Effect Of Irrigation Research Articles

Antibacterial effect and smear layer removal ability of herbal intra-canal irrigants in primary teeth

Natural irrigants, specifically when used with children are important as they have fewer adverse effects. Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial effect and smear layer removal ability of sage versus turmeric irrigants. Methods: 60 roots of primary teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis and randomly allocated to the following subgroups (12 roots each): Subgroup (I): 0.2% sage solution, Subgroup (II): 12.5% turmeric solution, Subgroup (III): 2% chlorhexidine solution, Subgroup (IV): contaminated only, Subgroup (V): negative controls. Microbiological culturing was performed. Assessment of the smear layer removal ability, 40 roots (10 roots in each group) were randomly divided; Subgroup 1: 0.2% Sage solution. Subgroup 2: 12.5% turmeric solution. Subgroup 3: 2% chlorohexidine. Subgroup 4: saline. The evaluation of smear layer removal was performed by SEM. Results: Chlorohexidine showed the highest percentage reduction in bacterial count followed by turmeric, then the sage group. A comparison of the smear layer removal, scores showed significant differences in the middle section of the different groups, with the turmeric group having a significantly higher median score than the sage group. Conclusion: chlorohexidine showed the highest antibacterial properties and smear layer removal ability followed by turmeric then sage.

Long-term effects of combining reclaimed and freshwater on mandarin tree performance

The current scenario of water scarcity leads to a seek for new irrigation strategies that maintain agricultural productivity while reducing the pressure on freshwater resources, especially in the Mediterranean region, which has a structural deficit of water sources. In this study, the effects of irrigation with water from different origins were assessed over six consecutive years in soil salinity indicators, tree physiology and yield of mandarin trees in south east Spain. The following treatments were considered: i) freshwater from the “Tagus-Segura” water-transfer canal (TW or Control); ii) reclaimed water from a wastewater-treatment plant (RW); iii) irrigation with TW, except in stage II of fruit development when RW was used (TWc); and iv) irrigation with RW except in stage II when TW was used (RWc). Soil salinity indicators increased in all treatments with respect to Control, except for TWc in winter. However, this increase only led to reductions in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in the RW treatment, while gas exchange parameters of trees from TWc and RWc were not negatively affected. Tree vegetative growth was only affected in the long-term, with trees from the RWc treatment having greater canopies. Yield was increased in the TWc and RWc treatments by 23.1 % and 29.5 %, respectively; while it was reduced by 23.5 % in RW when compared to TW. Likewise, differences among treatments in fruit quality traits were also detected. Our results suggest that combining water from different sources could be a viable alternative for irrigating mandarin trees under semiarid conditions with savings of approximately 50 % of fresh water, although the sustainability of soil health should be ensured. In addition, further research is needed to adapt these strategies to other species and cultivar-rootstock combinations.

Serial manual bolus irrigation leads to critical intrarenal pressures during flexible ureterorenoscopy - time to abandon this manoeuvre.

To characterise the effect of solitary and serial manual bolus irrigations on intrarenal pressures (IRPs) and observe the clinical consequences. A pressure guidewire was used for IRP measurement during routine flexible ureterorenoscopy for management of renal stone disease, including manual bolus irrigation when required to maintain vision. The fluid bolus was either as a solitary manual bolus or a series of manual boluses in quick succession. The pre-bolus, maximal and difference between IRPs were calculated. A total of 50 procedures in 46 patients were analysed. In all, 68 solitary manual boluses and 38 serial manual boluses were observed to have been undertaken during these procedures. After a solitary manual bolus, the median (standard deviation [SD], range) increase in IRP was 22.4 (34.0, 0.1-160.8) mmHg, and the mean (SD, range) maximum IRP was 46.1 (41.7, 15.8-190.0) mmHg, with elevated IRPs persisting for a median (range) duration of 19 (4-66) s. After serial manual boluses, the median (SD, range) rise in IRP was 58.4 (64.7, 10.2-242.84) mmHg and the mean (SD, range) maximum IRP reached was 100.8 (69.7, 34.3-303.5) mmHg. The elevated IRPs endured for a median (range) of 42 (9-121 s; P < 0.01 in all comparisons), suggesting a much greater elevation of IRP with instances where serial bolus irrigation was undertaken. Manual bolus irrigation, both solitary but particularly serial boluses, produces significant rises in IRP and could logically result in pyelovenous backflow and sepsis. We suggest that this manoeuvre should be avoided to reduce complications during ureterorenoscopy.

