Effect Of Electrode Configuration Research Articles

Electrode materials and structures in UV photodetectors

Electrodes can be recognized as the bridges between photodetectors (PDs) and outer measurement circuits. The interfacial electric properties between electrodes and sensitive materials would dominate the separation and collection of photo-induced charge carrier, which are recognized as one of the critical factors influencing the photo-detecting performance. In this paper, the electrode materials used in UV PDs are summarized and categorized according to their components. Then, the effects of electrode configurations (such as the contact types, band structure, and electrode structure) on the photoelectric performances of UV PDs are discussed. Varied kinds of specific electrodes such as transparent electrodes, flexible electrodes, and bio-originated electrodes are described. Finally, the perspective of electrodes in UV PDs is presented, which provides guidance for their future development.

Continuous Electrocoagulation for a Sustainable Water Treatment: Effects of Electrode Configuration, Electrical Connection Mode, and Polarity Reversal on Fluoride Removal

Water pollution in southern Tunisia, particularly in the mining basin of Gafsa, is primarily due to elevated levels of fluoride ions. This study focuses on removing fluoride from Metlaoui’s tap water through a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) treatment. With a fluoride concentration of 3.5 mg·L−1, this water exhibits the highest fluoride levels in Gafsa’s mining basin. The study investigates the impact of electrode configuration on fluoride removal from tap water through continuous electrocoagulation treatment. Configuring the electrodes perpendicular to the water flow improves the aluminum dissolution by electrocoagulation and the fluoride removal efficiency. Additionally, the study explores the effect of electrical connection modes on electrode performance, showing consistent fluoride removal yield under identical current densities and electrochemical cell numbers. Furthermore, the study examines cathodic deposit removal through polarity reversal, demonstrating its effectiveness in eliminating deposits and achieving high fluoride removal yields, especially with polarity reversal every minute. This method proves to be an efficient approach for a more sustainable fluorinated water treatment, eliminating cathodic deposits without the need for chemical or mechanical interventions, and without producing additional effluents or waste. The optimization of these parameters not only enhances fluoride removal efficiency, but also reduces energy consumption and operational costs, thereby promoting the sustainable management of energy and water resources.

Effects of electrode configuration on the current density distribution of the electrolytic reducer

Pyroprocessing for the recycling of light water reactor spent fuel into metal nuclear fuel involves the electrolytic reduction process to convert oxides into metals. Optimization of the electrolytic cell is essential in the current engineering-scale development stage of electrolytic reduction research. This study investigates the effects of the conventional impermeable anode shroud, typically used in the development of laboratory-scale electrolytic reducers, and the effects of parallel multiple electrode configurations, aimed at the scale-up of the electrolytic reducer, on the current density distribution of the electrolytic reducer. The current density distribution was analyzed using COMSOL modeling. The exclusion of the impermeable anode shroud resulted in increased total currents under constant cell voltage conditions and contributed to the narrowing of the current density distribution on the electrodes. In addition, parallel multiple electrode configurations proved effective in increasing total currents and narrowing the current density distribution on the electrodes. These results emphasize the need to use a permeable anode shroud and a parallel multiple electrode configuration to scale-up the electrolytic reducer.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate in a flow cell on CuSx grown by atomic layer deposition

Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) are promising pre-catalysts for tuning the selectivity of electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction (CO2R). Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables well-controlled growth of thin TMC films on various gas diffusion electrodes. Herein, we have studied the CO2R performance of ALD-grown copper sulfide (CuSx) in a flow cell. The effects of electrode configuration, electrolyte concentration, temperature, and electrolysis time were carefully studied, combined with pre- and post-electrolysis physico-chemical analyses of the films. The unique selectivity of sulfur-doped Cu towards formate was retained with Faradaic efficiencies between 40 and 60%, but slow selectivity changes were observed over time. Major loss of sulfur was encountered during the initial 5-min reduction period, and after that, progressive formation of nanoparticles could be observed. Comparisons to ALD-grown Cu thin film and CuSx-modified Cu foam electrodes verified the importance of sulfur and suggested that other electrocatalyst films could be easily realized with ALD.

