Effect Of Injection Temperature Research Articles

Effects of Injection Temperature and Pressure on Combustion in an Existing Otto Engine Using CNG Fuel

Effects of Injection Temperature and Pressure on Combustion in an Existing Otto Engine Using CNG Fuel

Realistic simulation of an aquifer thermal energy storage: Effects of injection temperature, well placement and groundwater flow

To optimize the behaviour of an ATES (aquifer thermal energy storage), to estimate its efficiency and to identify the optimal well locations, the planned installation was simulated with a FE-FV (finite element-finite volume) simulator with realistic water properties, created on the basis of the CSMP++ (Complex Systems Modelling Platform) software library.Simulation results show that storage efficiency increases with the distance between injection and production wells and decreases with increasing injection temperature. Results also support a storage design where the storage wells are placed near the walls. Groundwater flow does not affect storage efficiency significantly, proving that the double concrete walls act as a sufficient thermal insulator.The full operation cycle of an ATES with an optimal well placement was simulated: 120 days of hot water injection (charging), 60 days of production (discharging). The predicted energy and exergy efficiency are 35.6% and 27.4%, respectively. The storage supplies between ∼300 kW and ∼120 kW of thermal energy the first 60 days of hot water production.

Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Shrinkage Behavior of Injection-Molded Poly Lactic Acid (PLA): Effects of Temperature, Shear Rate and Part Thickness

The effects of injection temperature, shear and part thickness on the linear shrinkage of injection-molded poly (lactic acid) (PLA) were intensively analyzed using the Autodesk Moldflow software. The obtained results showed that both melt temperature and shear rate had obvious effects on the linear shrinkage of PLA, i.e., the linear shrinkage of PLA increases significantly with the increase of melt temperature and shear rate. In addition, the shrinkage of high-crystallinity PLA was remarkably larger than that of low-crystallinity PLA, and thin-walled parts was larger than thick-walled ones in shrinkage.

0633 液体ロケットエンジンミキサー部における超臨界圧極低温水素混合流れの数値解析(OS6-7 噴流,後流およびはく離流れ現象の探求と先端的応用,OS6 噴流,後流およびはく離流れ現象の探求と先端的応用)

This study has investigated numerically the interaction of cryogenic hydrogen jet with heated hydrogen cross flow under supercritical pressures relevant to a mixer component in liquid rocket engines. The mixer is considered to be a key component for achieving high reliability of LE-X engine, where an expander bleed cycle is adopted. A two-dimensional simulation of hydrogen jet in cross flow under a supercritical pressure is first performed to explore mixing characteristics in a wide range of injection conditions. Effects of injection temperature and therefore momentum flux ratio on the hydrogen jet in cross flow are comprehensively investigated. A high-order numerical method for the Navier-Stokes equations with a real-fluid equation of state is used for resolving highly unsteady flow fields with large density gradients.

Effects of Injection Temperature and Pressure on Green Part Density for Ceramic Injection Molding

This study investigates the effects of injection temperature and pressure on green part density. The high density of the green parts for the ceramic injection molding (CIM) process improves the material properties of the final product. In this study, the feedstock used was a combination of alumina and zirconia powders with a binder consisting of high density polyethylene, paraffin wax, and stearic acid. Powder loading was fixed at 57% volume. A standard screw-type injection molding machine was used to produce the green parts. The density of the green parts was measured using the Archimedes method. Experimental results show that a 160 °C injection temperature and a 110 MPa injection pressure were the optimum parameters to achieve high density of the green parts. In addition, defect-free green parts were obtained.

Effect of Molding Parameters on the Interface Morphology of Metal Co-Injection Molding

In the present study, the effect of injection temperature, velocity and delay time on the interface morphology of the co-injection molded plates was studied. The results showed that the core penetration parallel to the flow direction becomes less as the skin injection velocity and temperature increases and delay time decreases. Among the parameters, temperature was the most significant in affecting the interface morphology, followed by delay time, while injection velocity seemed to play no significant role. The results were analyzed by taking account of rheological properties of the two feedstocks. Calculations and comparisons of viscosity ratios encountered in experiments were made. It was demonstrated the differences in the rheological properties of the metal feedstocks involved are key factors in determining the interface morphology of the molded parts.

Effects of injection temperature on mechanical properties of bagasse/polypropylene injection molding composites

Effects of injection temperature on thermal degradation and porosity of the bagasse/polypropylene injection molding composites were studied. Above 185 ºC, incomplete filling occurred. The incomplete filling increased with increase of injection temperature. It was found that the gas generated by thermal degradation of bagasse fibers was so accumulated in the injection cylinder that the injected composites ended up with incomplete filling. A modified injection method with the venting of gas increased the complete filling percentage. Mechanical properties decreased with increase of injection temperature from 165 ºC to 260 ºC. This was due to increase of porosity and fiber shortening. The calculated flexural modulus, which incorporated the effect of porosity and fiber length, agreed well with the experimental results. Composites with maleic acid anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were also investigated. Flexural strength and impact strength were improved by 45% and 35%, respectively, by addition of 20wt% MAPP. In the MAPP composites, fiber breakages at their roots were observed in the fracture surface after an impact test, while pulled-off fibers were observed in those without MAPP.

