Effect Of Feeding Frequency Research Articles

Effect of feeding frequency on the growth performance of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) “Nanhai NO. 2” in cement ponds culture

This study examined the growth response of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, reared in indoor cement ponds fed at variable daily feeding frequencies. Five hundred healthy shrimp (1.26±0.37 g initial weight) were stocked in 12 cement ponds (5.5×2.5×1.5m). Three ponds in each group were assigned to four different feeding frequency i.e., two, three, four and six times/day designated as FF1, FF2, FF3 and FF4, respectively. Artificial diet (40% fishmeal protein) was used to feed at eight percent of total shrimp body weight per day for a total period of 56 days. The shrimp length and weight were measured fortnightly and the feeding rate was adjusted according to the new weight. At the end of the trial, all shrimp remained healthy and active with the survival rate of 70-85%. The specific growth rate (SGR) were the highest in groups FF3 (4.21±0.53) and FF4 (4.23±1.04), which were significantly higher than those in FF1 (3.82±0.49) and FF2 (4.02±1.03) groups. Whole body proximate composition (protein, ash, moisture and lipid) remained similar in all the treatment groups. It could be concluded that the black tiger shrimp, P. monodon, would be grown in indoor cement ponds effectively by feeding four times day-1 to achieve significantly better growth.

Effects of feeding frequency on the growth and production performance of indigenous catfish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) in ponds of Northern Bangladesh

Effects of feeding frequency on the growth performance and production of Clarias batrachus was evaluated for a period of 180 days. Feeding frequency were once (T1), twice (T2) and thrice (T3) per day. Stocking density was 16750 fingerlings ha–1. The fish were initially fed 28% protein containing formulated feed at the rate of 8% of body weight which subsequently reduced to 5% at the end. The water quality parameters were monitored fortnightly and found similar across treatments and remained within the suitable ranges for aquaculture. The mean weight gain was 41.14±0.15, 44.49±0.78 and 56.10±0.86 g and specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.29±0.002, 1.33±0.01 and 1.44±0.01% per day in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The highest survival rate was in T2 (96.23±0.76%) whereas the lowest was in T1 (95.32±0.76%). The lowest FCR (=best; 1.65±0.12) was found in T3 and the highest FCR (=worst; 2.14±0.15) was recorded in T1. The highest production was observed in T3 (3559.27±85.95 kg ha–1), which was significantly higher than that of other treatments. This study concludes that feeding three times per day is effective for C. batrachus.

Effects of Feeding Frequency on Growth Performance and Production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Reared in Cage

Optimum feeding schedule is one of the main things for the proper growth of fish and other animals. A study was conducted to optimize the effects of different feeding frequencies on growth performance and production of Rui (Labeo rohita) under pond cage culture system in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Labeo rohita with an average weight of 302.23±4.07g (mean ± SD) were randomly stocked in 9 cages at 30 fish/cage in all the treatment. Fish were fed (4% of body weight) a commercial floating feed with three different feeding schedules: feeding of fish thrice daily in T1treatment; twice in T2 treatment and once in T3 treatment. Water quality parameters were measured during the study period. The physico-chemical parameters of pond water were within suitable ranges for fish culture in cages. The obtained values of the water quality parameters were temperature 28.26 to 28.46°C, pH 6.91 to 6.94, DO 5.04 to 5.33 mg/l, CO2 2.95 to 3.02 mg/L. The mean final weight gain was significantly highest in T1 (345.05 g) a followed by T2 (324.66 g) and T3 (257.82 g). The Specific growth rate (SGR) value were significantly higher in T1 treatment (0.91% bwd-1; Body weight per day) than T2 (0.87% bwd-1) and T3 treatment (0.73% bwd-1). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was significantly lower in T1 fish group (2.72) than other two T2 (2.84) and T3 (3.44) treatments. The fish productions were 18.13, 17.55 and 15.67 kg/cage/cycle in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The highest net profit was found (Bangladeshi Taka, BDT 1445.38) in T1 compared to T2 (BDT 1329.24) and T3 treatment (BDT 937.99). The cost benefit ratio (CBR) was significantly higher in T1 (0.57) than T2 (0.53) and T3 (0.37). The feeding schedule three times in a day was most suitable than other two schedules.