Effect of powered electrode configuration on plasma structure of surface micro-discharge array

Surface micro-discharge (SMD) has received growing interest for its great prospect in various emerging applications spanning the fields of biomedicine, manufacturing, and agriculture. Discharge properties and the nature of the chemical species are heavily dependent on the electrode configuration. However, insight into the effect of electrode configuration on SMD remains scarce. This paper reports on the effect of the geometry of the powered planar electrode on the dynamic evolution of plasma in a helium SMD array at atmospheric pressure. The observed symmetric and asymmetric luminous patterns correspond to odd and even numbered current pulses in negative half-cycle, respectively. When the powered electrode is not covering the full area of the mesh unit of the grounded electrode, the luminous pattern dominated by the negative pattern consists of three parts: the distinct luminous channel, the flabelliform luminous area, and the discontinuous cambered channels under the incomplete powered electrode condition. The distinct luminous channel is ascribed to the propagation of the bullet-like plasma volume originated at the middle part of the mesh side before merging with other plasmas. The merging plasma forms a cambered front and continuous to propagate, leading to the formation of a flabelliform area. The discontinuous cambered channels result from the propagation of bullets ignited at the mesh corners, especially the slide of luminous area with maximum emission intensity along the streamer. Moreover, the mesh element without a powered electrode can also initiate breakdown due to the sufficiently high voltage and the propagation of surface charges, suggesting that the grounded mesh electrode should be extended to avoid redundant discharges.

Effect of electrode configuration on the mechanical-corrosion characteristics of welded AISI 2205 steel structure

Effect of electrode configuration on the mechanical-corrosion characteristics of welded AISI 2205 steel structure

Effect of electrode geometry on the flow structure induced by plasma actuators

Pulsed surface arc discharge (PSAD) is one of the essential techniques in flow control. In this paper, the effects of electrode configuration on heat transfer characteristics of PSAD and disturbance characteristics of PSAD on the flow field were investigated by thermal imaging technology and high-speed photography technology. By defining the curvature of curve (COC) of the electrode, we investigated the physical mechanism of the electrode configuration, affecting the PSAD disturbed flow field. The results show that the COC has the optimal solution COCopt. When COC ≤ COCopt, the smaller the COC, the more concentrated the PSAD disturbances to the flow field. When COC > COCopt, the electrode configuration will have an end point effect, resulting in a deviation between the theoretical COC and the real COC. The larger the COC, the stronger the end point effect, and the more concentrated the PSAD disturbances to the flow field. The COC affects the disturbance degree of PSAD to the flow field by distorting the electric field intensity distribution. The change in the electric field intensity causes the fluctuation frequency of the flow field to be inconsistent with the discharge frequency of the PSAD. The stronger the distortion degree of the electric field intensity, the stronger the high-frequency characteristics of the fluctuating frequency of the flow field, and the stronger the high-frequency characteristics of the flow mode of the flow field. In addition, we obtained the value range of COCopt within 0.5–0.7 through theoretical derivation and established a mathematical model of electrode structure's effect on the flow field's flow structure.

Application of Bioelectrochemical System and Magnetite Nanoparticles on the Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge: Effect of Electrode Configuration

Conventional anaerobic digestion is currently challenged by limited degradability and low methane production. Herein, it is proposed that magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) and bioelectrochemical systems can be employed for the improvement of organic content degradation. In this study, the effect of electrode configuration was examined through the application of a bioelectrochemical system and Fe3O4-NPs in anaerobic digestion (AD). A microbial electrolysis cell with cylindrical electrodes (MECC) and a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) with rectangular electrodes were compared against the traditional AD process. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were carried out using digesters with a working volume of 800 mL charged with 300 mL inoculum, 500 mL substrate, and 1 g Fe3O4-NPs. The electrodes (zinc and copper) of both digesters were inserted inside the BMPs and were powered with 0.4 V for 30 days at 40 °C. The MECC performed better, improving degradability, with enhanced methane percentage (by 49% > 39.1% of the control), and reduced water pollutants (chemical-oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total suspended solids, turbidity, and color) by more than 88.6%. The maximum current density was 33.3 mA/m2, and the coulombic efficiency was 54.4%. The MECC showed a remarkable potential to maximize methane enhancement and pollution removal by adjusting the electrode configuration.

Study on the effect of electrode configuration on the performance of a hydrogen/vanadium redox flow battery

All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are one of the potential energy storage systems for renewable energy storage. The high cost of vanadium electrolytes is one of the barriers to VRFB commercialization. To reduce the cost of the battery, the aqueous negative electrolyte is replaced with gaseous hydrogen, whereas the positive electrolyte retains vanadium ions as a hydrogen–vanadium redox flow battery (HVRFB). Hydrogen can be supplied using renewable energy sources, which enhances the kinetics of the reaction. The HVRFB is investigated in this study by examining the effects of negative electrode configuration, Pt loading, humidity conditions, and electrolyte flow rate. Pt loading and positive electrolyte flow rate are discovered to have a significant effect on electrolyte utilization. The highest battery performance is obtained when the catalyst loading is set at 0.3 mg Pt cm−2 and the positive electrolyte flow rate is around 2 L h−1. The HVRFB operates continuously for 200 cycles and demonstrates an energy efficiency of around 88% when operated at a current density of 80 mA cm−2.

