane emission in paddy soils Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:通过采集田间试验区连续3a施入有机肥的稻田耕层土壤，分析土壤中微生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）和可矿化有机碳（readily mineralizable carbon，RMC）等活性有机碳的含量，稻田甲烷（CH4）的排放通量，探讨施用有机肥的土壤活性有机碳变化及与CH4排放的关系。研究结果显示：（1）施有机肥对土壤中的活性有机碳均有一定的促进作用。3a不同施肥处理土壤中DOC、ROC、MBC和RMC的平均含量分别为383.6、2501.2、640.4 mg/kg和291.7 mg/kg。3a施猪粪（猪粪+化肥，PM）、鸡粪（鸡粪+化肥，CM）和稻草（稻草+化肥，RS）的DOC的含量分别比化肥（CF）处理增加5.6%、6.7%和19.3%，ROC的含量分别比CF增加6.6%、8.4%和9.8%；MBC含量分别比CF增加5.1%、14.8%和21.5%，RMC增加6.8%、22.0%和33.9%。不同施肥处理的稻田土壤活性有机碳为分蘖期高于成熟期。（2）施肥处理显著增加稻田CH4排放，CH4分蘖期的排放通量是成熟期的143倍，3a PM、CM和RS处理的CH4排放分别比CF处理增加37.0%（P < 0.05）、92.7%（P < 0.05）和99.4%（P < 0.05）。（3）不同施肥处理的DOC、ROC、MBC和RMC含量与CH4排放通量均存在显著正相关关系，ROC与CH4排放的相关系数最高，为0.754（P < 0.01），且4种有机碳间关系密切。稻田分蘖期土壤中的活性有机碳与稻田CH4排放呈显著正相关关系。（4）综合分析，在4种有机碳中，土壤中ROC和MBC的含量直接影响CH4排放。 Abstract:Active soil organic carbon (ASOC) is an important component of soil. It plays a critical role in soil organic carbon turnover processes, which potentially contribute to future climate change. The properties of ASOC and its effects on methane (CH4) emission from paddy soils remain unclear, and were therefore investigated in the present study. We determined ASOC, including microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), readily oxidized organic carbon (ROC), and readily mineralizable carbon (RMC), for 3 consecutive years after application of organic fertilizer. The treatments used were as follows: (1) no fertilizer (NF); (2) chemical fertilizer (CF); (3) pig manure +chemical fertilizer (PM); (4) chicken manure + chemical fertilizer (CM); and (5) rice straw + chemical fertilizer (RS). The results demonstrated that (1): ASOC increased upon application of organic manures. The 3-year average content of ASOC in DOC, ROC, MBC, and RMC was 383.6, 2501.2, 640.4, and 291.7 mg/kg, respectively. The content of soil DOC, ROC, MBC, and RMC under different treatments was in the following order: RS>CM>PM>CF>NF. The content of DOC was 5.6%, 6.7%, and 19.3% higher in PM, CM, and RS, respectively, than in CF. The content of ROC increased by 6.6%, 8.4%, and 9.8% with PM, CM, and RS, respectively, over that in the CF treatment. The PM, CM, and RS treatments showed 5.1%, 14.8%, and 21.5% higher MBC contents and 6.8%, 22.0%, and 33.9% higher RMC contents, respectively, than CF treatment. The ASOC content was higher at the tillering stage than at the maturity stage. (2): The CH4 emissions significantly increased with application of organic manure. The CH4 emissions under different treatments were in the following order: RS > CM > PM > CF > NF. The CH4 emission in PM, CM, and RS treatments increased by 37.0% (P < 0.05), 92.7% (P < 0.05), and 99.4% (P < 0.05), respectively, over those in the CF treatment. The CH4 emission was 142-fold higher at the tillering stage than at the maturity stage. (3): With the increasing duration of application, CH4 emission at rice tillering stage increased in different treatments. Positive correlations were observed among DOC, ROC, MBC, and RMC in all treatments. DOC, ROC, MBC, and RMC contents were strongly correlated with CH4 emission, (e.g., the highest correlation coefficient between ROC and CH4 emission, r=0.754, P < 0.05). The contents in DOC, ROC, MBC, and RMC at the tillering stage had a significant correlation with CH4 emission, with correlation coefficients of 0.537(P < 0.01), 0.754(P < 0.01), 0.728(P < 0.01), and 0.431(P < 0.01), respectively. However, no significant correlation was observed at the maturity stage. In conclusion, ASOC content showed a close correlation with CH4 emission, especially ROC and MBC content, which might be directly associated with CH4 emission. The results of the present study suggest that, among the treatments tested, pig manure is the best organic fertilizer because the soil has lower ROC and MBC contents.Application of pig manure could be an effective measure to improve the quality of the soil, render it suitable for sustainable development, and mitigate CH4 emissions. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effects of Organic-Manure Application on Growth, Grain Yield, and Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Recoveries of Rice Variety Manawthuka in Paddy Soils of Differing Fertility

A 2-year pot experiment (2005–2006) was conducted in a greenhouse using rice variety Manawthuka on high-fertility Kasuya soil and low-fertility Futsukaichi soil. Fermented cow manure (CM) and poultry manure (PM) were applied as organic nitrogen (N) sources. In every manure application, 20 kg urea ha–1 was also applied at basal. Dry matter, grain yield, and nitrogen uptake were greater in PM than CM and significantly greater in Kasuya soil. In 2006, they increased in Futsukaichi soil but decreased in Kasuya soil. Apparent nitrogen recovery was greater in PM than in CM and increased in both soils in 2006 because of residual benefits from manure application. The apparent phosphorus recovery was greater in CM than in PM; however, large plant phosphorus accumulation was observed in PM. In both soils, the efficiency of CM is very low, and CM-only application is unlikely to achieve an optimal rice yield in the short term.