Effects of Feeding Frequency on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkia

Effects of Feeding Frequency on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkia

FREQUí­Å NCIA ALIMENTAR NA CRIAÇÃO DE JUVENIS DE SURUVI <i>Steindachneridion scriptum</i>

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de alimentação para juvenis de suruvi. Foi realizado um estudo durante 60 dias para determinar os efeitos da frequência de alimentação nas medidas de crescimento, composição corporal e atividade enzimática digestiva do juvenil de suruvi (peso médio inicial: 60,19 ± 10,67 g). As unidades experimentais foram tanques circulares de 1,0 m³, estocados com 94 peixes, conectados a um sistema de recirculação. A alimentação foi oferecida durante a fase escura do fotoperí­­odo (12L:12D), sendo fornecida com os seguintes tratamentos em triplicata: FA1 = uma vez ao dia í­Â s 20:00; FA2 = duas vezes ao dia í­Â s 20:00 e 06:00 h; e FA3 = três vezes ao dia í­Â s 20:00, 01:00 e 06:00 h. Os peixes foram alimentados por uma ração comercial para peixes carní­­voros, composta por 42% de proteí­­na bruta, 11% de lipí­­dios, 20% de carboidratos e 4.380 kcal kg-1 de energia bruta em péletes de 6,0 mm. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis â€"¹â€"¹de crescimento, composição corporal de proteí­­nas e lipí­­dios e proteases alcalinas e atividade de lipase (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. No entanto, houve diferenças significativas na atividade da amilase (p<0,05). Nossos resultados demonstraram que os juvenis de suruvi podem ser alimentados de forma sustentável apenas uma vez ao dia.

Effects of feeding frequency on juvenile Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis

In this study, the effects of different feeding frequencies on the growth and the expression of genes in the GH/IGF axis were assessed in juvenile Chinese sturgeon. The newly hatched Chinese sturgeons were bred for 38 days at three different feeding frequencies groups (feeding frequency of two times a day, TWD; three times a day, THD; and four times a day, FOD), and the expression levels of the GH/IGF axis responses to feeding frequency were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the full-length of the Coding Sequences of IGF I and IGF II genes (489-bp and 660-bp, respectively), were cloned and analyzed from Chinese sturgeon the first time. Multiple sequence alignments of IGFs revealed that Chinese sturgeon are high sequence identity to IGFs from other species. The phylogenetic relationships based on the IGF I and IGF II amino acid sequences were consistent with the traditional classification. After 38 days of growth, the three different feeding frequencies groups of Chinese sturgeon had no significant difference of body length, body weight, specific growth rate, the survival rate, the rate of weight gain and the condition factor. However, the relative expression of Chinese sturgeon GH in the pituitary decreased with increasing feeding frequency. The relative expression of Chinese sturgeon GHR in liver and skeletal muscle was deceased with increasing feeding frequency, while the relative expression of GHR in stomach and intestines at THD group was significantly higher than that of at TWD group and FOD group (p < 0.05). The relative expression of Chinese sturgeon IGF I in liver increased significantly with increasing feeding frequency (p < 0.05). The relative expression of IGF I in stomach and skeletal muscle was similar at the three groups. The relative expression of IGF I in intestines was significantly higher at FOD group than at TWD group and THD group (p < 0.05). The relative expression of Chinese sturgeon IGF II in liver at TWD group was significantly higher than that at THD group and FOD group (p < 0.05). However, the relative expression of IGF II in stomach, intestines and skeletal muscle at THD group was higher than that at TWD group and FOD group. Based on these previous studies that liver IGF I is regarded as a biomarker of growth performance, this result suggested that the juvenile Chinese sturgeon is better for growth when feeding four times daily compared to twice and thrice daily.

The daytime feeding frequency affects appetite-regulating hormones, amino acids, physical activity, and respiratory quotient, but not energy expenditure, in adult cats fed regimens for 21 days.

