Effect Of Feeding Frequency Research Articles

Effects of Feeding Frequency on Liver Transcriptome: Unveiling Appetite-Regulating Peptides in Mexican Pike Silverside (Chirostoma estor)

The Mexican pike silverside (Chirostoma estor) is a zooplanktivorous, agastric short-intestined species, and it has been found that increased-frequency feeding (twelve feedings a day) improved feed efficiency and promoted growth by 70%. This work determined the effect of different juvenile feeding frequencies upon the C. estor liver transcriptome. The level of the expression of appetite-regulating peptides was analyzed in silico to understand the mechanisms involved in appetite control in this species. Differential expression analysis showed that up-regulated genes between treatments were related to metabolism, digestive processes, immune system response, apoptosis, growth, and oxidative stress. This information explains the better performance of pike silverside fed 12 times daily. Appetite regulatory peptides were identified for the first time in the liver of C. estor in response to high feeding frequencies, contributing to the general knowledge of the roles of each family of neuropeptides in this agastric, short-intestined fish. The information presented here emphasizes the need to explore further the complex physiological processes involved in appetite regulation in C. estor. Additionally, it will serve as a basis for more specific targeted studies of appetite control to elucidate the mechanisms behind this process.

The effects of feeding frequency on jaw loading in two lemur species.

Studies on oral processing are often snapshots of behaviors that examine feeding through individual bouts. In this study, we expand on our previous work comparing bite/chew variables per feeding bout to summed daily biting, chewing, and food intake to interpret loading that could have potential morphological effects. We observed sympatric Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi over two field seasons in the dry forest of Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. Bite and chew rates determined from videos filmed during observations were multiplied with time spent feeding on specific foods during focal follows to calculate daily values for each feeding bout. Food mechanical properties (FMPs) were tested on dietary items with a portable tester. We contrasted daily bite/chew numbers and intake with FMPs, species, season, and food shape. Daily bite and chew numbers increased with maximum, but not average, food toughness. Daily intake decreased with average and maximum toughness. Season had a strong effect on daily bites and chews, but not on intake. Food shape influenced intake and total bite and chew numbers. The lemur species did not differ in our models. Maximum food toughness impacted feeding behaviors and intake, which is consistent with higher loads having a greater effect on morphology. In contrast to feeding per bout, cumulative biting and chewing did not differ between species; taking feeding frequency into consideration affects interpretation of jaw loading. Finally, biting, as much as chewing, may generate strains that impact morphology.

Effect of feeding frequency on reproductive performances and stress responses in gestating sows.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of feeding frequency on a sow's reproductive performance and stress response during gestation. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were used in a completely randomized design based on their parity, body weight (BW), and backfat thickness (BFT), and the sows were allotted to two different feeding systems: 1) once daily feeding (OF) and 2) twice daily feeding (TF) in corn-soybean meal based diets. The gestation diet was formulated to contain 3,265 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME) / kg, 12.90% of crude protein (CP), and 0.75 % of total lysine. The lactation diet was formulated to contain 3,265 kcal of ME / kg, 16.80% of CP, and 1.08% of total lysine and provided ad libitum during lactation. In gestation, sow BFT and BF changes were not affected by feeding frequency, but higher BW and BW gain from day 35 to 90 and day 35 to 110 were observed in OF sow (p < 0.10). In lactation, feeding frequency did not influence on BW, BW gain, BFT, BF changes, average daily feed intake, and wean-to-estrus interval. Also, there were no differences in litter size, litter weight and piglet weight in lactating sows. OF sows had higher (p < 0.05; p < 0.10) protein, solid-not-fat, and total solid concentrations in colostrum compared to TF sows, while OF sows had a lower (p < 0.05) lactose concentration in colostrum compared to TF sows. Sows in OF showed significantly lower average daily water consumption (ADWC) from day 35 to 110 of gestation (p < 0.05). While there were no significant differences in stereotypic behaviors and salivary cortisol levels during gestation between treatments, the OF sows showed less time spending on the activity at day 105 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, reduced feeding frequency increased BW gain during gestation, decreased activation time, and changed the colostrum composition. This information may contribute to the understanding of the physiological and behavioral change of gestating sows by manipulating feeding frequency.

