Effects Of Mechanical Cleaning Research Articles

Perbedaan Jumlah Koloni Bakteri Subgingiva Setelah Menyikat Gigi dengan Berbagai Pasta Gigi yang Mengandung Bahan Herbal Sirih (Peper betle Linn.), Siwak (Salvadaro persica) dan Cengkeh (Eugenia caryophyllus) pada Anak dengan Disabilitas Intelektual

Children with Intellectual Disabilities have a higher risk of oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases compared to other children. Therefore, efforts are needed to help maximize the prevention of these diseases. The abundance of herbal materials in the community, which have been proven to have antibacterial effects, has been increasingly formulated into toothpaste. This is expected not only to provide a mechanical cleaning effect on plaque but also to have antibacterial effects and inhibit plaque growth for a longer period in the oral cavity.This research aims to determine the difference in subgingival bacterial colonies after brushing teeth with various herbal-containing toothpaste in children with intellectual disabilities. The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental pre-post control group design. Subgingival fluid samples were taken from respondents aged 6-12 years before and after brushing their teeth with four groups: (K) without toothpaste, (A) toothpaste containing betel leaves (Piper betle Linn.), (B) toothpaste containing Miswak (Salvadora persica), and (C) toothpaste containing Clove (Eugenia caryophyllus). The samples were then cultured in Plate Count Agar media for 48 hours. Colony counting was performed using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method with a Colony Counter. Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests.The results of the study showed a decrease in the number of CFUs (colony-forming units) after brushing teeth. Significant reductions were obtained in toothpaste B (p-value = 0.046) and toothpaste C (p-value = 0.028). In conclusion, toothpaste containing Miswak and Clove effectively reduces the number of bacterial colonies formed in subgingival fluid samples..

Reducing the cutting tool wear in diamond turning of Zerodur glass-ceramic by the mechanical cleaning effect of ultrasonic vibration assistance

The effects and mechanisms of using ultrasonic vibration assistance (U.V.-assisted machining) combined with straight-nosed cutting tools on reducing the cutting tool wear in single-point diamond turning (SPDT) of Zerodur glass-ceramic are analysed and experimentally investigated. Aiming at the predominant abrasive wear in machining hard and brittle materials, analyses have shown that applying appropriate ultrasonic vibration to the cutting tool can induce considerable inertial acceleration to the wear particles residing on the tool-work interface for promoting their ejection from the contact area to reduce the abrasion. Meanwhile, the high thermal conductivity of diamond can prevent the possible excessive temperature elevation of the cutting tool surface that may result from the in-plane vibration components. To verify these, a longitudinal ultrasonic vibrator that works together with the Poisson's effect was designed for the SPDT processes with straight-nosed cutting tools. Machining tests on Zerodur optics have shown that the assistant ultrasonic vibration is able to decrease the tool flank wearland width by about 30 %, and the groove-like scratches on the tool flank wearland surface were reduced, which is consistent with the analytical deductions. Besides, no significant traces of structural change, element diffusion, and oxidation were found on the worn cutting tool surfaces under either the assisted or unassisted cutting conditions. The experiments have also shown that the enhanced durability of cutting tools has extended the cutting tool life for maintaining good machined surface quality, which is particularly beneficial to the ultra-precision machining of large-size optical parts.

In silico Screening of Potential Compounds from Medicinal Plants by Targeting Streptococcus mutans Deoxycytidylate Deaminase

Dental caries is the chronic infectious disease caused by bacteria to from a biofilm formation on the tooth surface of man. Drug-resistant Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) poses a vital public health issue. To overcome this, the development of effective drugs with novel mechanism of action is requisite. Drug repurposing is considered a viable alternative approach to overcome the above issue. In the present study, we have attempted to selected unique and traditional source use as in traditional medicine. Traditionally, many cultures use chewing sticks for oral hygiene maintenance. When properly used, these chewing sticks are found to be efficient due to the combined effect of mechanical cleaning, enhanced salivation and the antimicrobial action of leached out plant. Inibition of the S. mutans deoxycytidylate deaminases (SmdCDs) is the most promising drug development strategy against the S. mutans, responsible for the biofilm formation. In the present work, out of 871 phytochemicals 211 phytochemicals were showed the most druggable substance with zero violation from any of druglikeness rule. Further, the binding energy indicates the affinity of the adhesion of protein structure docked with the 2 hit potential herbal compounds of which Cyclocurcumin and Androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione showed best docking with the SmdCD.

