Effects Of Fabrication Parameters Research Articles

Effects of Fabrication Parameters on the Mechanical and Sensing Properties of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for the Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Effects of Fabrication Parameters on the Mechanical and Sensing Properties of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for the Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Recent Advances in Centrifugal Spinning and Their Applications in Tissue Engineering.

Over the last decade, researchers have investigated the potential of nano and microfiber scaffolds to promote wound healing, tissue regeneration, and skin protection. The centrifugal spinning technique is favored over others due to its relatively straightforward mechanism for producing large quantities of fiber. Many polymeric materials have yet to be investigated in search of those with multifunctional properties that would make them attractive in tissue applications. This literature presents the fundamental process of fiber generation, and the effects of fabrication parameters (machine, solution) on the morphologies such as fiber diameter, distribution, alignment, porous features, and mechanical properties. Additionally, a brief discussion is presented on the underlying physics of beaded morphology and continuous fiber formation. Consequently, the study provides an overview of the current advancements in centrifugally spun polymeric fiber-based materials and their morphological features, performance, and characteristics for tissue engineering applications.

Optimization of Fabric Parameters on the Effectual Properties of Nonwoven Industrial Wipes Blend using Response Surface Methodology

Development in technical in textiles especially nonwoven fabrics/materials offers a brightly limitless prospect for the textile industry to lance into an extensive series of applications ranging from earth to space and beyond. Nonwoven industrial wipes fabric properties are the result of production technology and the combination of fabric constructional parameters. This work looks into the effect of fabric parameters on the desired properties of nonwoven industrial wipes fabricated by needle punching technique with the utilization of viscose and polyester fibres and their blends using RSM. The basic and essential characterization techniques to obtain information related to physiochemical properties of the nonwoven fabrics, using analytical investigation techniques have been evaluated. The results obtained established that the fabric parameters have a great influence on the nonwoven fabric structure and ultimately its properties. The result revealed that higher content of PET fibres led to a reduction in the vertical wicking rate, but better rising height can be achieved at samples made from 100 % of viscose fibres. Also, the influence of pore size and porosity largely influenced the fabric characteristics. The fibre volume fraction on the strength of nonwovens has been studied. The fabricated wipes present themselves as potential candidates for highly absorbent industrial wipes.

Metal-Polyphenol Coordination at the Aqueous Contra-diffusion "Interface": A Green Way to High-Performance Iron(III)/Tannic Acid Thin-Film-Composite Nanofiltration Membranes.

Thin-film-composite (TFC) nanofiltration membranes have found wide uses in environment remediation and industrial separation. There is a growing trend to avoid the use of organic solvents and toxic chemicals during membrane fabrication. Therefore, the aqueous fabrication of TFC membranes receives considerable interest as a green and sustainable process. However, it remains challenging to construct a defect-free and ultrathin film in a homogeneous aqueous phase without the assistance of an interface. The contra-diffusion process provides a special "interface" to confine the film formation within a narrow space by regulating the competition between precursor diffusion and interfacial reactions. Herein, Fe3+/tannic acid (TA) TFC membranes were fabricated by a contra-diffusion process. The effects of fabrication parameters on the Fe3+/TA TFC membrane microstructure and performance were also investigated. The negatively charged membrane performs a competitive Na2SO4 rejection of 95.6% with a permeation flux of 44.3 L m-2 h-1 under 0.6 MPa as well as more than 99.5% rejection to several anionic dyes. The as-prepared membranes perform superior nanofiltration performance compared to other reported Fe3+/TA-based membranes, owing to the thin and defect-free selective layers by self-regulation. Moreover, the membranes exhibit stable rejection during a long-term nanofiltration test.

Preparation and SERS performance of silver nanowires arrays on paper by automatic writing method

Silver nanowire ink was written on the surface of drawing paper by automatic writing method. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the surface morphologies of the drawing paper before and after writing silver nanowires. The effects of fabrication parameters and measurement parameters on silver nanowires arrays were investigated. Crystal violet was selected as the probe molecule to study the SERS performance of silver nanowires arrays. The detection limit of crystal violet was as low as 10-15 mol/L. The uniformity and repeatability of the arrays were also explored, and the relative standard deviation values were about 10%. Moreover, silver nanowires arrays were also relatively stable that SERS signals were still observed after ten weeks. Detection of the crystal violet residue was further achieved on the substrates by continuously pressing nine times. In addition, silver nanowires arrays were also applied to the quantitative analyses of 2, 2′-bipyridyl.

