Effect Of Formulation Factors Research Articles

RHEOLOGICAL INDICES OF FRUIT CONTENT IN JAMS: EFFECT OF FORMULATION ON FLOW PLASTICITY OF SHEARED STRAWBERRY AND PEACH JAMS

ABSTRACTThe effect of formulation factors on Casson yield values measured at low shear rates (0.08 ≤γ≤ 1.01s‐1) (σ01) and at medium shear rates (2.58 ≤γ≤ 387.30s‐1) (σ02) was analyzed in previously sheared strawberry and peach jams. Twenty three samples of each fruit jam were prepared according to a second order composite rotatable design. Composition ranges were: fruit content, 25–55%; soluble solids content, 60–70° Brix; added pectin in strawberry jams, 0.3–0.7% and in peach jams, 0.1–0.5%. Variation of σ01 values in strawberry jams depended mainly on the interactions between fruit and soluble solids and between fruit and pectin, while in peach jams, it depended on fruit‐soluble solids and soluble solids‐pectin interactions. Patterns of change of σ02 values with composition were similar to those observed for σ01 in both strawberry and peach jams. Predictive power of σ01 and σ02 values for estimation of fruit content was low, but taken in conjunction with soluble solids content and total pectin values, 79.5% of the variability of fruit content in strawberry jams and 91.1% of same in peach jams could be explained.

Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 from multivitamin preparations

The effects of formulation factors and pharmaceutical dosage form on the bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-tocopherol), riboflavin, and pyridoxine hydrochloride were studied after administration of two capsule formulations and a tablet to 12 normal humans. Absorption of RRR-alpha-tocopherol was increased from the Aquabiosorb soft elastic gelatin (SEG) capsule formulation compared with the modified standard-SEG capsule and the commercial tablet. There were no significant differences in bioavailability of riboflavin and pyridoxine hydrochloride between the SEG formulation and the tablet albeit a trend toward consistent absorption was seen from the SEG formulation. The modified-SEG formulation exhibited significantly lower bioavailability for these water-soluble vitamins. The enhanced bioavailability of vitamin E and the trend towards faster and more consistent absorption of riboflavin and vitamin B-6 from the SEG formulation may be related to the surfactant vehicle employed and the attendant wetting properties. The results also suggest ethnic differences in vitamin bioavailability.

Effect of formulation factors on the matrix pH of nylon microcapsules.

The application of nylon microencapsulation as a drug delivery system inherently demands that the microencapsulated matrix should not cause degradation of the encapsulated drug. The presence of alkaline hexamethylenediamine (HMD) in the microcapsule core will affect the final pH of the microcapsules and may influence the stability of some drugs. To follow the pH within the microcapsule core during manufacture, pH indicators were encapsulated. The final pH was found to depend on the formulation used and could be controlled by the addition of acid. Several other variables affecting the nylon wall formation were examined to determine optimum processing conditions. Increased agitation produced a decrease in microcapsule size. This cause an increase in nylon weight recovered. The increased recovery of nylon was due in part to nylon formation over a larger surface area. Varying the amounts of HMD and sebacyl chloride (SC) used also affected the total weight of nylon formed. In general, more nylon is recovered as the level of each reactant increases. However, the molar ratio of HMD:SC determined the total amount of nylon formed when SC was present in excess.

Effect of formulation factors and food intake on the bioavailability of erythromycin stearate tablets

The bioavailability of 3 commercial erythromycin tablet formulations: film-coated stearate, enteric-coated stearate and enteric-coated erythromycin base, was compared in a single-dose cross-over study on 15 healthy volunteers. The tablets were administered to fasted subjects and in a mode where drug administration was followed by a standardized breakfast. The bioavailability of the film-coated tablet was enhanced by food intake, whereas food impaired the bioavailability of the other two formulations. From the bioavailability study results and from the tablets' in vitro disintegration properties it was concluded that it is not necessary to protect erythromycin stearate by an enteric-coating, but with a film-coating withstanding low pH and susceptible of disintegrating rapidly at pH values above 4.5. On the basis of these results a new film-coated erythromycin stearate tablet formulation was developed which had the desired in vitro disintegration properties and showed good bioavailability when administered just prior to a standardized breakfast. It is suggested that the proposed in vitro test can be useful in controlling the production of the novel tablet formulation.

Effect of Formulation Factors on Penetration of Hydrocortisone through Mouse Skin

The effect of formulation factors on the steady-state flux of hydrocortisone through mouse skin was evaluated. The flux of hydrocortisone from solutions containing propylene glycol as a cosolvent varied inversely with the propylene glycol concentration. Solutions containing 2-propanol gave flux values higher than those obtained from propylene glycol solutions and independent of the 2-propanol concentration. Addition of polysorbate 80 to 2-propanol–water solutions produced an increase in flux at low surfactant concentrations that reached an apparent limiting value at higher concentrations. The penetration flux was the same from solutions and gels. The role of vehicle–skin interactions in penetration is emphasized.