Effects Of Moderate-intensity Exercise Research Articles

Exercise effects on brain health and learning from minutes to months: The brain EXTEND trial

Despite evidence that aerobic exercise benefits the aging brain, in particular the hippocampus and memory, controlled clinical trials have not comprehensively evaluated effects of aerobic exercise training on human memory in older adults. The central goal of this study was to determine chronic effects of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise on the hippocampus and memory in non-demented, inactive adults ages 55–80 years. We determine effects of aerobic exercise training with a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing 150 min/week of home-based, light intensity exercise with progressive moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise. For the first time in a large trial, we examined temporal mechanisms by determining if individual differences in the rapid, immediate effects of moderate intensity exercise on hippocampal-cortical connectivity predict chronic training-related changes over months in connectivity and memory. We examined physiological mechanisms by testing the extent to which chronic training-related changes in cardiorespiratory fitness are a critical factor to memory benefits. The Exercise Effects on Brain Connectivity and Learning from Minutes to Months (Brain-EXTEND) trial is conceptually innovative with advanced measures of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes combined with novel capture of the physiological changes, genetic components, and molecular changes induced by aerobic exercise that change hippocampal-cortical connectivity. Given that hippocampal connectivity deteriorates with Alzheimer's and aerobic exercise may contribute to reduced risk of Alzheimer's, our results could lead to an understanding of the physiological mechanisms and moderators by which aerobic exercise reduces risk of this devastating and costly disease.

Moderate-Intensity Exercise Improves Mesenteric Arterial Function in Male UC Davis Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (UCD-T2DM) Rats: A Shift in the Relative Importance of Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factors (EDRF)

The beneficial cardiovascular effects of exercise are well documented, however the mechanisms by which exercise improves vascular function in diabetes are not fully understood. This study investigates whether there are (1) improvements in blood pressure and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDV) and (2) alterations in the relative contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF) in modulating mesenteric arterial reactivity in male UC Davis type-2 diabetes mellitus (UCD-T2DM) rats, following an 8-week moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) intervention. EDV to acetylcholine (ACh) was measured before and after exposure to pharmacological inhibitors. Contractile responses to phenylephrine and myogenic tone were determined. The arterial expressions of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX), and calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa) channels were also measured. T2DM significantly impaired EDV, increased contractile responses and myogenic tone. The impairment of EDV was accompanied by elevated NO and COX importance, whereas the contribution of prostanoid- and NO-independent (endothelium-derived hyperpolarization, EDH) relaxation was not apparent compared to controls. MIE 1) enhanced EDV, while it reduced contractile responses, myogenic tone and systolic blood pressure (SBP), and 2) caused a shift away from a reliance on COX toward a greater reliance on EDH in diabetic arteries. We provide the first evidence of the beneficial effects of MIE via the altered importance of EDRF in mesenteric arterial relaxation in male UCD-T2DM rats.

DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF AEROBIC, RESISTANCE, AND COMBINATION EXERCISE TYPES WITH MODERATE-INTENSITY ON SERUM SEROTONIN LEVELS IN OBESE WOMEN

This study aims to compare the different effects of moderate-intensity exercise on serum serotonin levels in obese women aged 20-24 years with aerobic, resistance, and combination types of exercise intervention. This research is a field experimental with a pre-test post-test control group design to see an increase in serum serotonin levels. The intervention will be carried out chronically for four weeks. A total of 24 women who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups, namely control, aerobic, resistance, and combination groups and tested with moderate intensity exercise. Blood tests were taken before and after the exercise intervention were given to measure the changes in serum serotonin levels. The samples acquired were examined by SPSS version 16. The results of aerobic (2067.59±83.53 ng/mL to 2335.89±77.32 ng/mL), resistance (2067.59±123.99 ng/mL to 2513.57±173.04 ng/mL), and combination (2066.40±104.34 ng/mL to 2725.77±67.16 ng/ mL) exercise for four weeks with moderate intensity showed that the three groups experienced an increase in serum serotonin levels after the intervention. These results concludes the three types of exercise, especially combination of aerobic and resistance exercises, may be used as an alternative indirect therapy method and prevention of obesity.

Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on social health and physical and mental health of methamphetamine-dependent individuals: A randomized controlled trial.