Application of a pulsed crossflow to improve chemical cleaning efficiency in hollow fibre membranes following skim milk microfiltration

As the efficient cleaning of membrane systems used for milk protein fractionation remains a challenge, more efficient concepts are required to reduce cleaning times and chemicals consumption. This study examined the so far not commonly applied concept of pulsed flow, characterised by a cyclic transition between high/low flow rates and high/low-pressure phases. To determine its effects on protein fouled polymeric microfiltration membranes, pulsed crossflow conditions were varied in frequency and amplitude during a cleaning step with NaOH as a chemical cleaning agent. The cleaning efficiency was characterised by protein removal and flux recovery. It could be shown that both increasing frequency and flow velocity amplitude can increase protein removal and flux recovery, provided extreme transmembrane pressures are avoided. With pulsed flow, the protein removal could be increased by up to 32% and the flux recovery by 11% compared to a conventionally used steady flow cleaning, thus confirming an increased mechanical cleaning effect when applying pulsed flow. Furthermore, the application of pulsed flow poses a more efficient way to enhance mechanical cleaning power than by increasing the flow velocity under steady flow. Hence, it allows a reduction of energy consumption and thus improves sustainability of the cleaning process. The results indicate a mode of action involving a combination of pulsation induced turbulence and fluctuating relaxation and compaction of the deposit, altogether weakening forces stabilising deposited layer material.

Effectiveness of mechanical cleaning, antibiotics, and induction heating on eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in mature biofilms.

AimsHere we used a mature seven-day biofilm model of Staphylococcus aureus, exposed to antibiotics up to an additional seven days, to establish the effectiveness of either mechanical cleaning or antibiotics or non-contact induction heating, and which combinations could eradicate S. aureus in mature biofilms.MethodsMature biofilms of S. aureus (ATCC 29213) were grown on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) coupons for seven days and were subjected to the following treatments or their combinations: antibiotics, mechanical cleaning, or heat shock by induction heating of 60°C for one minute. Experiments were repeated at least five times.ResultsIn the untreated biofilm, growth up to 1.8×1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/cm2 was observed. Treatment with ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, vancomycin, cefuroxime, and amoxicillin all with rifampicin gave 6.0 log, 6.1 log, 1.4 log, 4.8 log, and 3.6 log reduction in CFU/cm2, respectively. Mechanical cleaning alone resulted in 4.9 log reduction and induction heating in 7.3 log reduction. There was an additional effect of ciprofloxacin, flucloxacillin, and induction heating when used in combinations. There was no additional effect for mechanical cleaning. No bacterial growth could be detected after induction heating followed by seven days of ciprofloxacin with rifampicin.ConclusionMechanical cleaning, antibiotics, and non-contact induction heating reduced the bacterial load of mature S. aureus biofilms with approximately 5 log or more as a single treatment. The effect of mechanical cleaning on mature S. aureus biofilms was limited when used in combination with antibiotics and/or induction heating.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(9):629–638.

Evaluation of side effects of mechanical cleaning with an anionic detergent on granite cladding tiles.