Effect of Feeding Frequency and Adding Moringa Seeds on the Productive Performance and some Carcass Traits of Awassi Lambs

The study included 24 Awassi lambs aged of (3-4) months, distributed randomly into four treatments homogeneous by weight, each treatment includes 6 lambs. The first treatment was fed twice a day without supplementation, second treatment was fed twice a day with addition 5 g of Moringa seeds/head/day, third treatment they were fed three times a day without supplementation, and the fourth treatment was fed three times a day with addition 5 gm of Moringa seeds/head/day. The results of the study showed a significant (p≤0.05) superiority in body weight at the second week in favor of the lambs that were fed twice daily, while the lambs that were fed three times had a significant (p≤0.05) superiority in final weight and total weight gain, and the fourth treatment was significantly superior (p≤0.05) in final weight and total weight gain compared to the second and third treatments. Lambs fed twice daily outperformed highly significant (p≤0.01) in the carcass width at the shoulders. Also, the lambs that were fed twice daily without addition were significantly (p≤0.01) superior in this trait to their counterparts that were fed three times. There was a significant (p≤0.05) superiority in the weight of fat-tail for the treatment with Moringa added compared to the treatment without it. Significant differences (p≤0.05) were observed in the dressing percentage in favor of lambs in the third and fourth treatments. The treatment to which Moringa was added was significantly (p≤0.01) superior in albumin concentration in the blood over the treatment without addition, and the albumin concentration was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the second treatment compared to the rest of the other treatments. A highly significant (p≤0.01) was observed in the concentration of triglycerides in the blood of lambs fed three times daily.

Effect of feeding frequency and adding Moringa seeds to the ration on growth traits and some blood components in Awassi lambs

شملت الدراسة 24 حمل عواسي بعمر (4-3) أشهر، وزعت عشوائيا الى أربع معاملات متجانسة بالوزن تضم كل معاملة 6 حملان، المعاملة الأولى غذيت مرتين يوميا بدون إضافة والمعاملة الثانية غذيت مرتين يوميا مع إضافة 5 غم من بذور المورينكا/ رأس/يوميا والمعاملة الثالثة غذيت ثلاث مرات يوميا بدون إضافة والمعاملة الرابعة غذيت ثلاث مرات يوميا مع إضافة 5 غم من بذور المورينكا/ رأس/يوميا. بهدف دراسة تأثير تكرار التغذية واضافة بذور المورينكا إلى العليقة في صفات النمو وبعض المكونات الكيموحيوية للدم في الحملان العواسية. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة تفوق المعاملة الرابعة معنوياً (0.05 p≤) في الوزن النهائي والزيادة الوزنية الكلية مقارنةً بالمعاملة الثانية والثالثة كما ظهرت أَفضل كفاءة تحويل غذائي في المعاملة الرابعة والتي غُذِّيَت ثلاث مرات مع إِضافة المورينكا. وتفوقت الحملان التي غذيت ثلاث مرات يومياً معنوياً (0.05 p≤) على مثيلاتها التي غذيت مرتين يومياً في الوزن النهائي وطول الجسم. كما تفوقت معاملة التداخل الرابعة معنويا (0.01 p≤) في طول الجسم على بقية المعاملات الأُخرى. لوحظ ارتفاع معنوي (0.05 p≤) في تركيز اليوريا خلال الشهر الثاني ولصالح الحملان التي غذيت ثلاث مرات يومياً، كما لوحظ زيادة معنوية (0.05 p≤) في مستوى الكولسترول في دم الحملان التي غذيت ثلاث مرات يومياً مع إضافة المورينكا مقارنةً ببقية المعاملات الأخرى وذلك خلال الشهر الثالث من الدراسة، ولم تظهر نتائج الدراسة أية فروقات معنوية في بقية مكونات الدم الاخرى. *البحث مستل من رسالة ماجستير للباحث الأول.