ObjectiveMethamphetamine (MA)-dependent individuals’ health problems are widespread and need to be solved urgently. Exercise is considered a potential treatment for MA dependents. The study aimed to determine the effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise on the social, physical, and mental health of MA-dependent individuals.Materials and methodsSixty MA-dependent individuals were randomly assigned into two groups. Subjects in the exercise group (n = 30) received an exercise intervention five days a week for 60 min each for 12 weeks. Subjects in the control group (n = 30) received regular corrective rehabilitation without exercise in the same setting. Outcome measures, including questionnaires [quality of life scale for drug addiction (QOL-DA), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)] and physical fitness, were arranged the day before the start of the intervention and the day after the end of the intervention. Two-factor repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the treatment differences between the two groups.ResultsAfter 12 weeks of the intervention period, social health was significantly improved in the exercise group (P < 0.01), and there was a statistically significant difference in mental health scores between exercise group and control group, with a greater impact in exercise group.(Psychology: P < 0.01; SAS: P < 0.01; SDS: P < 0.01; PSQI: P < 0.01), physical health improved in the exercise group, physiology (P < 0.01), symptom (P < 0.01), heart rate (P < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), vital capacity (P < 0.05), grip (P < 0.01), vertical jump (P < 0.001), sit and reach (P < 0.01), 50-meter run (P < 0.01), and reaction time (P < 0.01).ConclusionAerobic exercise intervention is an effective treatment for MA-dependent individuals, and the 12-week intervention improved the social, physical, and mental health of MA-dependent individuals. We recommend that future studies focus more on drug-dependent individuals’ overall health status rather than just relapse.Clinical trial registration: [https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=131048], identifier [ChiCTR2200055348].

The Relation of Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Serum Uric Acid Using the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004.

Objective: Gout is a crystal-induced inflammatory arthritis caused by elevated uric acid. Physical activity has the potential to reduce serum uric acid (SUA), thus improving the disease burden of gout. In this study, we examined the association of objectively-measured physical activity and SUA.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using survey, laboratory, and accelerometer data from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). SUA concentrations (mg/dL) were obtained during an initial exam, and then physical activity (kCal/day) was measured with 7 days of ActiGraph accelerometry in participants (n = 3,475) representative of the ambulatory, non-institutionalized US civilian population. Regression, including restricted cubic splines, was used to assess the relation of physical activity and SUA in bivariate and adjusted models. Covariates included age, gender, race/ethnicity, alcohol use, body mass index, renal function, and urate-lowering therapy.Results: In the bivariate model, physical activity was correlated with SUA concentrations and included a non-linear component (p < 0.01). In the adjusted model, linear splines were employed with a node at the SUA nadir of 5.37mg/dL; this occurred at 703 kCal/day of physical activity. The association of physical activity and SUA was negative from 0 to 703 kCal/day (p = 0.07) and positive >703 kCal/day (p < 0.01 for the change in slope).Conclusion: Physical activity and SUA are associated in a non-linear fashion, with a minimum estimated SUA at 703 kCal/day of objectively-measured physical activity. These findings raise intriguing questions about the use of physical activity as a potential adjunctive therapy in patients with gout, and further interventional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of moderate intensity exercise on SUA concentrations.

Analysis of Blood Serum Bilirubin Concentration among Moderate Intensity Exercise Performers; A Randomized Control Trails

Purpose: A randomized control trails were conducted to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity exercise on blood serum bilirubin level.&#x0D; Methods: A participants of the study were divided in two groups i.e. experimental group (EG= 10) and control group (CG=10). 5ml blood were taken from all the subjects and each blood sample was marked with separate identification code. Twelve weeks exercise (moderate intensity exercise) protocols was employed on the selected subjects. The collected blood samples were tested and thus the collected results were processed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version, 24) by applying Mean and Standard deviation etc.&#x0D; Result: Based on analysis the researcher concluded that moderate intensity exercise has significant impact on Serum Bilirubin Concentration of the subjects. In addition significant difference was found in pre and post test result of experimental group (t4= 1.000, Sig. = .374 &gt; α= 0.05).