One of the aims of Goal 11 of the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to make human settlements sustainable. Some effort should therefore focus on developing maintenance strategies for buildings. Polished granite cladding tiles are very popular for use as flooring material in private and public buildings. These tiles are often treated by mechanical cleaning with detergents and scrubbers, and anionic detergents without chelating agents are usually used to prevent damaging the material. In this study, the anionic detergent Teepol® was applied to granite tiles in order to determine the effect of the treatment on the surface properties of this stone, i.e. appearance, colour, gloss, roughness and hydrophobicity. The results obtained were explained by scanning electron microscopy observations, which enabled characterisation of the microtexture of the surfaces, chemical contamination and any damage to the different granite-forming minerals. The results were compared with those obtained for tiles cleaned by the same mechanical procedure but with tap water in place of detergent and for tiles treated by immersion in water without any mechanical action. In summary, the properties evaluated were affected by the extraction of the typical oxyhydroxylated iron forms that fill cracks in the granite and by the formation of new cracks due to the mechanical action. Moreover, colour changes and the chemical contamination (C-rich deposits with Na, S, Cl, Ca and Mg) hindered the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure.

Addition of Particles for Fouling Minimization in Membrane Bioreactors – Permeability Performance, Fluid Dynamics, and Rheology

AbstractMembrane bioreactors (MBR) with submerged flat sheet modules follow the airlift loop flow principle. The addition of particles is a new development in MBR fouling control. Experiments with plastic beads clearly show a mechanical cleaning effect. Biologically active beads (quorum quenching) can further reduce membrane fouling. The effectiveness of the particles depends on the flow conditions, though. To select or design such additives properly, as well as to optimize air flow rates, the complex fluid dynamics of the multiphase airlift loop flow and the rheology of the biomass need to be understood.

Endodontics in motion: new concepts, materials and techniques 3. The role of irrigants during root canal treatment

The aims of root canal irrigation are the chemical dissolution or disruption and the mechanical detachment of pulp tissue, dentin debris and smear layer (instrumentation products), microorganisms (planktonic or biofilm) and their products from the root canal wall, their removal out of the root canal system and their chemical dissolution or disruption. Each of the endodontic irrigation systems has its own irrigant flow characteristics, which should fulfill these aims. Without flow (convection), the irrigant would have to be distributed through diffusion. This process is slow and depends on temperature and concentration gradients. On the other hand, convection is a faster and more efficient transport mechanism. During irrigant flow, frictional forces will occur, for example between the irrigant and the root canal wall (wall shear stress). These frictional forces have a mechanical cleaning effect on the root canal wall. These frictional forces are the result of the flow characteristics related to the different irrigation systems.

Fouling behavior and system performance in membrane bioreactor introduced by granular media as a mechanical cleaning effect on membranes

The use of granular polyethylene terephthalate (PET) media provides an effective way to control membrane fouling in aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) system under relatively low aeration rate in treatment of synthetic wastewater and real sewage. Without PET media, increasing set point permeate flux caused disproportionate increase in fouling rate. The fouling rate observed at higher flux could not be reduced by lowering the flux due to the formation of irreversible membrane fouling. At fixed aeration rate and permeate set point flux, the fouling rate was much lower with the flat sheet membrane than the hollow fiber membrane as it is combined with the PET media under 5% of packing ratio. The benefit of the granular PET media as suspended carriers to reduce membrane fouling was more pronounced with the flat sheet membrane than the hollow fiber membrane possibly due to better accessibilities and movements of the PET media within flow channels between membranes. However, the use of longer fiber improved beneficial effect of the PET media on fouling reductions than shorter one. It was thought that longer fiber enhanced fiber movement and this should provide synergistic effect on the use of PET media as mechanical cleaning way to control membrane fouling. During the operational period of MBR system, the addition of the rigid spherical PET media in the reactor did not deteriorate treatment efficiency, yielding more than about 97 and 75% in soluble Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen removal efficiencies, respectively.