21 (P2-2). Effect of feeding frequency on feed intake of lactating sows and litter performance

21 (P2-2). Effect of feeding frequency on feed intake of lactating sows and litter performance

Effect of feeding frequency on growth, fecundity, and meat quality of Abant Trout (Salmo abanticus Tortonese, 1954) broodstock

Effect of feeding frequency on growth, fecundity, and meat quality of Abant Trout (Salmo abanticus Tortonese, 1954) broodstock

Effect of feeding frequency and water salinization on early development of Pyrrhulina brevis, an Amazonian ornamental fish

ABSTRACT Pyrrhulina brevis is an endemic fish from the Amazon basin that is valued in the ornamental fish market. In larviculture, fish are very sensitive to stressors and have a high mortality rate. Salinized water may provide more energy to overcome stress and feeding frequency is an important strategy to improve productive performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the best feeding frequency and the best level of water salinization for larval development of P. brevis. A total of 360 post-larvae of P. brevis (5.26 ± 1.65 mg, 5.57 ± 0.68 mm) were randomly distributed in 36 aquariums (1 L) in a 3x4 factorial scheme, to evaluate three concentrations of salt in water (0, 1 and 2 g L-1) and four feeding frequencies (once, twice, three and four times a day). We offered 150 Artemia nauplii per day and per post-larvae during 15 days. The fish kept at 1 g L-1 salinized water, and those fed 3 and 4 times a day presented significantly greater final length and weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate for length and weight. An interaction between salinized water and feeding frequency was observed for survival rate. We conclude that, during the initial rearing phase of P. brevis, feeding frequency of three times a day and salinized water at 1 g L-1 is recommended.

Effect of feeding frequency and type of food on Tityus asthenes Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in captivity

Información sobre la cría de escorpiones en cautiverio es escasa, por lo que no se conoce adecuadamente el procedimiento para la mantención de estos artrópodos en condiciones de captividad. Esta investigación busca conocer el efecto que provoca variar los tipos de alimentos y frecuencias alimenticias en Tityus asthenes. Se utilizaron cinco tipos de alimentos conformados por insectos vivos y cuatro frecuencias alimenticias diferentes. El resultado muestra que una dieta insectil mixta y otra conformada exclusivamente por la cucaracha Shelfordella lateralis, además de frecuencias de una y dos veces por semana generan un mayor crecimiento y peso en los escorpiones evaluados.

Effects of feeding frequency on growth, survival, body composition and size variation in long whiskers catfish, Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) fry reared in net cage system

Two consecutive experiments (60-day duration each) were conducted to evaluate the effects of four distinct feeding frequencies on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, survival, size heterogeneity, body composition and economic returns in the long-whiskers catfish, Mystus gulio fry. Four treatments of one (FF1), two (FF2), three (FF3) and four (FF4) daily feeding frequencies were tested in brackishwater net cages (2×1×1 m) stocked with M. gulio fry at 300 number per cage, and fed with a diet at 5–15% of biomass daily. Results exhibited significantly higher growth, protein efficiency ratio, and lower FCR (P < 0.05) in FF3 and FF4 in comparison to FF1 and FF2. In both the experiments, fish in FF3 and FF4 treatments had higher survival rates of 89.6 ± 2.5 and 85.0 ± 2.4%, and 90.4 ± 2.4 and 88.7 ± 2.2%, respectively. Total number of shooters segregated was significantly the highest (P < 0.05) in FF1 (10.67 ± 0.57 and 11.33 ± 1.00) followed by that in FF2, FF3 and FF4. Harvested M. gulio fingerlings in FF2, FF3 and FF4 contained higher organic matter, crude protein and lipid contents (P < 0.05) compared to that of FF1. FF3 and FF4 had markedly elevated gross return, net return and benefit–cost ratio. This study suggests that three times feeding daily is adequate and appropriate for M. gulio fry reared in brackishwater net cages.