The effect of aeration and irrigation on the improvement of soil environment and yield in dryland maize.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of long-term aerated seepage irrigation technology on soil fertility changes and maize yield under continuous maize cropping system in red loam soil, and to explain the mechanism of maize yield increase under this technology, which can provide theoretical basis for crop quality improvement and yield increase under aerated irrigation (AI) technology. Therefore, this research was conducted for four field seasons in 2020-2023 at the National Soil Quality Observation Experimental Station, Zhanjiang, China. Soil aeration, soil fertility, root growth, physiological traits, and yield indicators were evaluated by conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI. Our results showed that AI treatment significantly improved soil aeration and soil fertility. Increases in soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil bacterial biomass, and soil urease activity were observed, corresponding to increases from 3.08% to 21.34%, 1.90% to 24.71%, 26.37% to 0.09%, and 12.35% to 100.96%, respectively. The effect of AI on maize indicators increased year by year. Based on improvements in soil aeration and fertility, root length, root surface area, and root dry weight under AI treatment were enhanced by 15.56% to 53.79%, 30.13% to 62.31%, and 19.23% to 35.64% (p < 0.05) compared to the CK group. In addition, maize agronomic traits and physiological characteristics showed improved performance; in particular, over 1.16% to 14.42% increases were identified in maize yield by AI treatment. Further analysis using a structural equation model (SEM) demonstrated that the AI technology significantly promotes the improvement of root indicators by enhancing soil aeration and soil fertility. As a result, maize yield could be increased significantly and indirectly.

Bladder irrigation with tap water to reduce antibiotic use for urinary tract infections in catheter users.

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of bladder irrigation (BI) with tap water to reduce antibiotic use for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with recurrent UTI symptoms and to assess the treatment satisfaction of BI. This prospective, observational study included patients with an indwelling catheter or performing clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC) who had recurrent UTI symptoms between July 2022 and March 2024. BI with tap water was used for the treatment of UTIs without systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, flank pain or delirium). Patients started daily irrigation at the onset of UTI symptoms and used a tapering schedule. The number of antibiotic treatments for UTIs, UTI incidence rate ratio (IRR), UTI-related hospitalisations, treatment satisfaction and quality of life (QoL) were compared between a 3-month period before and after BI with tap water. A total of 60 patients were included with a median (interquartile range) age of 64.5 (50.4-72.6) years, 66.7% were male, and 83.3% were performing CIC. Antibiotic use was decreased on average by 38.1% (IRR = 0.62; P = 0.016) and catheter-associated UTIs by 37.9% (IRR = 0.62; P = 0.005). No increase was observed in the incidence of UTIs with systemic symptoms or UTI-related hospitalisations. In addition, no differences were observed in the health-related QoL. The majority of patients were positive about the subjective effectiveness (81%), ease of use (86%) and overall satisfaction (85%) of BI with tap water. These findings emphasise the potential of BI with tap water as a promising and patient-friendly alternative for the treatment of UTIs in patients with urinary catheters. BI with tap water significantly reduces antibiotic use and UTI incidence in patients with recurrent UTIs and is a safe and patient-friendly alternative that can be easily implemented in the management of UTIs.

Effects of Different Irrigation and Fertilization Levels on the Yield and Quality of Wet Sugar Beet Pulp Used as Animal Feed

Effects of Different Irrigation and Fertilization Levels on the Yield and Quality of Wet Sugar Beet Pulp Used as Animal Feed

Combined effects of deficit irrigation and mulching on fruit quality and bioactive compounds of VNR Bihi guava (Psidium guajava)