The effects of feeding frequency on postprandial response of circulating appetite-regulating hormones, insulin, glucose and amino acids, and on physical activity, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient were studied in healthy adult cats. Two experiments were designed as a 2 x 3 replicated incomplete Latin square design. Eight cats, with an average body weight (BW) of 4.34 kg ± 0.04 and body condition score (BCS) of 5.4 ± 1.4 (9 point scale), were fed isocaloric amounts of a commercial adult maintenance canned cat food either once (0800 h) or four times daily (0800 h, 1130 h, 1500 h, 1830 h). Study 1 consisted of three 21-d periods. On day 14, two fasted and 11 postprandial blood samples were collected over 24 hours to measure plasma concentrations of ghrelin, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, PYY, insulin and amino acids, and whole blood glucose. Physical activity was monitored from day 15 to 21 of each period. In Study 2 indirect calorimetry was performed on the last day of each period. Body weight was measured weekly and feed intake recorded daily in both experiments. No effect of feeding regimen on BW was detected. Cats eating four times daily had lesser plasma concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 (P<0.05) and tended to have lesser plasma PYY concentrations (P<0.1). Plasma leptin and whole blood glucose concentrations did not differ between regimens (P>0.1). Cats fed once daily had a greater postprandial plasma amino acid response, and greater plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations (P<0.05). Physical activity was greater in cats fed four times (P<0.05), though energy expenditure was similar between treatments at fasting and in postprandial phases. Finally, cats eating one meal had a lower fasting respiratory quotient (P<0.05). Overall, these data indicate that feeding once a day may be a beneficial feeding management strategy for indoor cats to promote satiation and lean body mass.

Effects of feeding frequency and protein source in milk replacer for Holstein calves

Whey proteins are a primary component of milk replacers (MR) and are considered the gold standard for calves. Alternative protein sources may decrease MR cost if calf performance is similar. A blend of bovine plasma protein and modified wheat protein might be a good partial replacement for whey protein. Usually MR is fed twice daily, but feeding 3 times daily might increase efficiency of nutrient use, especially with MR containing alternate proteins. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effects of 2 MR, containing either entirely whey protein (CON) or a combination of whey protein, bovine plasma protein, and modified wheat protein (WBP), when fed in either 2 or 3 meals daily on calf growth and health. Female and male Holstein calves (n = 103) housed in individual hutches were studied for the first 63 d of life, with additional measurements obtained at wk 12 of life in group housing. The MR contained 25% CP, 17% fat, and a Lys:Met ratio of 3.1:1. Individual treatments arose from the 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of MR formulation and frequency of feeding. After colostrum, calves were fed MR (12.5% solids) at daily rates of dry matter dependent on age. Amounts were as follows: d 3 to 10 = 0.52 kg/d (2× = 0.259 kg, 3× = 0.173 kg per feeding); d 11 to 20 = 0.68 kg/d (2× = 0.341 kg, 3× = 0.227 kg per feeding); d 21 to 42 = 0.84 kg/d (2× = 0.42 kg, 3× = 0.28 kg per feeding); d 43 to 46, 47, 49, and 51 = 0.42 kg/d, with both 2× and 3× changed to 1 feeding daily and skip days (d 48 and 50) between where calves were not given MR; and d 52 = calves weaned. Starter was fed and intake was measured from d 1 until d 63. Intakes, health scores, attitude scores, and fecal scores were measured daily. Body weight (BW) and growth measurements were obtained weekly until wk 8 and again at wk 12. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 24, and 48 h and then on d 5, 14, 28, and 42 of age. Starter intake was greater for calves fed WBP versus CON during wk 7 to 9. Final BW and hip width at wk 12 were greater for calves fed WBP than for calves fed CON. Calves fed 2× had greater mean and final BW to wk 6 and greater feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) than calves fed 3×. Blood variables supported the generally similar growth outcomes. Health outcomes did not differ between diets or feeding frequencies. Overall, calves fed WBP had increased starter intake and greater BW gains during wk 7 to 12 than calves fed CON, and calves fed 2× had increased growth and feed efficiency compared with those fed 3×.