Effect of Feeding Frequency on Finisher Phase Broiler Performance and Production

Effect of Feeding Frequency on Finisher Phase Broiler Performance and Production

Effects of feeding frequency on growth performances and nutrient digestibility of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), under varied dietary protein levels

Effects of feeding frequency on growth performances and nutrient digestibility of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), under varied dietary protein levels

The effects of feeding frequency on the growth performance, body composition, health status and histology of juvenile meagre ( Argyrosomus regius )

This study evaluated how the feeding frequency impacts growth performance, haematological parameters, fatty acid profile and liver histology in meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Fish (15.48 ± 0.11 g) were fed to satiation with a diet formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the species (48% crude protein and 18% crude lipid) for 12 weeks in six different feeding frequencies; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 times in 24 h (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5) and 2F1 as one day feeding-one day fasted. The final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the F3, F4 and F5 were significantly higher than the F1 and 2F1 groups. Viscerosomatic index (VSI) of the F1 and F3 groups was markedly different from the 2F1. Moreover, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) counts in the F3 and F5 groups were higher than in the 2F1 group. The liver lipid vacuolization was found at more than moderate and also high levels for the groups of F3, F4 and F5 compared to the other groups in histological analysis. The fish in the 2F1 feeding frequency application was negatively impacted by growth performance, feed conversion, condition factor and haematological parameters. Although more feed is consumed in the F4 and F5 groups, the F3 group has a higher economic profit index (EPI). It has been concluded that a higher growth rate and improved health status can be achieved by feeding three times a day (F3) in the practice of mariculture of meagre.

EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON SOME PERFORMANCE INDICES OF THE AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS, BURCHEL 1822) JUVENILES

A nine-weeks feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on the growth performance of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. C. gariepinus juveniles (12.72±0.45 g) were stocked into 9 tanks at a density of 10 fish per tank and three different feeding frequencies were tested on triplicate groups for 63 days. Feeding frequency I: fish were fed to apparent satiation only once a day, in the mornings, throughout the experimental period. Feeding frequency II: fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day, every other day, throughout the experimental period. Feeding frequency III: fish were fed to apparent satiation, twice a day, throughout the experimental period. A commercial catfish diet consisting of 42 % crude protein and 20 Mj Kg-1 gross energy was used. No significant (P&gt;0.05) differences were observed in growth performance or food conversion ratio (FCR) amongst the three different treatments. Similarly, feed intake was not significantly higher in any group as increased feeding was observed when fish in Groups 1 and 2 were fed. This study reveals that feeding strategies such as used in Groups 1 and 2 in this study may neither improve growth performance nor be a good feeding strategy for the reduction of production cost in C. gariepinus farming

247 Effects of Feeding Frequency During Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding frequency on sow and litter performance during lactation. At d 109 of gestation, a total of 300 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; BW 245± 3.2 kg; parity 2.54 ± 0.21); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The treatments were: sows fed twice daily at 0730 and 1530 h (T1) or 3 times daily at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T2). Sows were fed a corn-soybean meal- containing 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg and 1.03% SID Lys. Sow BW and BF measurements were recorded at d 109 and at weaning. Litters were cross-fostered within treatments within 24-h after farrowing, and litter weights were collected at 12-h post-farrow, and again at weaning. Normality of the data set was checked using proc univariate procedure of SAS and analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and a trend as 0.05 &amp;lt; P ≤ 0.10. An individual sow and a litter were the experimental unit. Comparisons were performed with Student’s t-test at 5% of significance. No evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.10) for treatment differences were observed in sow BW, BF, total born, mummified fetuses, stillbirth rate, and litter or piglet weight gain during lactation. Sows fed twice daily had a greater (9.8 % vs. 11.2 %) (P &amp;lt; 0.05) pre-weaning mortality during lactation period than sows fed 3 times daily. In conclusion, feeding sows 3 times daily exhibited the potential to reduce the pre-weaning mortality rate by 1.4% during lactation.