The present study was carried out during 2019–20 and 2020–21 at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand to assess the combined effects of deficit irrigation and mulching on a 5-year- old VNR Bihi guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchard. The experiment consisted of three irrigation regimes, viz. deficit irrigation at 50% ETc (DI50); deficit irrigation at 75% ETc (DI75); and full irrigation at 100% ETc (FI100); and four mulching treatments, viz. silver-black mulch (MSB); black mulch (MB); organic mulch (MOM); and without mulch (MWM) laid out in a factorial randomised block design (F-RBD) with three replications. Results showed that fruit number and yield/tree were recorded highest in trees irrigated with DI75 and mulched with silver-black mulch. Under treatment DI50 fruit had the highest concentration of soluble solids, with Brix levels of 12.35°B and 12.78 °B during the years 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively. Total sugars content was significantly increased under DI50 by 7.73 and 7.36%, respectively as compared to FI100 during both the years of experimentation. The biochemical properties such as total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant (DPPH) activity also increased as irrigation regimes decreased from FI100 to DI50. The total phenolic and flavonoids content were improved by 19.19 and 33.44%, respectively under DI50 when compared to FI100. Significant differences among different mulch treatments with respect to quality parameters were also observed except DPPH activity. Silver-black mulch followed by black mulch resulted in higher soluble solids content, total sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, total flavonoids and DPPH activity. These findings demonstrate the positive effect of water deficit practice on bioactive compounds and the appropriateness of deficit irrigation and mulching as irrigation management strategies in the fruit orchards that improve fruit commercial value and conserve water.

The investigation of endodontic irrigants and polyhexanide-based solution action on smear layer

AIM. The effect of irrigants on the smear layer on the intracanalicular dentin surface is one of the important issues in endodontics. The objective of this article is to determine the effect of different concentrations of polyhexanide-based solutions and standard irrigants on the smear layer using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The present study was conducted on 42 extracted teeth (third molars, first and second premolars) with formed apices that had been extracted for orthodontic indications. The teeth were decoronated and samples were prepared. In order to create a smear layer, the lumen of the canals was instrumented with H-file #40 throughout. A simulation of root canal irrigation was conducted by immersing the specimens in a 5-ml container filled with the proper solution for 1 hour: group 1 – no treatment (n = 6); group 2 – saline (n = 6); group 3 – 2% chlorhexidine (n = 6); group 4 – 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 6); group 5 – 17% EDTA; group 6 – polyhexanide 0.1% (n = 6); group 7 – polyhexanide 0.2% (n = 6). A ~30 nm thick platinum film was sputtered onto the surface of each sample using a magnetron deposition technique. SEM microphotos were acquired on a Vega3 TESCAN scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an SE secondary electron detector, which enables imaging with high topographic contrast. The initial detector (incamera) was employed for image acquisition, with an electron energy of 30 keV. Images were acquired at magnifications of x20 (overview image), x150, x250, x500, x1000, x2500, x7500 for each sample.RESULTS. The samples from groups 1 and 5 demonstrated the absence of a smear layer on the dentin surface and the absence of smear plugs in the dentinal tubules. Groups 2 and 3 are distinguished by the deposition of a pronounced amorphous smear layer and the obturation of all dentinal tubules. Groups 4, 6, and 7 are distinguished by the deposition of a smaller volume of smear layer on the dentin surface, as well as the presence of semi-open or completely open entrances to the dentinal tubules.CONCLUSION. The data obtained indicates that antiseptic compositions based on polyhexanide in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2% do not have a pronounced effect on the smear layer. However, in visual evaluation of SEM micrographs, their effect is comparable to that of 3% sodium hypochlorite. In instances where enhanced dissolution of the smear layer and smear plugs from the tubules is necessary to facilitate decontamination of the wall dentin, the combination of antiseptics with chelate compounds, such as 17% EDTA, may be employed.

Assessing the Synergistic Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Growth Retardants on Insitu Sprouting and Quality Parameters of Groundnut VRI 8