A Randomized Control Trails for the Assessment of Impact of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Blood Serum Creatinine Concentration among the Male Athletes

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to examine the impact of moderate intensity exercise on blood serum creatinine concentration among the male.&#x0D; Method &amp; Materials: A randomized control trails were conducted for purpose to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity exercise on creatinine level among the subjects (Experimental Group (EG) = 10, Control group (CG). A written informed consent from all the subjects and ethical approval was taken from Gomal University Ethical Review Committee before initiating the study protocols. 5ml blood were taken from all the subjects and each blood sample was marked with separate identification code. Twelve weeks exercise (moderate intensity exercise) protocols was employed on the selected subjects. The collected blood samples were tested and thus the collected results were processed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version, 24) by applying Mean and Standard deviation etc.&#x0D; Results &amp; Conclusion: On the basis of analysis, the researcher concluded that inferentially there is no significant effect of moderate intensity exercise on BMI and Creatinine of the subjects but descriptively the experimental group shows better results in BMI and Creatinine (after the treatment)

Moderate Intensity Exercise Causes a Shift in the Relative Importance of the Endothelium‐Dependent Relaxing Factors in Mesenteric Arteries of Male UC Davis Type‐2 Diabetes Mellitus (UCD‐T2DM) Rats

Over the past decade obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have reached epidemic levels worldwide. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. Regular aerobic exercise is a well-characterized lifestyle intervention that improves endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and CVD risk in T2D. However, there are still debates regarding the duration and intensity of exercise required to ameliorate the deleterious metabolic perturbations in patients with T2D. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate intensity exercise (MIE) on vascular reactivity of mesenteric artery (MA) of male UC Davis Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat (UCD-T2DM) model. Specifically, we examined whether there were changes in the relative contributions of endothelium-derived relaxing factors in modulating vascular reactivity of MA from exercise-trained compared with control sedentary UCD-T2DM rats. Age-matched male control and UCD-T2DM rats underwent forced treadmill exercise (E) or remained sedentary (S) for 8 weeks. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDV) to acetylcholine (ACh, 10-8 to 10-5 M) were measured in precontracted MA before and after indomethacin (10µM), a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor; followed by addition of L-NAME (200µM), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor; followed by combination of apamin (1 µM) and TRAM-34 (1 µM) (SKCa and IKCa blockers, respectively). The diabetic exercise trained (DE) rats exhibited decreased visceral adiposity and plasma triglyceride levels compared with the diabetic sedentary (DS) group. However, MIE did not alter plasma glucose or insulin concentrations in either nondiabetic or diabetic UCD-T2DM Rats. Both sensitivity and maximal responses (Emax) to ACh were significantly reduced in MA from DS rats compared with those in control sedentary (CS). MIE improved the Emax to ACh only in MA of DE group. Inhibition of COX enhanced Emax to ACh in DS arteries suggesting the elevation of contractile COX metabolites in the DS group. The addition of L-NAME resulted in a reduction in ACh relaxation of arteries from both CS and DS rats, however the effect was more prominent in DS group, suggesting the contribution of NO was enhanced (or endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-type relaxation was diminished) in DS arteries. Remarkably, MIE reversed the loss of EDHF-type relaxation in UCD-T2DM Rats. Unlike in the DS group, inhibition of COX had no effect on ACh response in MA of the DE group, suggesting that MIE may cause a shift from contractile COX to NO and EDHF-type relaxation in UCD-T2DM Rats. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence for a positive impact of moderate exercise on mesenteric arterial function in male UCD-T2DM Rats, likely mediated by a contribution of EDHF-type (NO and prostanoid-independent) responses.

Effects of Moderate Intensity Exercise on the Cortical Thickness and Subcortical Volumes of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Pilot Study.

Objective We aimed to explore the impact of moderate intensity exercise on the cortical thickness and subcortical volumes of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Methods Sixty-three preclinical AD patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18-florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET) data were enrolled in the study. Information on demographic characteristics, cognitive battery scores, self-reported exercise habits were attained. Structural magnetic resonance images were analyzed and processed using Freesurfer v6.0. Results Compared to Exercise group, Non-Exercise group demonstrated reduced cortical thickness in left parstriangularis, rostral middle frontal, entorhinal, superior frontal, lingual, superior parietal, lateral occipital, inferior parietal gyrus, temporal pole, precuneus, insula, fusiform gyrus, right precuneus, superiorparietal, lateral orbitofrontal, rostral middle frontal, medial orbitofrontal, superior frontal, lingual, middle temporal gyrus, insula, supramarginal, parahippocampal, paracentral gyrus. Volumes of right thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala were also reduced in Non-Exercise group. Conclusion Moderate intensity exercise affects cortical and subcortical structures in preclinical AD patients. Thus, physical exercise has a potential to be an effective intervention to prevent future cognitive decline in those at high risk of AD.