The effect of feeding frequency on the growth, reproduction performance, body composition and digestive enzyme activity of Penaeus monodon broodstock

The effect of feeding frequency on the growth, reproduction performance, body composition and digestive enzyme activity of <i>Penaeus monodon</i> broodstock

Infant Feeding Frequency Impacts Human Milk Composition: A Metabolomic Analysis

Abstract Objectives The nutritional composition of human milk is affected by many factors, including stage of lactation and time of day. Metabolomic profiling of milk provides a biochemical fingerprint of hundreds of metabolites being consumed by the infant, which may help to understand potential factors affecting infant health, growth and nutritional status. We hypothesized that frequency of daily lactations would alter the profile of metabolites and lipids in the milk. Methods Human milk samples from 630 individuals [378 mothers exclusively breast feeding and 252 mothers partially breast feeding (i.e., infant supplemented with formula feeding)] from a single sample (infant aged 3 months) were subjected to biphasic extraction and metabolite profiling performed using two separate untargeted liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry analysis methods (polar metabolites and the lipidome). Results Univariate statistical analysis of the lipidome data matrix revealed considerable differences in lipid concentrations between partial or exclusive feeding. Of the 241 lipids measured in the non-polar extracts, 203 were significantly different between the two groups after multiple testing correction (FDR corrected p-value &amp;lt;0.05). These included 96 triglycerides, 78 phospholipids, 27 sphingomyelins and 2 ceramides, all significantly elevated with exclusive feeding. Of the 320 metabolite features measured in the polar extracts, 69 were significantly different between the two groups, including carnitine and metabolites from the lysine degradation pathway, all reduced with exclusive feeding. Random forest analysis highlighted that overall profiles in both polar metabolite and lipid extracts were more consistent across the exclusive feeding group. Conclusions This study provides insight into effects of feeding frequency on metabolite/lipid profiles, showing impact of possible altered milk synthesis and storage on relative abundances of discrete polar metabolites, with a broad impact on many lipid species. Funding Sources Funded by AgResearch Strategic Science Investment Fund via the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.

Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliğinde Alternatif Bir Tür: Doktor Balığı (Garra rufa)

In this review, the distribution, biology, feeding, breeding potential and commercial importance of doctor fish (Garra rufa), which have increased in importance in recent years due to the intensive use of ichthyotherapy and fish SPA centers, have been emphasized. The doctor fish, which was first used in 1989 for ichthyotherapy purposes, is used in fish SPA centers for fish massage and pedicure purposes, which are of great interest all over the world today. Due to the increased interest and demand for doctor fish for the purpose of ichthyotherapy and fish massage in the health and tourism sector, cultivation of this species is very important in terms of ensuring the demand through aquaculture and preserving natural fish stocks. Although there are various studies on the distribution, biology and genetics of the doctor fish, it has been observed that there are not enough studies and resources about its breeding. The researches about the culture of doctor fish are very few and these studies are on its thermal tolerance range, the effect of feeding frequency on growth, hormone application and larval feeding. The demand for doctor fish is rapidly increasing in our country and in the world, and this increasing demand is met by import or from natural stocks. For this reason, it is essential that the breeding of doctor fish begins immediately in our country.

Effect of feeding frequency on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the pilot‐scale nursery phase of a superintensive culture in a biofloc system

AbstractFeeding frequencies influence growth and feeding efficiencies and thus knowing the optimal protocol is important to minimize operational costs. The present study evaluated different feeding frequencies during the pilot‐scale nursery phase of a biofloc system: T1 (1 feeding/day), T3 (3 feedings/day), and T6 (6 feedings/day), each with three replicates. In a greenhouse with nine 35 m2 tanks, the postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei with a mean weight of 0.037 g were stocked at a density of 2,000 shrimp m−2. Feeding rate was adjusted according to the shrimp biomass. Parameters of water quality, microorganisms, and production performance of shrimp were monitored. The experiment lasted 40 days. Data on the water quality, final weight, survival, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed no differences among the T1, T3, and T6 treatments, respectively (p &gt; .05). The results show that it is possible to reduce the feeding frequency during the nursery phase without affecting the water quality and the growth performance of shrimp.