Analysis of high electromechanical coupling coefficient zinc oxide Lame’ mode resonators and a design technique for spurious mode mitigation

This paper presents an exhaustive analysis on Zinc Oxide based modified Lame’ mode resonators. Extensive analytical study describing the operating principles of the resonator is presented and comparisons with finite element (FE) simulation results show excellent agreement. Subsequently, the effect of electrode configuration, type of metal used for electrode, electrode coverage ratio and electrode thickness on the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (Keff2) is analyzed from which electrode configurations that can offer best values for Lame’ modes on rectangular plates are suggested. On this basis, a remarkably high coupling coefficient (i.e. about 14.5% simulated) is achieved. In addition, a method of mitigating in-band spurious modes without causing a significant change on the resonant frequency and coupling coefficient is demonstrated. In this setting, the simulated results offered a spurious free resonance with a sufficient suppression of spurious modes without inducing a performance degradation on the main mode.

Comparison of Cr/Ni removal by electrokinetic (EK) and electrochemical geooxidation (ECGO) processes: Remediation performance and economic analysis in an in-situ system

This study aimed to evaluate the in-situ remediation performance of Cr/Ni contaminated soil by the electrokinetic (EK) and the Electrochemical Geooxidation (ECGO) processes. The standard operating procedures, including Phase I-III (pre-engineering, remediation, and site restoration), in an in-situ EK/ECGO system were established. The effects of electrode configuration (Honeycomb and Square), potential gradient, and processing fluid on remediation performance were investigated. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of Ni and Cr were 27.3–39.3% and 6.1–30.1% in the honeycomb system, respectively, and were 46.2–48.5% and 3.1–12.2% in the square system, respectively. In particular, using the Fe/Al oxidation electrode hugely shifted the soil-metal bonds from stable to a less stable. Results showed that the cost of Phase II varied under different experimental conditions. In contrast, the cost of Phase I and III was independent experimental parameters. Cr and Ni removal cost was 0.34–1.01 USD g-1 and 0.23–0.36 USD g-1 in the honeycomb system, respectively, and was 1.41–5.58 USD g-1 and 0.50–0.71 USD g-1 in the square system, respectively. In terms of remediation efficiency and cost analysis, this study demonstrated that the overall performance in the honeycomb system was better than that in the square system.

Effect of electrode configurations on the characteristics of the ring–ring typed atmospheric pressure plasma jet and its modification on polymer film

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of three different ring electrode configurations (copper wire electrode [CWE], copper foil electrode [CFE], and copper block electrode [CBE]) on the characteristics of the ring–ring typed atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and polyethylene terephthalate modification. The characteristics of APPJ were simulated and experimentally explored. The results show that APPJ with CWE has the maximum electric field magnitude, power, concentration of reactive species, and gas temperature. While CBE has the most uniform electric field distribution and the most stable discharge process. Besides, CWE has the maximum hydrophilization rate while the CBE has the most uniform modification area. The plasma characteristics and modification effect of APPJ with CFE fall in between.

Effect of electrode configuration and voltage variations on electrocoagulation process in phosphate removal of laundry wastewater

Indonesia is one of the countries that still have to deal with waste problems. In reducing waste, the government has made a series of efforts to reduce waste, especially wastewater. There are many kinds of wastewater. One of them is laundry wastewater. This research aims to estimate the dangerous substance in laundry wastewater and how to treat it. The method using some variables like Al-Al, Al-Fe, Fe-Fe, and Fe-Al and the voltage is changing from 20 V, 30 V, 40 V, and 60 V. The research shows that the most optimum result of laundry wastewater treatment was using Al-Fe electrode plate 60 V. The result that the phosphate concentration decreased by 6.56 mg/l from 9.58 mg/l to 3.01 mg/l and obtained phosphate removal efficiency of 68.56%. The most optimum results for the removal of phosphate levels contained in the 60 V voltage.

Effect of electrode configuration and voltage variations on electrocoagulation process in surfactant removal from laundry wastewater

Almost all human life requires water, one of which is washing clothes. However, city people tend to use laundry services. It is necessary to treat laundry wastewater because it contains parameters that can cause environmental pollution. A promising technique has been found to treat urban wastewater, especially laundry wastewater. An electrochemical method for water treatment is known as electrocoagulation, in which a solution of an active coagulant in the form of metal ions (aluminum or iron) is introduced into a solution. In electrocoagulation, the processes of adsorption, coagulation, precipitation, and flotation taking place. This research was conducted to determine the impact of current on electrocoagulation using Al-Al, Fe-Fe, Al-Fe, Fe-Al electrodes in reducing surfactant levels in laundry wastewater with variations in the voltage used were 20 V, 30 V, 40 V, and 60 V. The results showed that the electrocoagulation process could remove surfactants in laundry wastewater. A voltage of 30 volts with Al-Al electrode configuration was used for 30 minutes to obtain optimum conditions so that it will get a surfactant effluent concentration of 5.77 mg/L with a removal efficiency of 72.89%.