Background: Groundnut is a crucial oilseed crop cultivated year-round, with seed dormancy controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Preventing pre-harvest sprouting is essential, as it is a common issue. To study the effect of deficit irrigation management and foliar application of growth retardant chemicals on pre-harvest sprouting control efficiency to achieve higher yield of groundnut. Methodology: In a field experiment conducted during early summer 2024 at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, the effectiveness of different growth retardant chemicals and deficit irrigation management on reducing in-situ sprouting of groundnut kernels was investigated. The experiment included three irrigation management strategies: conventional irrigation and two deficit irrigation treatments where irrigation was withheld from 90 to 105 DAS (Days After Sowing) and 85 to 100 DAS. Additionally, foliar sprays of growth retardant chemicals were applied at 75 and 90 DAS. The chemicals tested were maleic hydrazide (MH) @ 1250 ppm, cycocel (CCC) @ 1000 ppm, abscisic acid (ABA) @ 750 ppm, and salicylic acid (SA) @ 750 ppm. Proper agronomic practices were followed throughout the crop growth cycle. Results: Among the growth retardant chemicals tested, MH @ 1250 ppm proved effective in inducing dormancy. Withdrawal of irrigation from 90 to 105 DAS also significantly contributed to dormancy induction, extending dormancy by more than 5 days post-harvest as well as reduced the pod loss which significantly increased pod yield. It was because of the reduction in soil moisture content during harvest stage and alteration in the hormonal activities. Specifically, the combined treatment of foliar application of MH @ 1250 ppm and no irrigation from 90 to 105 DAS reduced germination percentage by 12.6%, 36.8% and 60.5% immediately 5, 10 and 15 days after harvest respectively. Conclusion: The reduction in soil moisture content during the harvest stage, coupled with changes in hormonal activities, significantly impacts seed sprouting. These factors can lead to stress conditions that hinder germination, ultimately affecting crop yields. Addressing these issues is crucial for ensuring optimal seed development and enhancing agricultural productivity.

Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application at Early Tillering, Panicle Initiation and Flowering Stages on the Yield and Yield Attributes of Boro Rice

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of irrigation scheduling and nitrogen splitting on the yield and yield attributes of boro rice, with particular emphasis on critical growth stages including early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages. The experiment was executed at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, from December 2022 to May 2023. The experiment setup was demonstrated using a split plot design, incorporating three replications. Two factors were determined for the experiment: the first included three different watering schedules aiming critical growth stages: early tillering (I1), early tillering and flowering (I2), and early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering panicle initiation (I3). The second factor was distinct nitrogen splitting techniques, which consisted of four levels: control (N0), 138 kg N ha-1 as basal (N1), 69 kg N ha-1 at early tillering and flowering stages (N2), and 46 kg N ha-1 at early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages (N3). The highest reading of chlorophyll content was noticed in I3 along with productive tillers (15.67), grains (115.25) and yield outcome (4.44 t ha-1). Regarding nitrogen application, the greatest chlorophyll content, number of functional tillers (13.32), productive grains (112.44) panicle-1 and grain yield (4.48 t ha-1) was recorded in treatment N3. Therefore, the research finding suggest that the application of water at early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages along with the application of 46 kg N ha-1 will be helpful to maximize the production of rice in drought prone areas. This approach not only maximizes yield but also helps to mitigate water wastages associated with excessive irrigation.

From wastewater to feed: Understanding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances occurrence in wastewater-irrigated crops.

Reusing treated wastewater for irrigation is a sustainable way to recycle nutrients and reduce freshwater use. However, wastewater irrigation inadvertently introduces per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into agroecosystems, causing concerns regarding potential adverse effects to ecosystem, animal, and human health. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathways by which PFAS accumulate in forage crops is needed. A greenhouse study was conducted to (1) quantify the contribution of root uptake versus foliar sorption of PFAS in corn (Zea mays) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), (2) assess effects of PFAS-impacted wastewater irrigation on plant health, and (3) determine the potential implications for bioaccumulation. The greenhouse study was composed of four treatments for each forage crop to isolate the relative contribution of two uptake pathways. Results suggested that foliar sorption was an unlikely contributor to PFAS concentrations observed in crop tissue. Root uptake was identified as the predominant uptake pathway. PFAS were detected more frequently in orchard grass samples compared to corn silage samples. Additionally, corn exhibited a lower uptake of long-chain PFAS compared to grass. Overall, no plant health effects on growth attributable to PFAS concentrations were observed.Forage data suggest cattle exposure to PFAS would be largely short-chain PFAS or long-chain "replacement" compounds(>50%). However, cattle may still be exposed to potentially harmful long-chain PFAS; levels in the forage crops exceeded the tolerable weekly intake set by the European Food Safety Authority. This study provides insights on PFAS entry into the food chain and potential implications for livestock and human health.