Effects of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc-based zero-exchange intensive systems

An eight-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of daily feeding frequency on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile reared in biofloc-based zero-exchange intensive culture systems. The experiment was carried out in twelve tanks with 800 L of biofloc-rich water. Juvenile shrimp (1.52 ± 0.37 g) were stocked into tanks at 240 shrimp tank−1 (300 ind m−3). Three feeding frequencies of three, six, twelve times were evenly set in the 24 h of a day for experimental groups of F3, F6, F12 respectively. Each group had four randomly assigned tanks, and the shrimp were cultured for eight weeks with the same daily ration based on the monitoring of feeding trays in F3 group. During the experiment, all the monitored water quality parameters were maintained within acceptable ranges for shrimp culture. At the end of the experiment, the shrimp survival rate was higher than 89.03% in all the three groups. Notably, with the increase of daily feeding frequency from three times to six and further to twelve, significant differences were found as follows: (1) the final weight, growth rate and yield of the shrimp increased; (2) the feed conversion rate decreased while the protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value increased; (3) the specific activities of protease and amylase in the stomach of the shrimp and the specific activity of lipase in the digestive gland increased; (4) the crude protein content of the whole body of the shrimp increased while the moisture content decreased. Taken together, these results demonstrate that daily feeding frequency can affect the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of L. vannamei juvenile reared in biofloc-based zero-exchange intensive systems. Distributing a controlled ration of daily feed at frequent times during 24 h of a day is beneficial for the growth, feed utilization, nutrient digestion, and protein deposition of L. vannamei in biofloc-based systems under controlled conditions.

投喂频率和投喂量对循环水养殖大口黑鲈幼鱼生长和生理指标的影响

投喂频率和投喂量对循环水养殖大口黑鲈幼鱼生长和生理指标的影响

Effect of feeding frequency on growth,feed utilization,digestive enzyme activity and body composition of hybrid bream

Effect of feeding frequency on growth,feed utilization,digestive enzyme activity and body composition of hybrid bream

Effect of feeding frequency on the performance of Compact Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland treating faecal sludge leachate under high hydraulic load

The poor management of faecal sludge remains a crucial health and environmental concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VFCW) as low-cost solution for the treatment of this special waste is possible if the hydraulic load and feeding operation are appropriate. This work investigates at a pilot-scale on the effect of fractioning the application of faecal sludge leachate from planted drying beds at the hydraulic loading rate of 150 mm/d into one, two and three batches per day once a week on the treatment efficiency of VFCW. Results showed no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in performance between one, two and three batches per day for all the monitored parameters with the exception of faecal coliforms. Three batches at 5 hours’ intervals permitted to reach the Cameroonian guidelines for faecal coliforms discharge of effluent compared to two and one application daily, but not the overall nitrogen requirements. An effective treatment of faecal sludge can be envisaged: raw faecal sludge applied in batches on planted drying beds at 200 kg TS/m2/yr. followed by a subsequent treatment on VFCW planted with Echinochloa pyramidalis at a loading rate of 150 mm/d applied in three batches with at least 5 hours resting time between two feedings.© 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reservedKeywords: Faecal sludge, hydraulic loading rate, feeding frequency, Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands, Echinochloa pyramidalis

Effects of culture conditions on growth and survival of Poecilia sphenops and Poecilia reticulata

Poecilia sphenops and P. reticulata are considered as two most popular and high demanding freshwater ornamental fish species globally. The effects of feeding frequency, feed protein level, photoperiod and salinity on growth and survival of these species and the effect of sex ratio on fecundity were studied under laboratory conditions from January to December 2016. Although there was no any significant impact of feeding frequency on growth and survival of these species, feed protein content affected significantly on their growth. Fry fed with newly hatched Artemia , commercial larval feeds and Chlorella sp. showed no significant impact on growth. Poecilia sphenops and P. reticulata could tolerate salinity up to 10 and 25 ppt, respectively. Fish exposed to 8 hrs photoperiod reported significantly lower growth than those who were exposed to 12 and 24 hrs photoperiods. The ideal female: male sex ratio for commercial stocking of P. sphenops and P. reticulata was 3:2.