Salivary lubricity (ex vivo) enhances upon moderate exercise: A pilot study

ObjectiveThis study sought to examine the effects of moderate intensity exercise on lubrication performance of saliva. We hypothesized that exercise would result in enhanced salivary lubricity by direct sympathetic stimulation of the salivary proteins. Study designIn total, 11 healthy young pre-menopausal female participants (mean age: 24.4 ± 1.8 years, BMI: 22.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2) were included in a within-subjects repeated measures experimental design. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at rest (S0), immediately after 45 min of moderate intensity cycling at ∼70 % maximum heart rate (mean: 133.4 ± 0.8 bpm) or time-match quiet rest (S1), and after a 60 min of recovery period (S2). Ex vivo salivary lubricity were measured using soft tribology. Total protein content, mucin (MUC5B) concentration, and α-amylase activity were determined. ResultsTribology results revealed that moderate intensity exercise resulted in enhanced lubricity of saliva with an order-of-magnitude lower friction coefficients in the boundary regime at S1 and S2, with frictional forces being significantly lower at S1 (p < 0.001) and S2 (p < 0.001) as compared to the Control procedure. Total protein and α-amylase secretion also increased in the Exercise procedure at S1 (p < 0.05), but concentrations returned to baseline levels at S2. ConclusionsModerate intensity exercise leads to an increase in α-amylase and total protein secretion resulting in enhanced lubrication performance of the saliva. However, the lubrication performance was not related to MUC5B content, suggesting the role of other proteinaceous species acting as lubricants. This proof-of-concept study serves as the first step to design exercise interventions in populations with dry mouth conditions.

Effects of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and VO2max in Elderly Women

BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyle in the elderly decreases the function of cardiovascular system may lead reduction performance. Many previous studies reported that moderate intensity aerobic exercise was recommended for older persons because it may increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) at optimum level. The increasing of ROS can activate antioxidant mechanism against oxidatif stress due to exercise.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the change of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and VO2max on moderate intensity aerobic exercise and its correlation.&#x0D; METHODS: The study design was quasi-experimental. Subjects were sedentary elderly women age 65 ± 5.06 years old. Total subject was 73 persons selected by consecutive sampling. Subjects did moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks by walking for 30 min a day, 3 times a week at 50–85% of maximum heart rate. The parameters were measured on the baseline and 12 weeks after exercise. GPx activity from the plasma was examined by ELISA and the VO2max was measured by 6-min walking distance. The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test and Spearman test.&#x0D; RESULTS: GPx activity and VO2max were significantly increased about 41.75% and 24.11% (p &lt; 0.05) on the experimental group, respectively. There was a correlation between GPx activity and VO2max (r = 0.223, p = 0.041).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Regular moderate intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased GPx activity and VO2max. This kind of exercise is advised for the elderly because it can elevate antioxidant level as a defense against oxidative stress due to aging; therefore, it can improve aerobic capacity in the elderly.

Why are cyclists the happiest commuters? Health, pleasure and the e-bike

IntroductionThis paper explores the reasons why cyclists are the happiest commuters. Cyclists are consistently shown to have the highest levels of satisfaction with the trip to work, yet the reasons for this contentment remain understudied. Exercise science points to the critical role that pleasure plays in motivating people to engage in and sustain physical activity, and we argue that efforts to ‘bring back the bike’ will rely as much on a keen appreciation of its pleasures as its perils. MethodsWe explore the emergent science of cyclist mode satisfaction: calling upon ethnographic research, transport psychology, exercise science, and in-depth interviews with 24 e-cyclists in Auckland, New Zealand. ResultsWe conclude that research points to four important components of high commute satisfaction amongst cyclists: 1) A high degree of commuting control and ‘arrival-time reliability’; 2) Enjoyable levels of sensory stimulation; 3) The ‘feel better’ effects of moderate intensity exercise; and 4) Greater opportunities for social interaction. ConclusionWe conclude that cycling planning and promotion should move beyond merely focusing on safety to explore how cycling infrastructure can protect and enhance the physical, social and psychological pleasures of cycling. Specific recommendations include designing cycling environments in ways that support sociable riding and relaxed engagement with natural landscapes and urban design features.

Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on diet-induced increase in resting oxygen uptake

Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on diet-induced increase in resting oxygen uptake

A pilot study of brisk walking in sedentary combination antiretroviral treatment (cART)- treated patients: benefit on soluble and cell inflammatory markers

BackgroundChronic HIV infection is associated with low-level inflammation and increased risk of chronic diseases and mortality. The objective was to assess the effects of moderate intensity exercise on metabolic and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected treated persons.MethodsThis was a pilot study enrolling cART-treated, sedentary persons with metabolic complications in a 12-week protocol, consisting of three sessions per week of 60 min brisk walking with (strength-walk group) or without (walk group) 30 min circuit-training. Assessments at baseline and week 12 (W12) included body morphometrics and total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; lipid and glucose blood profile; plasma level of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, interleukin-18 (IL-18), soluble CD14, and CD38 and HLA-DR expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.ResultsForty-nine patients were included and 35 (71%) completed the program: 21 in the walk and 14 in the strength-walk group. At W12, significant improvements were observed of body mass index, waist and hip circumference, and total cholesterol both overall and in the walk group, and of LDL cholesterol in both training groups. In the whole group, significant reductions were observed in hsCRP, IL-6, D-dimer, IL-18, and of CD8+/CD38+/HLA-DR+ cell frequencies. HsCRP and CD8+/CD38+/HLA-DR+ frequency decreased significantly in both training groups when examined separately whereas IL-6 and D-dimer in the walk group only.ConclusionsBrisk walking, with or without strength exercise, could improve lipid profile and inflammatory markers in chronic HIV infection.Trial registrationACTRN12615001258549, registered 17 November 2015, “retrospectively registered” Web address of trial: http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12615001258549.aspx

GW25-e3545 The Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on Cardiopulmonary Function on Undergraduate Students

The function of cardiopulmonary system is to take in and transport oxygen into the body and remove waste from the body in the form of carbon dioxide. It interacts closely with every other system in the body. Cardiopulmonary exercise can fully work the heart and lungs while people can mean

Effects of exercise on craving and cigarette smoking in the human laboratory

Exercise is increasingly being pursued as a treatment to reduce cigarette smoking. The efficacy of clinical, exercise-based cessation interventions may be enhanced by conducting laboratory studies to determine maximally effective conditions for reducing smoking, and the mechanisms through which the effects on smoking are achieved. The main purpose of this study was to assess whether the effects of exercise on two components of craving (anticipated reward from smoking, anticipated relief from withdrawal) mediated the relationship between exercise and delay (in min) to ad libitum smoking. Experiment 1 (N=21) assessed the effects of exercise intensity (inactivity, low, moderate) on craving components up to 60min post-exercise. Because moderate-intensity exercise most effectively reduced craving on the reward component, all participants exercised at a moderate intensity in Experiment 2. Using an ABAB within-subjects design, Experiment 2 (N=20) evaluated whether the effects of moderate-intensity exercise on reward and relief components of craving mediated the relationship between exercise and participants' delays (in min) to ad libitum smoking. Delays were significantly longer after exercise (M=21min) versus inactivity (M=4min), and the effects of exercise on delay were mediated through the reward component of craving. Future research should continue to explore the mechanisms through which exercise influences behavioral indices of smoking in the human laboratory. Additionally, given the benefits uniquely afforded by exercise-based cessation interventions (e.g., improving mood and other health outcomes), implementing these interventions in clinical settings may contribute substantially to improving public health.

Significant lowering of plasma ghrelin but not des-acyl ghrelin in response to acute exercise in men