Evaluation of Plant Growth and Flowering Performance of Florida Native and Non-native Ornamentals under Varying Irrigation

Pollinator gardening has gained momentum with an increased consumer interest in selecting native rather than non-native plant species to reduce water dependence and maximize the biodiversity value in both public greenspaces and residential gardens. Native plant species can enhance biological control and benefit ecosystems and wildlife. Often, they are also better-adapted to local environmental conditions, including temperature and rainfall, thus increasing their survival and reducing associated maintenance costs, primarily by requiring less water. Commercially available pollinator-friendly plant mixes often include both native and non-native species. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the main effects of plant provenance (native or non-native) and irrigation (full or partial irrigation) on landscape performance and flowering of 20 plants, including 10 congeneric pairs of native and non-native taxa that were planted in two locations (north and northcentral Florida). Native and non-native taxa were paired by genus to analyze the effect of the plant native status on vegetative and floral traits while controlling for variations in leaf and floral morphologies, growth habits, and blooming periods, which was a key and novel component of our study design. Represented native species included Spanish needles (Bidens alba), false rosemary (Conradina grandiflora), tickseed coreopsis (Coreopsis leavenworthii), blanket-flower (Gaillardia pulchella), swamp rosemallow (Hibiscus grandiflorus), inkberry (Ilex glabra), spotted beebalm (Monarda punctata), azure blue sage (Salvia azurea), Florida scrub skullcap (Scutellaria arenicola), and Walter's viburnum (Viburnum obovatum). Non-native taxa paired with native congeners included Beedance® painted red bidens (Bidens ferulifolia) or Goldilocks Rocks® bidens (Bidens ferulifolia ‘BID 16101’), barbeque rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus ‘Barbeque’), Jethro Tull coreopsis (Coreopsis × ‘Jethro Tull’), Arizona sun blanket-flower (Gaillardia ×grandiflora ‘Arizona Sun’), Ruffled Satin® rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus ‘SHIMCR1’), dwarf Burford holly (Ilex cornuta ‘Dwarf Burford’), pardon my pink beebalm (Monarda didyma ‘Pardon My Pink’), big blue salvia (Salvia longispicata × S. farinacea ‘PAS1246577’), Malaysian skullcap (Scutellaria javanica), and Sandankwa viburnum (Viburnum suspensum). Overall, the results revealed that native plants outperformed non-native plants and exhibited greater survival, more vegetative growth, and greater floral abundance regardless of the irrigation treatment. Although there was no overall effect of irrigation on plant size or flower abundance, there were some species-specific responses, especially during the establishment year, and plants under full irrigation had greater survival in the establishment year. Thus, in general, the effects of plant provenance were stronger and more consistent across years than irrigation. Additional studies are underway to determine the floral rewards of these species and their attraction to diverse pollinators.

Effects of Irrigation and Fertigation on Seedless Watermelon Yield in Southern Indiana

Indiana cultivates approximately 7000 acres of watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) every year, with the majority of production concentrated in southern Indiana, thus making this region a key area for watermelon production in the United States. Diverse irrigation and fertilization practices are used for watermelon production in the region, yet their effects on production outcomes remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated the impact of existing practices on watermelon yield to optimize irrigation and fertilization practices for improved production. The experiment was conducted at the Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center, Vincennes, IN, USA, during the 2022 and 2023 watermelon seasons. The following four treatments were applied: high irrigation, low irrigation, no irrigation, and fertigation. The fertigation treatment received the same water application as the high irrigation treatment, but with frequent fertilizer application with irrigation; however, fertilizers were applied before planting in the high, low, and no irrigation treatments. Although soil moisture levels at the different depths varied notably among treatments, no significant differences in yield by weight were observed. The minimal impact of irrigation on watermelon yield suggested that sufficient water is stored in the soil to prevent yield-reducing stress during dry periods. However, the high irrigation and fertilization treatments produced more fruit than the low irrigation and no irrigation treatments. The dry periods during both years coincided with the watermelon fruit-setting stages, potentially contributing to the lower fruit set in the low irrigation and no irrigation treatments. Fertigation showed a higher early yield in 2022 than that of the other treatments. An analysis of soil and tissue nitrogen levels indicated that solely applying nitrogen before planting could lead to excessive soil nitrogen during vegetative growth. This excess nitrogen might delay flowering and harvest. This project offers insights into enhancing irrigation and fertilization practices for watermelon production in southern Indiana, provides recommendations, and discusses future research directions.