Implications of feeding frequency, prey size and condition, and intraspecific competition for the commercial aquaculture of the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae

AbstractMarine ornamental aquaculture is a growing industry. Although most species are cultured for aesthetic purposes, there is increasing interest in organisms that provide functional services. Nudibranchs provide an example in which they act as biological controls by consuming aquaria pests. Berghia stephanieae is a commercially relevant nudibranch that feeds on Exaiptasia anemones, which overgrow sessile invertebrates. However, information pertaining to B. stephanieae feeding habits remains unaddressed. Therefore, this study investigated the following: (a) the effect of feeding frequency on fecundity, (b) optimum prey size, (c) the ability to feed on prey fragments, and (d) the influence of intraspecific competition. Distinct feeding frequencies were tested and embryos produced were quantified; growth of nudibranchs offered different anemone sizes was measured; whole and fragmented anemones were offered, with preference recorded; and growth and mortality of juvenile nudibranchs were recorded in the absence and presence of adult conspecifics. Results show that feeding daily produced the highest number of embryos. Juveniles fed on medium‐sized anemones showed the highest growth rate. Smaller juveniles were unable to feed on whole anemones and preferred fragmented anemones. Juvenile growth and survival decreased in the presence of adults. To maximize production, breeders must feed broodstock daily, provide medium‐sized anemones or fragments, and segregate juveniles from adults.

Effect of feeding frequency on growth performance, reproduction efficiency and skin coloration of rusty cichlids (Iodotropheus sprengerae)

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the effects of five different feeding frequencies including every other day (2F1), one (F1), two (F2), three (F3), and four (F4) times daily on growth, reproduction, the coloration of rusty cichlid (mean body weight 2.04 ± 0.01 g and mean total length 4.35 ± 0.01 cm) were investigated. The trial was carried out in 15 100-L fiberglass circular tanks conducted to 4000-L freshwater recirculating system with three replicates for 16 weeks. Fish were stocked in each tank at a density of 10 individual with sex ratio 1:4 (male:female) and they were fed with a commercial ornamental cichlid diet to near satiation. At the end of the trial, final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing feeding frequency (P < .05). The highest final mean total length (FMTL) was found in F3 group with 9.07 cm (P < .05). Although the average seed production (ASP) of F3 (mean of 98 ± 8.89) and F4 (mean of 93 ± 4.04) were significantly similar, the highest fecundity was observed in F4 group. For the coloration parameters, the final redness (a*) of F4 group was the highest (P < .05). The cost-effective groups of the present experiment were F3 and F4 groups. In conclusion, three times daily feeding is recommended the best application for profitable commercial cultures of rusty cichlid due to decreasing labor.

Effects of feeding frequency on fry and fingerlings of African catfish Clarias gariepinus

This study examines the effect of different feeding frequencies on the growth and nutrient utilization of fry and fingerlings of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. The fry were fed ad libitum in triplicate with decapsulated Artemia cysts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day. However, the fingerlings were given an equal daily ration (15% body weight per day) of a commercial diet and administered in 1, 2, 3 or 4 meals per day (using triplicate groups of the fish). At the end of both studies, it was observed that the fry fed five or six rations per day and fingerlings fed three or four meals of the same ration per day exhibited growth advantages compared to lesser feeding frequencies (P ≤ 0.05). Also, crude protein and fat content of the fish significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) as feeding frequency increased. Although a similar trend was observed for survival in the fry, fingerlings survival reduced when the ration was fed beyond three meals per day. The water qualities of all treatments for both studies were within recommended ranges for the culture of the fish. Hence, it was concluded that the fry of C. gariepinus could achieve optimum growth if fed ad libitum about five times a day. However, dividing the daily ration of the fingerlings administered at 15% body weight into three portions and feeding at regular interval seems to be a better feeding strategy for optimum growth and survival of the fish.