Effect of fabrication parameters on grinding performances of electroplated Ni-B-diamond tools with D150-diamond particles

Electroplated Ni-B-diamond tools with D-150 diamond particles were fabricated and their tool life performances from slot grinding Al2O3 plates were evaluated. Electroplated diamond tools with high diamond particle density were prepared from martensitic stainless steel (AISI 440C) rods, using three sequential electroplating processes, namely Ni-undercoating, Ni-diamond co-electrodeposition, and Ni-B strengthening electroplating. Fabricating parameters of electroplated diamond tools, including the Ni-undercoating thickness, the choice between Ni-diamond and Ni-B-diamond co-electrodeposition, the diamond-coverage percentage, and the post-process annealing temperature, were studied to acquire the determinants of electroplated diamond tool with high grinding performance. Experimental results showed that the grinding performance of an electroplated diamond tool depends strongly on the Ni-undercoating thickness. The highest grinding performance can be achieved from the 400 °C-annealed electroplated diamond tool with Ni-undercoat thickness of 90 μm and diamond-coverage percentage of 80 %. Due to the cracking found along the interface between the Ni-undercoating and Ni-B deposit, Ni-B-diamond co-electrodeposition process is ill-suited for electroplated diamond tool fabrications. Diamond particles should extrude from the tool surface to cut and remove Al2O3 chips formed during grinding. Diamond-coverage should be more than 50 % to avoid low grinding performances due to the low bonding strength of diamonds.

Effects of fabrication parameters and post-processing treatments on the mechanical and tribological behavior of surface-enhanced copper based materials by selective laser melting

Selective laser melting (SLM), which is an advanced manufacturing method developed in recent years, produces parts with complex shapes and critical dimensions using metallic powder and laser beam. In this study, copper based conductive materials with silver networks were fabricated by electroless silver coating and SLM. The effects of laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, build orientation and post treatments on the mechanical and tribological properties of SLM compacts manufactured from core-shell particles were investigated. After the mechanical tests, higher stress and elongation values were obtained in the sample positioned horizontally on the build platform with a laser power of 100 W, scanning speed of 250 mm/s and hatch spacing value of 45%. After that SLM process, the post-processes were applied to the samples and the physical and mechanical properties improved significantly. The highest density value was obtained by the rolling process at 900 °C, and an increase of approximately 35.6% was obtained compared to the sample without post-processing. The lowest wear rate among all samples was obtained in the hot-pressing process at 750 °C. • Silver coating of copper particles by electroless silver plating method. • Production of copper-based compacts by SLM using core-shell particles. • Investigation of critical SLM parameters on the properties of SLMed parts. • Investigate the effect of post treatments on SLMed parts. • Obtaining the improved properties by electroless coating, SLM, post treatments.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Abrasion Loss and Surface Roughness of Crab Carapace Impregnated Coir Vinyl Ester Composites

Roughness plays an important role in determining how an object would be related with its environment. In tribology, rough surfaces easily obtain wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good analyzer of the performance of a mechanical component. This investigation is aimed to study the abrasion loss and surface roughness behaviors in crab carapace-filled coir fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites. The development of filler-impregnated fiber-polymer composites in recent years necessitated the evaluation and prediction of tribological behaviors in fiber reinforced composites. The composite fabrication was planned by varying the three fabrication parameters with three levels such as fiber length (10 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm), fiber diameter (0.1 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.25 mm), and content of crab carapace fillers (0%, 2%, and 4%) as per Design of Experiments (DOEs) in this current investigation. Low velocity integrated wear loss tests on composite samples were carried out, and also the average surface roughness is measured in the fabricated composites. Nonlinear regression equations were developed to study the correlation between tribological behaviors and fabrication parameters. The interaction effect of fabrication parameters was studied using ANOVA two-tail test and validated using response surface plots. In order to forecast abrasion loss and surface roughness behaviors, artificial neural network (ANN) models were constructed, and it was discovered that the produced ANN models effectively predicted the abrasion loss as well as surface roughness behavior within the given ranges.