Effects of mechanical cleaning by manual brushing and abrasive blasting on lime render coatings on Architectural Heritage

This research studies the effects of mechanical cleaning by brushing and by abrasive blasting on the lime render coating of a facade. After analysing the properties of the material, the deposits to be removed and their possible influence on the treatment, different cleaning tests were made by manual brushing and by blasting with three varieties of abrasives at 45° and 75° angles, keeping the other parameters constant. Taking the restorer’s perspective as a starting point, and in order to fulfil the practical requirements of an intervention, tests were evaluated with macro-photography, USB digital microscope and stereomicroscope with 3D visualization and measurement. From the results can be concluded that abrasives with low friability and greater grain size than the space between mortar aggregates blasted at a 75° angle reduce the differential erosion compared to other abrasives; although manual brushing has less impact on the surface.

The influence of granular materials on the operation and membrane fouling characteristics of submerged MBRs

Aeration to mitigate membrane fouling accounts for the largest fraction of energy consumed in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). To reduce the energy consumed during MBR operation, alternative methods must be developed to control membrane fouling. Granules should be introduced into submerged MBRs to mitigate membrane fouling due to their mechanical cleaning effect on the membrane surface. This study assessed the possible reduction in aeration for submerged MBRs through introducing granules and investigated membrane fouling characteristics from using granules. Two bench-scale MBRs operated in parallel with synthetic wastewater, and granules were introduced into one MBR. The MBR with granules operated stably even after aeration was reduced by 50%. Reversible fouling was almost entirely controlled through the introduction of granules. However, the granules promoted irreversible fouling due to cake elimination, which acted as a dynamic filter. The overall benefit from granules was apparent; although, reversible fouling dominated in the absence of granules. The foulant characteristics differed with granule use. These characteristic changes were also explained by the absence of the dynamic filtration effect.

Effect of Mechanical Cleaning of Endotracheal Tubes With Sterile Urethral Catheters to Reduce Biofilm Formation in Ventilator Patients

To investigate the effectiveness of mechanical cleaning with sterile urethral catheters to prevent formation of biofilms on endotracheal tubes. Forty-five children were randomized in equal numbers to endotracheal tube cleaning group for three times a day (group A), twice daily (group B), or to a control group with no endotracheal tube cleaning (group C). Bacterial studies and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to assess bacterial colonization and biofilm thickness on the internal surface of the endotracheal tube. In group B, the quantities of viable bacteria adhering to the endotracheal tube after 1 day of ventilation were similar to the control group but were significantly less by 3 days (p < 0.05). The quantities of viable bacteria adhering to the endotracheal tube in group A were significantly lower than group C from day 1 to day 7 (p < 0.05). The numbers of culture-positive endotracheal tube and lower respiratory tract secretions were both reduced in groups A and B compared with group C. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed progressive development of mature biofilms in group C. Scattered bacteria were seen in group A with no biofilm formation. In group B, a small amount of extracellular polymeric substance was seen, with more bacterial cells than in group A. The biofilms in group B were significantly thinner than those in group C (p < 0.05). The occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was significantly reduced by endotracheal tube cleaning. Mechanical cleaning with sterile urethral catheters reduced bacterial colonization, prevented formation of endotracheal tube biofilm, and reduced the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Antibiofilm and quorum sensing inhibitory activity of Achyranthes aspera on cariogenic Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro and in silico study