EFFECT OF INJECTION TEMPERATURE ON DISPERSION PHASES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POM/TPU BLENDS

The effects of injection temperature on the dispersion phase and mechanical properties of polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyurethane elaster(POM/TPU) blends were investigated.The experimental results showed that the notched impact strength of POM/TPU blends was greatly influenced by injection temperatures,and the highest value,19.1 kJ/m~2,appeared at 195℃,two times as high as the value obtained at 175℃.Because the viscosity ratio of POM to TPU changed with temperature,and reached 1 at around 195℃,and TPU formed strips-like structure in POM matrix along with the flow direction of the melt during injection,which could effectively absorb impact energy,prevent growth of crazes and formation of cracks.With increase of injection temperature,the average particle size of TPU decreased,and the particle size distribution became narrower.It is an effective way to toughen POM by adjusting the viscosity ratio of the dispersion phase and the matrix and controlling the morphology of the dispersion phase.

Effects of injection temperature on the jet evolution under supercritical conditions

A nitrogen jet with subcritical and supercritical injection temperatures injected into a supercritical environment, in which both the pressure and temperature exceed those of the thermodynamic critical state, has been investigated numerically using large-eddy simulation technique. The effects of the injection temperature on the flow evolution are studied. We find that the jet surface is more unstable with the instability waves growing up and rolling into a succession of ring vortices for supercritical injection temperature, and the jet surface is nearly straight with the strong density stratification suppressing the development of the instability waves for subcritical injection temperature. With increasing injection temperature, the spatial growth rate of the surface instability wave strengthens and the frequency of the most unstable mode increases. This behavior is of importance in enhancing the fluid mixing effect. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of the jet evolution under supercritical conditions.

Beam coupling ratios and diffraction efficiencies of a layer-structured liquid crystal device; the effect of injection temperature and layer thickness

Beam coupling ratios and diffraction efficiencies of a photorefractive liquid crystal cell were measured while changing the injection temperature and the layer thickness of the liquid crystal in a layer-structured fabrication. A high beam coupling ratio and first-order Raman–Nath diffraction efficiency were observed at low injection temperature and small cell gap, which showed high order parameters. However, as the cell gap was reduced, the shear stress at the interfaces between the liquid crystals and the photoconducting layers increased, so that the reorientation of the liquid crystals by an internal field could be restricted by the geometry and interrupted by a highly-induced surface energy, reducing photorefractive effects. An optimum exists in the neighborhood of 7.5 μm when LCs are injected at 25 °C under our experimental conditions .

Pain on Injection of Propofol: The Effect of Injectate Temperature

Pain on Injection of Propofol: The Effect of Injectate Temperature

Effects of injection temperature on the mixing level and properties of injection‐mixed PMMA–phenoxy blends

AbstractPolymethyl methacrylate‐phenoxy blends have been obtained in an injection machine at different injection temperatures in order to determine the possibility of direct blending in these processing machines and also the effect that different blending levels have in the mechanical properties of these miscible blends. High injection temperatures, but in the range used in production of the components, provided fairly well homogenized blends comparable both in transparency and mechanical properties to those obtained by kneading and subsequent compression molding. Very good mechanical properties, although less transparent, were obtained when processing at low injection temperatures.

Capillary gas chromatography oftert-butyldimethlysilylamino acids with PTV injection

The programmable temperature vaporizing injector (PTV) has been used to study the effects of injection temperature and initial heating period on the FID response factors of TBDMS derivatives of 17 protein amino acids. The relative response factors were calculated for injection temperatures of 50°C, 90°C, 160°C, 220°C, and 260°C with different initial heating periods (1 s, 5 s, and 10 s) and the results compared with the values obtained for the calculated response factors obtained under classical split injection conditions (300°C, continuous). Except for expected peak broadening effects, the initial heating period does not seem to have significative effects on relative peak areas. The response to the derivatives of alanine, glycine, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, proline, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, asparagine, and arginine was only slightly affected by increasing the injection temperature whereas the response factors for the derivatives of serine, threonine, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were strongly dependent upon initial injection temperatures, decreasing rapidly at temperatures above 160°C. The cold split-splitless injection is clearly advantageous over the classical hot injection techniques for the analysis of this type of aminoacid derivative.

Pain on injection of propofol: the effect of injectate temperature

A double-blind, randomised clinical study was undertaken to compare the effect of temperature on the incidence and severity of the pain experienced on injection of propofol. The number of patients who experienced pain and the severity of the pain were reduced significantly when propofol was administered at a temperature of 4 degrees C. The efficacy of propofol as an induction agent appeared to remain unaltered.

Conditions for accurate split injection of samples with wide boiling point range

AbstractThe effect of injection temperature, carrier gas flow rate, geometry of the glass insert, and column temperature program on the precision and accuracy of split injections was measured. Three types of injection techniques were compared: injection into a hot isothermal injector, isothermal injection with the injector at the solvent boiling point temperature, and programmed injection temperature. The last of these techniques produced the best accuracy and precision of analysis. Conditions for complete sample trapping at the beginning of programmed temperature analysis are described.

Effect of injection temperature, 5% pre-strain and long time aging on the high-temperature mechanical properties of helium injected 316 stainless steel

The helium embrittlement of 316 stainless steel, helium injected to concentrations of 3 ~ 10 at ppm at 573 ± 50 or 1073 ± 20 K, was measured by tensile tests at 1023 K and was completely suppressed by the 5% pre-straining. This improved effect was lost by a post-injection again of 1000 h at 1123 K or 3000 h at 1023 K. It was concluded from the TEM observations that in the solution treated material helium bubbles were concentrated on the grain boundaries and caused embrittlement, but in the 5% pre-strained material helium bubbles nucleated on the dislocations and grew large enough to be unable to be dragged to the grain boundaries by the dislocations during the tensile test. The embrittlement after the long time aging was due to the gathering of the large helium bubbles at the σ-phase boundaries by a sweepout mechanism due to dislocation climb during the long time thermal recovery process.