Effects of feeding frequency on the growth, body composition and SOD, GPX and HSP70 gene expression in Schizothorax wangchiachii

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different feeding frequencies on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and immune and stress responses of Schizothorax wangchiachii to determine the optimal feeding frequency and provide a scientific basis for S. wangchiachii feeding management. Therefore, four feeding frequencies (one, two, three and four times daily) were evaluated in triplicate tanks for eight weeks. The S. wangchiachii fed twice daily had higher final body weights (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) values than the fish fed one, three and four meals daily. The feeding rate (FR) increased significantly as the feeding frequency increased; nevertheless, the feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) values of the fish fed twice daily were higher than those of the fish fed at other frequencies. The fish fed once daily showed higher moisture and lower crude lipid contents than the fish fed at other frequencies. The ash contents decreased significantly as the feeding frequency increased, whereas the crude protein content exhibited the opposite trend. The feeding frequency did not affect the contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids (EAAs) or nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) in the fish body. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the liver and spleen were not significantly affected by the different feeding frequencies; however, their expression levels in the gills and kidneys first increased and then decreased, with the highest values being observed in the fish fed twice daily. The expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the gill and kidney were not affected by the feeding frequency, but HSP70 expression was significantly downregulated in the liver and spleen as the feeding frequency increased from one to four times daily. Thus, the optimal feeding frequency for S. wangchiachii is twice daily.

Effect of feeding frequency on performance, nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen balances in juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets with two levels of crystalline methionine

In this study, the effect of feeding frequency and its interaction with crystalline methionine supplementation level on performance, digestion, energy and nitrogen balances was assessed. The experiment had a 2 × 4 factorial design, testing two levels of crystalline methionine (Met) and four feeding frequencies. The two diets contained Met either just fulfilling or exceeding the Met requirement of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). African catfish with initial mean weight of 44 g were allocated to one of four feeding frequencies (six, two, one time (s) per day and two times out of three days) in a recirculation aquaculture system. Fish were fed an equal daily ration for 32 days. Performance parameters, nutrient digestibility, body composition, and nutrient balances were evaluated. Except for digestible nitrogen intake and dry matter body content, none of tested parameters was affected by the interaction between dietary Met levels and feeding frequencies. Growth, energy and nitrogen gain were unaffected by feeding frequency as well as dietary Met level. FCR was low, being 0.84 averaged over all treatments. However, feeding frequency affected feed intake and the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of nutrients. Feeding at lowest frequency was accompanied by a lower feed consumption compared to other frequencies (P < 0.001). At higher frequency, ADC was higher for macronutrients but lower for phosphorus and magnesium. It was concluded that the asynchronous availability of AA for protein synthesis, which is often suggested to cause a sub-optimal utilization of crystalline AA, was not influenced by feeding frequency. However, feeding at a low frequency hampered daily feed intake of African catfish. Whereas, higher frequency improved nutrient digestibility, though it did not result in improved growth probably due to the higher energy required for maintenance related to physical activities at higher frequency.

Feeding frequency on the growth and production of endemic near-threatened Ompok pabda (Hamilton 1822) in pond setup

Growth and production of near threatened Ompok pabda (Hamilton) were examined at different feeding frequencies in the present study. The experiment was conducted for four months in three earthen ponds from 1st April to 31st July 2018 at Tanore Upazila in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. The experiment was performed using pabda, (Ompok pabda) fingerling (average) to study the effect of feeding frequency on growth performance. The study carried out considering three treatments, namely T1, T2, and T3; while the feeding frequency was two times per day in treatment T1, three times per day in treatment T2, and four times per day in treatment T3. Fish were fed considering three-stage of life span; these were fingerling stage, early growing stage, and growing stage. In the fry stage, the fishes were fed 20% feed, in the fingerlings stage the fish were fed 10% feed and in the growing stage, the fish were fed 8% feed of the body weight. The mean water temperature ranged between 27.13±2.10 and 27.29±2.16 °C among treatments, while water transparency ranged between 31.91±1.58 and 29.96±1.84 cm. pH ranged between 7.62±0.14 and 7.70±0.19; while the mean dissolved oxygen was ranged between 5.35±0.11 and 5.56±0.14 among treatments. The final weight gain was found to be highest (56.36±0.01) in the treatment T2 and lowest (38.23±0.01) in the treatment T3. The SGR value was higher (3.94±0.01) in the treatments T2 followed by treatments T1 and T3. Net weight gain was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in feeding frequency three (56.36±0.1), followed by feeding frequency four (38.23±0.1) and feeding frequency two (40.67±0.73). The FCR value ranged between 1.90 and 2.87 among treatments. The growth performance and specific growth rate were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in feeding frequency three. The highest (4049.1±0.1 kg/ha/120 days) production was observed in T2. Best cost benefit ratio was gained in treatment T2. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 89-102