Context: Traditionally, many cultures use chewing sticks for oral hygiene maintenance. When properly used, these chewing sticks are found to be efficient due to the combined effect of mechanical cleaning, enhanced salivation and the antimicrobial action of leached out plant compounds.Objective: Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae), an ethanomedicinal herb was evaluated for its potential to inhibit growth and biofilm formation by cariogenic isolate Streptococcus mutans as an alternative means of caries management by quorum quenching (QQ).Materials and methods: Biofilm forming cariogenic isolates were isolated and their susceptibility to the petroleum ether, benzene, methanol, aqueous extracts of A. aspera was evaluated. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), phytochemical analyses and structure-based virtual screening for their quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activities, drug-likeness and bioavailability were also carried out.Results: The biofilm inhibition percentage obtained for methanol, benzene, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts (125 µg/mL) were ≤94%, ≤74%, ≤62% ≤42%, respectively. GC–MS analyses indicated 61 compounds, of which betulin recorded efficient interaction exhibiting comparable binding energy of −8.72 with S. mutans glycosyltransferase (GTF-SI) whereas 3,12-oleandione exhibited binding energy −5.92 with OmpR subfamily QS regulatory DNA-binding response regulator. Computer-assisted molecular descriptor and Lipinski’s rule violation calculation uncovered the presence of more drug-like compounds.Discussion and conclusion: Anticaries bioactive compounds of A. aspera with higher QS response regulator binding energy, low toxicity and optimal pharmacokinetic properties were revealed. These compounds with possible QQ ability hold the potential for use as anticaries drug leads and antibiofilm preventative medicine.

Influence of Materials, Water Qualities and Disinfection Methods on the Drinking Water Biofilm Community

The composition of biofilm populations in drinking water will mainly depend on the nutrient availability and the temperature. The nutrients may originate either from the raw water or from the installation materials. To determine the effect of drinking water pipe materials on the composition of biofilm populations, biofilms grown on different materials (EPDM materials, PEXb, PEXc and copper) were analyzed by cloning (16S rDNA) and the community fingerprinting method denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Additionally the long-term effect of mechanical cleaning and disinfection with chlorine dioxide (0.2 mg/l, 24h) on the biofilm populations was tested. The biofilm populations had high diversities on growth supporting materials like EPDM and comparatively low diversity on PEX. The biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria and the composition of the subdivisions was influenced by the applied material. Flavobacteria and members of the family Sphingomonadaceae, which are known to degrade several organic compounds, were found on EPDM materials and might be suitable as indicators for hygienical relevant materials. Comparison of biofilms previously treated with disinfectants with untreated ones by DGGE revealed a considerable population shift depending on the pipe material.

Effect of mechanical cleaning with granular material on the permeability of submerged membranes in the MBR process

The research on fouling reduction and permeability loss in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) was carried out at two MBR pilot plants with synthetic and real wastewater. On the one hand, the effect of mechanical cleaning with an abrasive granular material on the performance of a submerged MBR process was tested. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements and integrity tests were conducted to check whether the membrane material was damaged by the granulate. The results indicate that the fouling layer formation was significantly reduced by abrasion using the granular material. This technique allowed a long-term operation of more than 600 days at a flux up to 40 L/(m 2 h) without chemical cleaning of the membranes. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the membrane bioreactor (MBR) with granulate could be operated with more than 20% higher flux compared to a conventional MBR operation. SEM images and integrity tests showed that in consequence of abrasive cleaning, the granular material left brush marks on the membrane surface, however, the membrane function was not affected. In a parallel experimental set up, the impact of the operationally defined “truly soluble fraction” <0.04 μm from wastewater and activated sludge on the ultrafiltration membrane fouling characteristics was investigated. It was shown that the permeability loss was caused predominantly by the colloidal fraction >0.04 μm rather than by the dissolved fraction of wastewater and activated sludge.

Chewing sticks: timeless natural toothbrushes for oral cleansing.

It is generally accepted that oral hygiene maintenance through regular removal of dental plaque and food deposits is an essential factor in the prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease. Methods for oral hygiene vary from country to country and from culture to culture. Despite the widespread use of toothbrushes and toothpastes, natural methods of tooth cleaning using chewing sticks selected and prepared from the twigs, stems or roots from a variety of plant species have been practised for thousands of years in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and the Americas. Selected clinical studies have shown that chewing sticks, when properly used, can be as efficient as toothbrushes in removing dental plaque due to the combined effect of mechanical cleaning and enhanced salivation. It has also been suggested that antimicrobial substances that naturally protect plants against various invading microorganisms or other parasites may leach out into the oral cavity, and that these compounds may benefit the users by protection against cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Some clinical epidemiological studies are in support of this, and many laboratory investigations have suggested the presence of heterogeneous antimicrobial components extractable using different chemical procedures. A few recent studies have identified some of the active antimicrobial compounds. Today, chewing sticks are still used in many developing countries because of religion and or tradition, and because of their availability, low cost and simplicity. The World Health Organization also encourages their use. The Year 2000 Consensus Report on Oral Hygiene states that chewing sticks may have a role to play in the promotion of oral hygiene, and that evaluation of their effectiveness warrants further research.