A solid hydrogel electrolyte-based micro fuel cell integrated with fuel/electrolyte storage and supply function

<p indent="0mm">The development of modern electronic equipment has promoted the requirement of portable energy conversion devices. Fuel cell technology provides clean energy, which is pollution-free and environmentally friendly. It has several advantages, including instant charge and discharge, high energy conversion efficiency, and easy integration. However, some disadvantages, such as high membrane cost, membrane aging degradation, water management, and extra ohmic resistance, always accompany the conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In addition, the need for fuel tanks increases the system cost and complexity and is unfavorable for miniaturization. Meanwhile, the consumption of additional pump power to supply fuel can reduce the net output power. Hydrogel is a solid-state electrolyte crosslinked via a three-dimensional (3D) polymer network. The porous structure possesses the abilities of water absorption and retention and enables fast mass transport on a large surface. To simplify the fuel cell system and improve its portability, a miniature fuel cell integrated with the fuel/electrolyte is proposed, complemented by the water retention and ionic conductivity of the hydrogel. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel is prepared via cyclic freezing and thawing processes. The effects of the fabrication parameters, such as swelling and conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte, are discussed, and the fuel cell equipped with hydrogel is set up. The micromorphology and element distribution of PVA hydrogel are evaluated via physical characterization. PVA hydrogel has an abundant 3D-network porous structure. PVA polymer chain is uniformly crosslinked, and C and O elements are evenly distributed on the hydrogel skeleton. Fourier transform infrared results reveal numerous hydrophilic groups in PVA hydrogel, including –OH and C–O, contributing to the high aqueous electrolyte absorption ability. The effect of fabrication parameters on the swelling properties of PVA hydrogel is studied. The high concentration and efficient repetitive freezing-thawing can improve the crosslinking density of the PVA hydrogel, firmness of the hydrogel skeleton, and swelling equilibrium. The PVA hydrogel in 5% can reach the maximum swelling ratio of 45%. The ionic conductivity of the PVA hydrogel after swelling the electrolyte is studied via the two-probe AC impedance method. The various freezing-thawing cycles have an evident influence on the crosslinking density and pore size of the hydrogel, contributing to the absorption ability of the sulfuric acid solution and hydrogel conductivity. The ionic conductivity of the PVA hydrogel in 5% by three freeze-haw cycles is up to 173.61 mS/cm, facilitating the hydrogen ion conduction in the fuel cell. Moreover, the effects of hydrogel thickness, fuel concentration, and electrolyte concentration on the fuel cell performance are studied. Consequently, when the hydrogel electrolyte thickness is <sc>6 mm</sc> using <sc>6 mol/L</sc> HCOOH and <sc>1 mol/L</sc> H₂SO₄, the maximum power density is <sc>2.5 mW/cm²</sc>, and the limiting current density is <sc>15.2 mA/cm².</sc> The results suggest that the fuel cell can be used to power miniature portable electronic devices.

Taguchi Grey Relational Optimization of the Multi-mechanical Characteristics of Kaolin Reinforced Hydroxyapatite: Effect of Fabrication Parameters

Comparative study of kaolin reinforced hydroxyapatite (KHAp) and pure HAp using different production parameters has been done through traditional experimentation. However, the quantitative effect, optimization of kaolin reinforcement and fabrication parameters have not been investigated. Hence, this study examines the effect of kaolin reinforcement, compaction pressure and sintering temperature on the experimental mechanical properties of HAp. Taguchi design assisted by grey relational analysis was employed with L36 (2**2 3**1) orthogonal array. The Minitab 16 software was used to analyze the Taguchi design. The result showed a disparity in kaolin reinforcement as the optimum condition for individual mechanical properties, but the grey relational analysis showed better mechanical properties with kaolin reinforcement, 500 Pa compaction pressure and 1100 oC sintering temperature. The obtained result further revealed kaolin reinforcement as a strong and promising reinforcing material for high strength clinical application, having a contribution of 93.16% on compressive strength of HAp. Therefore, future studies can be conducted in the use of different wt% of kaolin on the multi-response mechanical characteristics of HAp.

Effect of Fabrication Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Water Hyacinth Fiber-Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene Composite

Effect of Fabrication Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Water Hyacinth Fiber-Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene Composite

Effect of fabrication parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured AZ61 alloy

The wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was employed to fabricate the AZ61 alloys via different fabrication parameters. The microstructure, including grain size and porosity, varies with the processing conditions, which significantly influence the mechanical properties of the fabricated materials. The superior microstructure with fine grains and reduced porosity was achieved via fabrication parameters with current of 130A, voltage of 12.5 kV and wire feed speed of 820 mm/min, providing exceptionally excellent comprehensive mechanical properties.