Effect of feeding frequency as a rearing system on biological performance, survival, body chemical composition and economic efficiency of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) reared under controlled environmental conditions.

A 70-day rearing trial was done to determine the optimal frequency of feeding on growth performance (GP), feed conversion rate (FCR), cannibalism, survival rate (SR), body chemical composition and economic efficiency of the Asian sea bass. This study tested four different treatments of feeding frequencies (FF), once (T1), twice (T2), three times (T3), and four times (T4) per day. An average initial weight of Asian sea bass fry was 0.2 g (SD = ±0.12) were stocked 10 individuals per m3 (9.14 m × 1.82 m × 1.22 m, L × W × H; water depth 0.61 m) with two replicates per treatment (4 × 2 = 8). Fry were fed a mixture of larval commercial feed and shrimp with a pellet diet containing (46% CP). Initially, the feeding rate of 8% biomass per day was further adjusted according to fish biomass on a weekly basis. Results showed that, the FF significantly affected (p < 0.05) on growth indictors and survival rate (SR). Specifically fry fed three times a day (T3) had the best FBW, FL, SGR, ADWG and FCR followed by T4 and T2 while fry fed one time a day was the lowest in these parameters. Also, VSI, HSI and CF (k) significantly differed among the treatments. The fish whole body content of protein, moisture and ash did not significantly (p < 0.05) be affected by feeding frequency, but lipid content differed and both T3, T4 were the highest. It could be concluded that, increasing FF up to three times a day had a positive effect on weight gain, survival rate and feed utilization of Lates calcarifer. The second degree polynomial regression indicates that fed three times a day is optimum for best growth performance and survival for Asian sea bass.

Effect of feeding frequency on the growth of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus)

The experiment was conducted at Sharnalata Agro Fisheries Limited, Radhakanai, Fulbaria, Mymensingh by using three treatments (T1, T2, T3) and each having 2 replications for a period of 35 days in hapa system to see the growth performance of tilapia. In T1 - fish fed four times daily, T2- fed three times daily and T3 - fed two times daily. GIFT fingerlings weighing 30 ± 3.80 g were reared by feeding a formulated diet containing 32% protein (Mega 301p) feeding at the rate of 10% of the body weight of fish for the first 3 weeks and then it was adjusted to 8% of the body weight for the next 2 weeks. It was found that mean weight gain were 105.12 ± 4.60, 105.8 ± 5.23 and 108.2 ± 4.86 g respectively. The mean weight gain was not significantly different (p>0.05) among three treatments but a bit higher growth was found in T3 compared to T1 and T2. The SGR values of the experimental fish in T1, T2 and T3 were 4.32 ± 0.32, 4.34 ± 0.30 and 4.38 ± 0.28 respectively. SGR (%/day) was highest in T3 and FCR was lowest as expected. GIFT reared in hapa showed better growth performance by feeding two times daily. Many previous researches showed that maximum growth rate was obtained by feeding fish three times a day. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ambiguity of the present results with the previous works (feeding three times provided better growth) can be resolved by conducting experiments under control temperature conditions and by subsequently extrapolating that results in farm conditions especially during best growing season of the fish (June-July).