Evaluation of Conservation Treatments Applied to Salted Paper Prints, Cyanotypes and Platinotypes

As the great majority of photographic prints have a paper support, their conservation has been based on conservation treatments traditionally used by paper conservators. It cannot be assumed, however, that these standard treatments, that are employed on paper without any problem, will give comparable results on photographic prints. The effects of mechanical cleaning, solvent cleaning, wet cleaning, bleaching and deacidification on salted papers, cyanotypes and platinotypes are investigated and discussed. The treatments were separated into those that gave clearly negative results and should be rejected, and those that should be studied in depth before accepting them as suitable. It was shown that the use of some types of bleaching and deacidification agents can be very dangerous in the case of plain paper prints. Cyanotypes proved to be the most sensitive to any treatment method and platinotypes the most resistant.

Effects of Mechanical Cleaning on Cotton Fibers: Part III: Effects of Card Wire Condition on White Specks

Combinations of gin and mill cleaning sequences have been studied to determine the best way to clean both smooth-leaf and hairy-leaf cottons. The two varieties were subjected to four different levels of lint cleaning at the gin, followed by nine different mill cleaning sequences, for a total of thirty-six samples. All samples were tested for fiber properties (Part II), yarn strength, and fabric strength and appearance. The yarn and fabric properties are reported in this paper. In the middle of the study, the card wire was damaged and subsequently replaced, which presented the opportunity to determine the impact of the card wire's condition on white specks. In addition, image analysis of the fabric samples by Optimas detected the percent white, the percentage of the area of white specks in a specified area of fabric. Because of the variability of white specks, a larger sample size was needed than was available for the mill samples, so only trends can be reported for the mill samples. In general, the more aggressive the cleaning, the higher the percent white. When comparing the effect of ginning, each additional lint cleaner produced an increase in percent white for the worn card wire. The new card wire decreased the percent white overall as compared to the worn card wire. The new card wire samples with three lint cleanings had a significantly higher white speck level than zero, one, or two lint cleaners. Similarly, the harsher the mill cleaning, the higher the percent white. The hairy-leaf variety produced percent white values similar to those for the smooth-leaf cotton for both the old and new card wires. Thus, when confronted with the possibility of a white speck problem, minimal gin cleaning and less aggressive mill cleaning are recommended.

Effects of Mechanical Cleaning on Cotton Fibers

Four different levels of lint cleaning in the gin were applied to smooth-leaf and hairy-leaf cottons. Nine different mill cleaning sequences were applied to each level of gin cleaning, resulting in a total of thirty-six different combinations of gin/mill cleanings for each variety. This study suggests lint cleaners should be used only as a step in the cleaning process, and most cleaning should be done in the mill. Such a shift from conventional processing could significantly improve the quality of cotton and reduce the short fiber content. Mills would benefit by having better quality yarns and higher processing efficiency, especially in spinning.

Effects of Mechanical Cleaning on Cotton Fibers

Smooth leaf and hairy leaf Midsouth cottons were processed through minimum, two intermediate, and maximum gin cleanings. Based on fiber measurements after mill cleaning, minimum gin cleaning yielded the best fiber quality ( i.e., length, low short fiber content). Fiber damage as a result of maximum gin cleaning was evident through all levels of mill cleaning. There were also differences in nonlint content as a result of cleaning machinery and cotton varieties.