Effects of irrigation and nutrients managements with plant intensification on rice under saline soil

The area of salt affected agricultural soils has grown on a global scale. The toxicity of salt and the unfavorable characteristics of the soil are two major causes of the low crop productivity on salt-affected soil. Thus, effective and economical management techniques are required for crop production which may sustainable. The experiments were conducted to identify appropriate irrigation and other management practices for higher yield of Boro rice at two locations (Horinkhola, Satkhira and Batiaghata, Khulna) of saline area during two successive years (2021 and 2022). Six treatments were used, consisting of continuous ponding of irrigation water along with recommended fertilizer (farmers practice, as control), and a range of combination of irrigation water and gypsum fertilizer and foliar spray of Urea, TSP, MOP and Zinc Sulphate. The results revealed that at both locations, the treatments showed significant difference and the highest yield (7.35 t/ha at Horinkhola and 6.75 t/ha Batiaghata) were obtained in treatment T5 [Continuous saturation (0-3cm) + 50% recommended fertilizer except MoP + K2SO4 equivalent to 50% K+ OM + no ridge, high density (15 cm x 10 cm) + Change of standing water 20 days interval + Foliar application of Urea-40 g, TSP-44 g, MOP-26 g and Zinc Sulphate 3g (4 times : 25, 35, 45, 60 DAT)]. Overall, this treatment produced 19% higher yield compared to farmer’s practice, along with maximum BCR (1.57) and net profit (52,004 Tk/ha). This technique can be adopted for higher yield in saline area. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 53-64, 2024

The Effect of Sustained Deficit Irrigation and Different Irrigation Methods on Yield and Evapotranspiration of Second-Crop Soybeans in the Mediterranean Basin

The Effect of Sustained Deficit Irrigation and Different Irrigation Methods on Yield and Evapotranspiration of Second-Crop Soybeans in the Mediterranean Basin

Effect of hot saline irrigation on the operative field during endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

Control of bleeding is very important during endoscopic sinus surgery. Saline heated up to 50°C causes dilatation of vessels and edema without nasal mucosa necrosis. It also promotes the clotting cascade so helps in having a bloodless procedure. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 patients divided into two groups (30 each). Group A was the interventional group in which patients were irrigated with saline of 50°C during surgery. Group B was the control group where room-temperature saline was used. The operative field was assessed using the Boezaart score, duration of surgery, and bleeding in ml. The Boezaart score in group A came out to be 2.23 ± 0.72 whereas it was 3.43 ± 0.72 in group B. Most of the patients who were in the interventional group had their surgery completed within 60min with comparatively less bleeding (mean bleeding = 221.83ml). Patients of the control group had increased duration of surgery mostly and bleeding (mean = 265.67ml). Our study showed a strong correlation amongst the Boezaart score, duration of surgery, and bleeding in ml with a p value of < 0.001 where all three variables significantly improved in the interventional group due to a good operative field provided by warm saline heated up to 50°C. Normal saline heated up to 50°C is a cost-effective way to achieve a bloodless operative field during endoscopic sinus surgery. Reduced bleeding also decreases the duration of surgery.

The Changing Hydrology of an Irrigated and Dammed Yangtze River: Streamflow, Extremes, and Lake Hydrodynamics

AbstractUnderstanding the role of anthropogenic activities in the hydrological cycle is critical to support sustainable water management for the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), which experiences extensive dam operation, irrigation and water withdrawal. However, this remains challenging due to insufficient accuracies of existing process‐based models for fully depicting anthropogenic activities as part of the hydrological cycle. To this end, this study enhances a national‐scale coupled land surface‐hydrologic‐hydrodynamic model (CLHMS) with a dynamic irrigation scheme for distinct crops, an extended reservoir operation scheme incorporating both water storage anomalies and water demand anomalies, and a cost‐function‐based approach to link water demands with reservoir operation. The enhanced model is extensively validated against historical streamflow, water storage of 90 reservoirs, and irrigation water withdrawal in the YRB, and the water level and storage of the Poyang Lake (PYL). By setting up controlled experiments in the YRB, we show that the streamflow decreases by 2%–6% due to irrigation and water withdrawal, and manifests an attenuated seasonality due to reservoir operation. At the basin scale, the increasing trend of extreme flood peaks exhibits a reversal under human activities, with the flood mitigation effect of irrigation and water withdrawal accounting for up to 50% of that of reservoir operation. The hydrodynamics of the PYL also exhibits considerable human‐induced alterations, with a 1.79 m‐decrease in the water level at the end of flood season. Our study sheds light on quantifying anthropogenic hydrologic impacts at basin scales, with important implications for understanding the co‐evolution between anthropogenic activities and the hydrological cycle.