Accurate simulation of draped fabric sheets with nonlinear modeling

This paper reports a numerical approach, based on a nonlinear particle spring model and a collision detection procedure, to simulate the shape of a draped cloth, or a flexible sheet, together with a simple but precise three-dimensional shape reconstruction method for real fabric applications. The latter is utilized to verify the accuracy of the proposed drape simulation model. The drapes of four types of fabric on a cylinder are simulated, and the results are compared with the reconstructed shapes of the same cloths; the results show an excellent agreement. The simulation model is further used to calculate the shapes of skirts of different materials and sizes, and the effects of fabric parameters, length, and waist size are numerically investigated. The results reveal that under the same conditions, the behaviors of different materials are affected by their properties in terms of stiffness coefficients of the springs. The silk skirt looks soft and fluttering; the outer contour curve of the skirt simulated for the polyester fabric appears relatively smoother, but the shape of the cotton skirt seems to be stiffer. The skirt made of fabric of 10% cotton and 90% polyester combines the characteristics of the polyester and cotton fabric.

Thermal stress-induced fabrication of carbon micro/nanostructures and the application in high-performance enzyme-free glucose sensors

Enzyme-free glucose sensors are of great significance for monitoring patients’ blood glucose, but the fabrication of high performance sensors is still challenging. Carbon micro/nanostructures are good candidates for enzyme-free glucose sensors due to good biocompatibility and conductivity, and highly active surface area. In this study, the formation of flower-like carbon micro/nanostructure arrays by the thermal stress from pyrolysis of suspended micro/nanostructures was studied. The modified carbon microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) technology involved overexposure of photoresist structures, oxygen plasma etching and pyrolysis processes with stainless steel as substrate. The effects of fabrication parameters like exposure time and width of suspended part to the formation of carbon micro/nanostructures were discussed. The novel carbon micro/nanostructures were integrated with copper oxide (CuO) nanofilm for the application of enzyme-free glucose sensors. The electrochemical performances of CuO nanofilm/carbon micro/nanostructures were characterized, and the results showed that the enzymeless glucose sensors demonstrated excellent specificity, good stability, high sensitivity of (1.09 ± 0.05)×103 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low detection limit of 4.51 ± 0.03 μM. The obtained micro/nanostructures have great potential for high performance micro sensors and on-chip energy storage devices, and the presented approach is promising for large-scale manufacturing of carbon micro/nanostructures.

Heat Treated Microstructures and Properties of Additively Manufactured IN718 Superalloy

The effect of fabrication parameters was studied on the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of IN718 superalloy selective laser melted samples. The samples were prepared with two different scan strategies, scan speed and hatch spacing. It was found that in a given scan speed, the scan strategy affected the final density of the samples. After heat treatment, in addition to recrystallized grains, columnar grains were elongated in build direction and effective heat flow was observed during solidification. The hardness values of heat-treated samples revealed an increase of 27–40% compared to the as-fabricated ones (from 285–330 to 450–480 HV). The hardness level of the present work samples reached an upper limit of other results before and after heat treatment.

Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles on a microfluidics platform with planar tilted electrodes

Cell/particle separation enabled by lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices has been a promising solution for separating target cells from the body fluids. Understanding the effects of fabrication and performance parameters on the separation efficiency can further advance applications of such devices in life sciences. This study presents a parametric study on the displacement of the cell-representative polystyrene particles in dielectrophoresis (DEP) based microseparators. The proposed device includes slanted planar interdigitated electrodes to apply a lateral DEP force on the particles. The effect of fabrication parameters (i.e., the channel length and width, and the deflection angle of the electrodes), as well as operational factors (i.e., the volumetric throughput and particle size) on the DEP-induced displacement, are studied. The results show that the volumetric throughput has the most contribution to the position of the particles. Among the geometrical parameters, the channel length is found to be the most effective factor in the particles position, while the effect of the channel width is shown to be negligible. The device was also tested with NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, which exhibited the same behavior. The results of this research render the desired separation performance to be attained via the design of low-angle slanted electrodes alongside with a balance between the volumetric throughput and the length of the DEP region. These findings lead to a successful size-selective sorting or focusing of 5 μm–15 μm particles, which can provide valuable insights into the design of microfluidic platforms to selectively separate different cell types in biofluids.

