Effects Of Feeding Experience Research Articles

The effect of feeding experience on clinical outcomes in preterm infants

The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the effect of oral feeding experience on clinical outcomes (time to full oral feedings and length of stay) in preterm infants. This analysis was completed on 92 infants who participated in a longitudinal, non-experimental study. Data were collected daily for maturity, weight and experience at oral feeding. Additional data were collected to assess overall morbidity. Time to full oral feedings was predicted by experience at oral feeding and morbidity. Length of stay from the start of oral feedings until discharge was predicted by feeding experience and by maturity at the first oral feeding. Weight gain was not affected by feeding experience. Experience at feeding may result in more rapid transition to full oral feedings regardless of severity of illness and may contribute to shorter length of stay. These positive clinical outcomes related to feeding experience warrant further research attention.

Effects of feeding experience on feeding responses to spinach in Cassida nebulosa L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

A tortoise beetle, Cassida nebulosa feeds on chenopodiaceous weeds, Chenopodium album and C. album var. centrorubrum as its main hosts. The beetle is known as a pest of another chenopodiaceous plant, the sugar beet. However, as a chenopodiaceous vegetable, spinach is rarely harmed by C. nebulosa. Newly emerged adults that had no feeding experience developed a positive feeding response to spinach as well as to C. album var. centrorubrum within 24 h. On the other hand, adults reared on C. album var. centrorubrum did not accept spinach, and their feeding response to spinach was still weak even after rearing on spinach for 4 d. When C. nebulosa were reared on leaves of C. album var. centrorubrum treated with the methanol extracts of spinach, they accepted spinach as well as C. album var. centrorubrum. In contrast, when C. nebulosa were reared on leaves of spinach treated with the methanol extracts of C. album var. centrorubrum, consumption of spinach by the adults was less than that by the adults reared on leaves treated with solvent only. These results indicate that C. nebulosa has the potential to harm spinach due to the habituation to feeding deterrents in spinach. However, the harm to spinach by C. nebulosa could be suppressed because feeding experience on C. album var. centrorubrum can prevent C. nebulosa from habituating to spinach.

Effects of feeding experience on the odour‐conditioned anemotaxes of Colorado potato beetles

ences are significantly different it must be concluded that a strong aphid presence causes relatively little increase in the overall amount of cell damage. The length of time that aphids were allowed to feed hardly affected the amount of damage but it is possible that over substantially longer periods, such as experienced by a crop plant in the field, damage could accumulate. There was a noticable amount of cell damage in tissue not subjected to aphid attack. It seems most likely that this results from fixation of the plant material but the possibility exists that cells are influenced by other biological agencies such as leaf senescence or fungal infection. We conclude that in the short term aphid probing and feeding will not inflict substantial damage to the plant photosynthetic machinery and there is little suggestion that longer term problems will develop.

Effects of feeding experience in the copepod Eucalanus pileatus: a cinematographic study

High-speed microcinematography was used to examine the effects of prior experience with particular cell types on the feeding efficiency of a calanoid copepod. Female Eucalanus pileatus were fed monocultures of either the 5-μm diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana or the 11-μm diatom T. weissflogii during a 2-to 3-d preconditioning period. The smaller diatoms are accumulated passively by the second maxillae while the larger diatoms are detected and actively captured as individual cells. Four females from each preconditioning culture were transferred to a monoculture of the large cells and their behavior filmed at five intervals over a 24-h period to determine whether a loss of efficiency occurs when the copepods must shift capture modes. Ingestion rates for females experienced with the larger cells were approximately 2.5 times higher than those of inexperienced females. Six sequential behavioral steps in the feeding process could alter ingestion rates: (1) amount of time spent flapping the feeding appendages. (2) rate of flapping of the feeding appendages, (3) ability to detect individual cells, (4) success rate of capture attempts, (5) capture and handling time per cell and (6) rejection rate of captured cells. An increased ability to detect cells and a decreased rejection rate contributed significantly to the higher ingestion rate of experienced feeders, indicating that copepods have the ability to learn during the feeding process. Grazing rates may be seriously underestimated in experiments which do not include a preconditioning period, especially those which calculate ingestion over short time intervals. Such effects may also influence the feeding of copepods in the field when encountering changes in particle spectra through vertical migration or horizontal displacement.

Feeding by Hatchery-Reared and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr in Streams

Hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were captured 1–3 mo after release in streams, along with wild parr from the same streams. Identification of their stomach contents showed total number of organisms and number of taxa per stomach were greater and there was a higher index of stomach fullness in wild than in hatchery parr resident ≤ 2 mo in a stream. Wild parr consumed more Brachycentridae, Hydroptilidae, Diptera, and Plecoptera than did hatchery parr, but sometimes less Odontoceridae and Heptageniidae. These differences may have arisen from size-dependent food selection, the effects of feeding experience, or possible microhabitat differences between wild and hatchery parr. Key words: salmon parr, hatchery-reared, wild, feeding

The effects of feeding experience on the response to prey-object extracts in rat snakes

The effect of eating mice over an 8-month period was observed to produce a greater response to mouse body surface extract in young rat snakes (Elaphe). Two measures, attack tongue flick and attack orientation, were employed. This finding was contrasted with earlier results indicating a wide-spectrum undifferentiated response to prey-object extracts at birth.