Ghrelin, an acylated peptide produced predominantly in the stomach, stimulates feeding and growth hormone (GH) secretion via interaction with the GH secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin molecules are present in two major endogenous forms, an acylated form (ghrelin) and a des-acylated form (des-acyl ghrelin). Recent studies indicated that aerobic exercise did not change plasma total ghrelin levels, however, dynamics of circulating ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin during aerobic exercise remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of moderate intensity exercise on plasma ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin concentrations, and to investigate the relationship between ghrelin molecules and other hormonal and metabolic parameters during exercise. Nine healthy males (25.2 ± 0.5 years) exercised for 60 min at 50% of their maximal oxygen consumptions. We measured the plasma concentrations of ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin, GH, norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), insulin, and glucose. Plasma ghrelin level significantly decreased during exercise, whereas plasma des-acyl ghrelin and total ghrelin levels did not change. Plasma NE, E, DA and GH levels were significantly increased during exercise. Plasma insulin level significantly decreased during exercise, and plasma glucose levels remained steady during exercise. NE, E, DA, and GH were correlated negatively with plasma ghrelin levels. These findings suggest that acute moderate exercise may suppress ghrelin release from the stomach, decrease ghrelin O-acyltransferase activity, and/or activate ghrelin utilization in peripheral tissues and that exercise-induced ghrelin suppression may be mediated by activated adrenergic system.

Moderate intensity exercise as an adjunct to standard smoking cessation treatment for women: a pilot study.

Previous randomized controlled trials have not supported moderate intensity exercise as an efficacious adjunct to smoking cessation treatments for women; however, compliance with exercise programs in these studies has been poor. The purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the effects of moderate intensity exercise on smoking cessation outcomes under optimal conditions for exercise program compliance. Sixty previously sedentary, healthy, female smokers were randomized to an 8-week program consisting of brief baseline smoking cessation counseling and the nicotine patch plus either 150 min/week of moderate intensity exercise or contact control. Participants attended a median of 86.4% and 95.5% of prescribed exercise/control sessions, respectively. There was a moderate, though statistically nonsignificant, effect of exercise at post-treatment for objectively verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (48.3% vs. 23.3%; OR = 3.07, 95% CI: 0.89-11.07) and prolonged abstinence (34.5% vs. 20.0%; OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 0.56-8.32). Effects were attenuated when controlling for potential confounders, and after a 1-month, no-treatment period. The findings provide a preliminary indication that, given adequate compliance, moderate intensity exercise may enhance short-term smoking cessation outcomes for women; however, a larger trial is warranted.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Aortic Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate-intensity exercise on plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as markers of low-grade inflammation and endothelial function in diabetic (db/db) mice. Control and db/db mice were divided into sedentary and exercised groups. Aortic endothelial function was evaluated after two- and six-week exercises using a wire myograph. Plasma CRP levels were measured at baseline, and after two and six weeks of exercise. Baseline plasma CRP levels were significantly higher in db/db mice compared to control (P < .05). After two weeks of exercise, aortic endothelial function was significantly improved without affecting body weight or plasma CRP levels. Six weeks of exercise not only improved endothelial function, but also significantly reduced body weight and plasma CRP levels in db/db mice. Thus short-term exercise has beneficial effect on endothelial function without reducing low-grade inflammation while more prolonged exercise periods are required to reduce inflammatory markers.

Comparable effects of moderate intensity exercise on changes in anorectic gut hormone levels and energy intake to high intensity exercise

There is growing interest in the effects of exercise on plasma gut hormone levels and subsequent energy intake (EI) but the effects of mode and exercise intensity on anorectic hormone profiles on subsequent EI remain to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate whether circulating peptide YY(3-36) (PYY(3-36)) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 or GCG as listed in the HUGO Database) levels depend on exercise intensity, which could affect subsequent EI. Ten young male subjects (mean+/-s.d., age: 23.4+/-4.3 years, body mass index: 22.5+/-1.0 kg/m(2), and maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2 max)): 45.9+/-8.5 ml/kg per min) received a standardized breakfast, which was followed by constant cycling exercise at 75% VO(2 max) (high intensity session), 50% VO(2 max) (moderate intensity session), or rest (resting session) for 30 min. At lunch, a test meal was presented, and EI was calculated. Blood samples were obtained during three sessions for measurements of glucose, insulin, PYY(3-36), and GLP-1, which includes GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. Increases in blood PYY(3-36) levels were dependent on the exercise intensity (effect of session: P<0.001 by two-way ANOVA), whereas those in GLP-1 levels were similar between two different exercise sessions. Of note, increase in area under the curve values for GLP-1 levels was negatively correlated with decrease in the EI in each exercise session (high: P<0.001, moderate: P=0.002). The present findings raise the possibility that each gut hormone exhibits its specific blood kinetics in response to two different intensities of exercise stimuli and might play differential roles in regulation of EI after exercise.