Long-term effects of organic manure application on the productivity of winter wheat grown in a crop rotation with maize in Japan

Achieving high productivity using organic manure as a source of N offers new soil management possibilities in intensive agriculture. Our objective was to study the growth response of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum) to different fertilization regimes in long-term experiments in Japan. Semi-dwarf wheat varieties were grown in crop rotation with maize ( Zea mays) with a high rate of organic manure (OM; 80 t ha −1 yr −1 for >10 years, estimated N application rate is 739 kg N ha −1 yr −1), and standard (SF; 204–252 kg N ha −1 yr −1) or low (LF; 102–126 kg N ha −1 yr −1) rates of inorganic fertilizer for 3 years. We observed greater biomass production in OM than in SF or LF, which was attributable to a higher leaf area index, leaf N status, and stomatal conductance in OM. Grain yield in OM (6.6–8.9 t ha −1) was significantly higher than that in LF (3.5–6.6 t ha −1) for both cultivars, and comparable to that in SF (6.6–8.5 t ha −1). However, the dry matter partitioning during the grain-filling period suggested an imbalance in the sink–source relationship in OM: the number of grains was too large for the assimilation rate. Varietal differences in grain weight in OM resulted from differences in dry matter production during grain filling and, to a lesser extent, differences in grain density. The growth pattern of wheat under intensive manure application should be modified to favor biomass production during the post-anthesis stages. Based on our results, we discuss possible strategies for wheat improvement under high soil fertility in Japan.

Analysis of nifH gene diversity in red soil amended with manure in Jiangxi, south China

In order to understand the community structure of diazotrophs in red soil and effects of organic manure Application on the structure, four nifH gene libraries were constructed: the control (CK), low manure (LM), High manure (HM), and high manure adding lime (ML). Totally 150 nifH gene clones were screened and grouped into 21 clusters by RFLP analysis. Existence of dominant patterns was observed in all libraries, which counted for over 96% of clones in library HM and about 56 approximately 72% in other three libraries. The nifH sequences of the dominant patterns in all libraries were most similar to sequences of the cyanobacteria. nifH genes showed high diversity in red soil, dispersing throughout the nifH clades (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and posited group). Bradyrhizobium and Burkholderia were also important diaxotrophs in low fertility soil samples. Low manure treatment increased the Diversity of nifH genes compared with CK and high manure treatments. Manure and lime treatment led to obvious community succession. Total N to available P ratio, total carbon, and K concentrations were the main factors affecting the diversity of diazotrophs in red soil.

Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K (PK), swine manure only (M), N, P and K chemical fertilizers only (NPK), and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure (NPKM) with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments (except the N application rate at PK) and N application rate was 150 kg N ha −1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha −1 (68% higher than that of PK). Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.

Effect of Organic Manure Application and Solarization on Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities Under Greenhouse Conditions

ABSTRACT The temporal behaviour of soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and the protease, urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities were measured in the organic production of tomato and cucumber crops under greenhouse conditions. Soil was fertilized with either farmyard manure or poultry manure. Manures were applied either alone or with two biological preparations, E2001 and Allgrow Bioplasma. The effect of solarization on microbial activity was also studied. Soil samples were taken three times in each growing season. Activities of protease, urease and phosphatase decreased by 26% and dehydrogenase by 50% after solarization. In both crops, the highest amounts of organic C and SMBC were determined in soils with applied poultry manure. Protease and urease activities showed a strong increase after the first manure application. After the second manure application, enzyme activities stabilized at lower levels than in the first 6 months. Low temperature in the winter season may have limited phosphatase activity. Dehydrogenase activity was very low in all treatments, probably because the greenhouse soils were intensively fertilized with nitrogenous fertilizers before the experiment. Among the organic sources used, poultry manure had a long-term effect on enzyme activity.

Effect of organic manure application on yield distribution over time and in truss position on the main stem in eggplants

Temporal distribution of yield over harvests and yield in various truss positions on the main stem in three West African eggplants were studied in the field under five poultry manure rates. Fruit yields were spread over 12-15 weeks, unless where the life of the crop was cut short due to insect pest or disease attack. Two peaks, the first major and a second minor one, were evident in the temporal fruit yield distribution, apparently arising from inherent flowering and fruiting periodicities of the eggplants and influenced by weather factors, especially rainfall. Multiple harvests were necessary as fruits were always at different stages of development, reaching maturity at different times. On the basis of time to first harvest, Marvelum was classified as early maturing, Roundgreen intermediate and Sweet Samaru late maturing. Flower abortion was generally high and increased with higher truss positions. Fruit set was higher with the lower trusses and decreased with higher truss positions. Although manuring benefited yields generally, it did not help much in enhancing assimilate distribution among truss positions or in stabilizing fruit yield values during different harvest periods.

EFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND TILLAGE PRACTICES ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CROP YIELDS UNDER SORGHUM- SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCE

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic manure application on soil physical properties at the harvest of the sorghum crop and its residual effect on the succeeding crop of soybean. The residual effect was studied in combination with tillage treatments that the addition of organic manures to the first crop especially poultry manure and farm yard manure increased the yield besides improving the physical properties of soil and organic carbon status. The residual effect of organic manures was well pronounced in soybean yield. Though the improvement in soil physical properties as influenced by different organic manures did not significantly vary among themselves, the physical fertility increased markedly over control. Disc ploughing and stubble management without irrigation enhanced the total porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the soil significantly,