Effect of Saline Nasal Irrigation in Patients with Sinonasal Symptoms

Nasal irrigation with saline is frequently used as an alternative therapy for sinonasal diseases since it effectively reduces sinonasal symptoms and improves the quality of life when measured by various subjective instruments. The mechanisms of action of saline irrigation remain unclear, but some hypotheses attribute the direct physical cleansing of thick mucus, allergens, and pollutants. This study aimed to determine the effect of nasal saline irrigation on the nasal mucosa using the modified Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score as the objective evaluation. This pre-post-experimental study was conducted at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from May to June 2023. The study included 18 individuals presenting with sinonasal symptoms. Participants meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria who provided informed consent were trained in nasal saline irrigation. Patients were assessed at baseline and one week after nasal saline irrigation using endoscopy, TNSS, and MCC time. Results revealed that the mean of endoscopic scores before and after saline irrigation were 6.89±1.1 and 5.33±1.4, respectively (p-value 0.006), while the mean of TNSS scores before and after saline irrigation was 6.17±2.3 and 4.28±2.6, respectively (p-value 0.006). Thus, nasal saline irrigation significantly improves the endoscopy and TNSS scores, but not the MCC time.

Effect of unconventional waters irrigation on some morphological and physiological parameters of barley

A test on a variety of barley “Fouara” was carried out to verify the effects of treated wastewater on some physio-morphological parameters of this plant. Two different types of irrigation were chosen, one using treated wastewater from the Ain Beida wastewater treatment plant, and the other, ordinary water serving as a control. The physicochemical results of the treated wastewater showed, in particular, the EC, NH4, NO3 and the DCO/DB05 ratio do not exceed the admissible standards when they reach their maximum values The physio-morphological parameters of barley respond positively to the use of this water; represented by the two averages of the 'sugar' parameter which shows a clear difference depending on the water category (T and S) or the control individuals express an average (0.055) significantly lower than that of the S individuals (0.847). We note that significant values of the positive correlation coefficient of r=0.812 between the two parameters TRE and SF, therefore there is an association between these two factors. But negative for the TRE and PSF (r = -0.722). This means that the values of the two parameters do not evolve in the same direction. The factors 'sugar' and 'chlorophyll b' present the best correlation, they better represent the six individuals and the proline contents are higher in the treated plants.

Composite Effect of Drip Irrigation and Different Color Mulching of Banana Crop in North Bihar Agro-climatic Condition

The Research work was carried out with three main treatments; 100, 80, and 60% of V volume of water through drip and five sub-treatment with different color mulch i.e black, blue, red, white color plastic mulch and without mulch (control) with three replications. Variety Grand Naine of Banana crop was selected. Experimental field layout designed by using split plot design (SPD). Combined effect of drip irrigation and mulching on water saving, vegetative growth, flowering time, bunch emergence time, harvesting time, different yield parameters and quality of banana fruits were found to be better in treatment application of T2 i’e 80% of V volume of water through drip irrigation along with black color of plastic mulch to the tune of 14.95% in water saving; 176.15 cm plant height; 60.23 cm plant girth; average number of functional leaves 17.6; flowering time 292 day after planting; bunch emergence time318 day after planting; harvesting time391 day after planting. The average bunch length 101.90 cm; average number of hands per bunch 11.3: average number of fingers per bunch107.97; average weight of bunch19.77 kg; yield 879.42 q/ha; average length of fingers 14.01 cm; average circumference of fingers 11.90 cm and average weight of fingers 115.04 g. The water use efficiency was evaluated to be maximum i.e. 26.30 q/ha-cm in treatment T3 (0.6V volume (29.54 cm) of water application through drip). The maximum soil temperature (23.69oC) and soil moisture (29.29%) were found in treatment T3 and T1, respectively along with color plastic mulch. The maximum benefit cost ratio was estimated to the tune of 3.76 in treatment T2 along with black color plastic mulch.