Effects of electrode configurations, solution pH, TiO2 addition on hydrogen production by in-liquid discharge plasma

In-situ hydrogen production for mobile transportation has gradually become a research hotspot with the adjustment of energy structure. Especially hydrogen production from liquid materials can avoid the problems of storage and transportation. In this work, hydrogen produced by in-liquid discharge from ethanol/water mixtures was researched. The effects of electrode configurations, solution pH, commercial TiO2 addition on hydrogen production were specially discussed. The results show that the acid solution is conducive to increasing the percentage concentration of hydrogen, and discharge in the alkaline solution can increase the flow rate of hydrogen at high voltage. Meanwhile, the needle-12 needles configuration is more suitable for in-liquid pulsed discharge for hydrogen production that the energy efficiency is higher compared with other configurations. In-liquid discharge coupled with TiO2 addition can improve the effect of hydrogen production to a certain extent. With 4 mg/L TiO2 concentration, the flow rate and percentage concentration of hydrogen can increase about 30%, 2.6%, respectively.

Behaviour of electroosmotic consolidation by electrode configuration and fracture grouting

Electroosmotic consolidation effect of electrode configuration and fracture grouting with sodium hydroxide were investigated. In this study, a series of laboratory tests were performed by using a homemade electroosmotic cell. Results indicate that electroosmotic consolidation that uses fracture grouting with sodium hydroxide effectively improved the mechanical properties of dredged clay sediment, and the optimised ratio of the number of cathodes to anodes was 1:2. In terms of drainage, current, water content, and vane shear strength, electroosmotic consolidation did not improve by increasing the number of cathodes. When the sodium hydroxide solution was injected into the soil, it neutralises the acidity near the anode, suppresses the development of electrode corrosion, reduces the voltage loss between electrodes, facilitates water drainage, and increases soil consolidation. The technique can provide design guidance for the treatment of dredged clay sediment.

The Effect of Electrode Configuration on Heat Transfer Control Using Ionic Wind

The Effect of Electrode Configuration on Heat Transfer Control Using Ionic Wind

Understanding the Effect of Electrode Configuration on Incident Energy and Arc-Flash Boundary

Understanding the Effect of Electrode Configuration on Incident Energy and Arc-Flash Boundary

Influence of electrode configuration on electrokinetic-enhanced persulfate oxidation remediation of PAH-contaminated soil.

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation combined with in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) can be applied to low permeability organic contaminated soil. However, the effects of electrode configuration on EK-oxidation remediation remain unclear. In this study, EK-ISCO remediation of real polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil under different electrode configurations was conducted. The results showed that increasing the number of anodes and electrode pairs in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electrode configuration was conducive to migration of oxidants into the system. The change in soil pH after remediation in 2D electrode configuration was not obvious, but the increase of soil electrical conductivity (EC) was higher than that of the 1D electrode configuration. The removal rates of PAHs in 2D electrode configurations (35.9-40.9%) were relatively higher than those of the 1D electrode configurations (0.54-31.6%), and the hexagonal electrode configuration yielded the highest pollutant removal efficiency, reaching 40.9%. The energy consumption under 2D electrode configuration was smaller than that under 1D electrode configuration, and the energy consumption of per gram removed PAHs in the hexagon configuration (66.74kWh (g PAHs)-1) was lowest in all electrode configurations. Overall, the results of this study suggest that 2D electrode configuration is better than 1D and hexagonal electrode configuration is an optimal electrode configuration.

Pitfalls and refinement of 2D cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography

As the conventional surface ERT method is limited by its low resolution at depth, cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (CHERT) method is increasingly used in the field of geo-environment and hydrogeology whenever possible. Researches regarding CHERT configurations and some negative effects in this method have been useful in survey planning and data interpretation. Nevertheless, some issues remained to be resolved before a standard guideline can be drawn up for conducting CHERT. The symmetric effect was recently pointed out as a major issue in resistivity tomography involving borehole measurements including both borehole-to-surface and cross-hole methods. Symmetrical artifacts emerge for certain types of electrode configuration, which are often desired for better resolution. In this study, the symmetric effect was further investigated in a general two-hole CHERT layout, which is more frequently used in the field. The influence of symmetric effect is found to manifest when the assumption of boundary condition in the inversion is incorrect. The effect of electrode configuration and inversion scheme was further examined and the extended inversion model was found to be more suitable for CHERT data inversion. In particular, the optimal extended range outside the boreholes on each side was shown to be 0.25 times the borehole depth. To mitigate the symmetric effect, a more practical optimal array was proposed. These new suggestions were further verified by a field example.