Bursting behavior of polyester needle-punched filter fabrics

The effect of fabric weight, depth of needle penetration and needling density on bursting strength of needle-punched nonwoven filter fabrics prepared from virgin and recycled polyester fibres has been studied. The effect of fabric parameters on bursting behavior trend is found similar in both the virgin and the recycled polyester filter fabric samples. There is considerable fall in bursting strength of recycled polyester fabrics as compared to that in virgin one, under high fabric weight and needling density. Interestingly, it has been found that the recycled polyester filter fabric shows 3.584% lesser strength (average value of all samples) than the virgin polyester filter fabric, which signifies the use of recycled polyester filter wherever applicable, considering the recyclability and sustainability aspects.

Osteogenic differentiation of an osteoblast precursor cell line using composite PCL-gelatin-nHAp electrospun nanofiber mesh

Designing a temporary substrate to adhere, multiply and form new bone tissue for the bone-forming cells is a challenge in bone tissue engineering. In this article, a new biodegradable and composite scaffolding system was fabricated using an electrospinning technique to augment bone formation using poly-caprolactone (PCL), natural polymer gelatin (GL) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp). The effect of fabrication parameters on nanofiber scaffolds (PCL, PCL + GL, PCL + GL + nHAp) production, as well as MC3T3-E1 proliferation and osteogenic differentiation was investigated. Physical properties of scaffolds, such as morphology, surface area, wettability, were examined using SEM, BET method, and contact angle measurements, respectively. A pre-osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1 was seeded on these scaffolds to study the proliferation by DNA assay and cell viability using live-dead assay. After 21 days of in vitro culture, more than 89% of the MC3T3 cells remained viable within PCL + GL + nHAp scaffold, in contrast to 61.9% viability observed in the plain PCL scaffold. The differentiation of MC3T3 cells into the bone phenotype was determined quantitatively using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition as well as qualitatively using alizarin red staining. At day 21, the DNA content of PCL + GL + nHAp scaffold was 4.5 times higher than its day 1 DNA contents. At day 21, the normalized intracellular ALP activity in the PCL + GL + nHAp group was 1.2 times higher than that in the PCL + GL group, which in turn was 1.7 times larger than that in the PCL group. Moreover, at day 21, PCL + GL + nHAp scaffold showed a 12.43-fold increase in ALP activity and deposited nearly 35-fold higher calcium relative to their respective values at day 1, thus indicating that the inclusion of gelatin and nHAp significantly enhanced cell binding, long-term cell survivability, proliferation, and stimulated osteogenesis in vitro. The findings from current work show that incorporation of nHAp into the nanofibrous scaffold of PCL + GL and the use of our optimized electrospinning process provides a favorable substrate to promote bone healing.

Preparation of Plasmonic Cu Nanoparticles By Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid and Their Characterization

Photocatalysis plays a pivotal role in solar energy transferring into usable energy. In recent years, visible light driven photocatalysts have been attracted more attention due to the broadened solar absorption wavelength. In this regard, the plasmonic photocatalysts based on gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) can strongly absorb visible light due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Compared with most studied Ag and Au nanoparticles, Cu is a low-cost plasmonic material owing to its higher earth abundance. However, the difficulty in fabricating chemically stable Cu nanoparticles limits their application. Here, the colloidal Cu nanoparticles were fabricated via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) by Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and the size and optical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometry, respectively. The effect of fabrication parameters, such as laser fluence, ablation time, organic solvent and ablation time was further investigated. In addition, the composition and stability of the as-prepared plasmonic Cu nanoparticle was also studied. The as-prepared plasmonic Cu nanoparticle exhibit strong LSPR absorption peak in the visible region, which is beneficial to the application in photocatalysis, solar energy harvesting, optoelectronics, and biomedical technologies.

Preparation and Characterization of Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

The technique of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) is favorable for the fabrication of a porous scaffold due to a number of advantages. In this work the poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLLGC) terpolymer was synthesized by melt copolymerization and porous scaffolds thereof from its solution in 1,4-dioxane were fabricated by using the TIPS method. The effects of fabrication parameters, including polymer concentration and freezing temperature, on the morphology, pore size and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the average pore size of the PLLGC porous scaffold increased with a decrease in PLLGC concentration and the pore size resulting from freezing at 4 °C (about 20–100 μm) was significantly larger than for other samples (20–50 μm) frozen at lower temperatures. The porosity of the scaffolds decreased with increasing PLLGC concentration or decreasing freezing temperature. On the other hand, the compressive strength of the scaffolds increased with the increase of PLLGC concentration or the decrease of freezing temperature, as would be expected. The present results can be applied in design to control the processing parameters of TIPS for a scaffold with desired pore morphology.