Effect Of Different Nanoparticles Research Articles

Effects of nano oxide particles on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of okra plant under water deficiency

ABSTRACT Drought, as abiotic stress, has significant detrimental effects on the growth, physiology, yield and nutritional quality of plants. The distinctive characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) significantly contribute to essential physiological processes, indicating their considerable potential in promoting plant growth. This study investigated the effects of different NPs, including aluminium oxide nanoparticles (ANPs), silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs), on the growth and photosynthesis of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) seedlings under drought stress conditions. The growth characteristics of okra plants were assessed after 48 days of watering. Photosynthetic parameters like photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured with a portable photosynthesis system. The results demonstrated that both ANPs and SNPs can promote the growth and photosynthesis activity of okra plants, with SNPs exhibiting a stronger effect compared to ANPs. The administration of 50 mg · kg−1 SNPs for a defined period demonstrated the most pronounced enhancement in growth and photosynthetic properties. In contrast, TNPs were found to have a significantly harmful influence on the growth and photosynthetic properties of the okra plant. These findings lay an important foundation for assessing the effects of nano oxide particles on okra plants.

Experimental investigation of the effects of different nanoparticles on the performance of single basin double-slope solar stills

Abstract The study focuses on the development of a thermal model for a single basin double-slope solar still and compares the effects of varying volume concentrations of nanoparticles on its performance. The efficiency of single basin double-slope solar still is improved by using strip-grooved fin absorber shapes and a combination of nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, Ag, Fe2O3, and ZnO) in water depths from 0.01 to 0.05 m. The nanoparticles are present in different volume concentrations of 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, and 0.30% in saline water within the basin. The strip-grooved fins are used to increase the surface area available for evaporation and serve as an important material for storing thermal energy, which is then transferred to the fluid mass in the basin, increasing its temperature. On the other hand, nanoparticles are used to improve the heat transfer of saline water in the basin and enhance its absorption of solar radiation. The experiment revealed that without the presence of nanofluid, the distillation efficiency of strip-grooved fin was 26.93%. The distillation production efficiency of strip-grooved fins combined with nanoparticles Al2O3, CuO, Ag, Fe2O3, and ZnO were 36.13%, 35.58%, 34.60%, 32.44%, and 29.71%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic analysis showed that the overall costs per liter of freshwater produced by single basin double-slope solar still with strip-grooved fin and the combination of single basin double-slope solar still with strip-grooved fin and Al2O3 were reduced by 0.0368 and 0.0309$/L, respectively.

Dependence of high temperature tribological performance of MoS2-based composites on type of oxides

As a solid lubricating material with excellent anti-friction and anti-wear performance, MoS2 is prone to oxidation in high temperature and atmospheric environment, which leads to the deterioration of lubricating performance and the decrease of service life. The addition of nano-particle oxides can improve the high-temperature lubricating performance of MoS2-based solid lubricating materials to some extent, but the effects of different nanoparticles oxides under the same test condition is still unclear. The effects of nano-particles oxides (TiO2, Cr2O3, Al2O3 and ZrO2) on the tribological performance of MoS2-based composites at 450 °C were compared. It was shown that MoS2-TiO2 exhibited the best high temperature tribological properties, and its average friction coefficient was about 0.26, which was about 26 % and 10 % lower than that of 718 substrate and MoS2, respectively. Here we attempted to propose a new concept of correlative potential to explain the lubricating difference of binary oxides under high temperature. The good tribological performance of MoS2-TiO2 at high temperature was attributed to the low correlative potential of TiO2 nanoparticles and the dense tribo-oxide layer formed at the friction interface that reduce the shearing of the rubbing interface. The research results can provide reference for the selection and design of MoS2-based composites, and also enrich the theory of high temperature tribology.

Leveraging colloid and interface science for long-term marine performance of hybrid coatings: Effects of different nanoparticles on anticorrosion and antifouling properties

This study leveraged the unique colloidal and interfacial properties of synthesized SiO2, ZnO, and carbon (CN) nanoparticles as effective nanofillers to enhance the anti-corrosion and antifouling properties of PMMA coatings. By optimizing nanoparticle dispersion, stability, and functional performance within the polymer matrix, we achieved improved surface roughness, hydrophobicity, mechanical stability, and antimicrobial properties. Hybrid coatings containing 1.5 wt% of these nanoparticles were applied to stainless steel (SS) substrates and evaluated through water contact angle measurements, pull-off adhesion strength tests, antibacterial assays, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results demonstrate that the synergistic effects of SiO2, ZnO, and CN nanoparticles significantly enhance the coatings' anticorrosion and antifouling characteristics by increasing hydrophobicity, total impedance, and antibacterial activity via reactive oxygen species generated by ZnO and CN. Additionally, over two years, the coating’s long-term protection was assessed by submerging coupons at a 6-meter depth in the Bocana Chica reef barrier, a site with rapid biofouling colonization, making this test a demanding evaluation.

Development and Characterization of Novel Green Cutting Fluids with Nano-additives

In this current investigation, novel cutting fluids developed through a unique combination of food grade emulsifiers, plant based additives (EA) and nano particles (NP) as cutting fluid additives in corn oil (CO) based vegetable oil. Five dissimilar corn-based green cutting fluids (CBGC1, CBGC2, CBGC3, CBGC4, CBGC5) were prepared by varying the weight percentages (wt.%) of EAs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) with CO, and their thermo-physical properties were meticulously analyzed. Among these formulations, CBGC2 demonstrated superior lubrication performance, making it the most promising oil for further investigation. Subsequently, the effect of different NP was investigated by adding alumina (Al2O3), graphene (Gr) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) NPs in the CBGC2 solution in the ratio of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 in weight percent (wt.%) and the experimental results reveal substantial enhancements in thermophysical properties. Among various samples, the nanofluid containing 0.8 wt.% concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles in CBGC2 exhibited the highest viscosity. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid enhanced by 24.82% when 1.2 wt.% of Gr nanoparticles added oil compared to CBGC2. Furthermore, in tribological tests, CBGC2 with 0.4% Al2O3 exhibited the lowest frictional force among the prepared cutting fluids. The contact angle reduced to a maximum extent by 11.14% for cutting fluids containing 1.2% alumina nanoparticles. These findings suggest that these innovative green cutting fluid formulations with nano-additives hold great potential for improving machining processes in various industrial applications towards sustainability.

Reproductive toxicity perspectives of nanoparticles: an update

Abstract Introduction: The rapid development of nanotechnologies with their widespread prosperities has advanced concerns regarding potential health hazards of the Nanoparticles. Results: Nanoparticles are currently present in several consumer products, including medications, food, textiles, sports equipment, and electrical components. Despite the advantages of Nanoparticles, their potential toxicity has negative impact on human health, particularly on reproductive health. Conclusions: The impact of various NPs on reproductive system function is yet to be determined. Additional research is required to study the potential toxicity of various Nanoparticles on reproductive health. The primary objective of this review is to unravel the toxic effects of different Nanoparticles on the human reproductive functions and recent investigations on the reproductive toxicity of Nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo.

Experimental investigation on the stability and heat transfer enhancement of phase change materials composited with nanoparticles and metal foams

Conventional phase change materials (PCMs) possess the challenge of low thermal conductivity, which hinders the energy exchange rate and storage efficiency. PCMs composited nanoparticles and metal foams have been a proven solution to enhance the thermal characteristics of PCMs. In this work, three enhanced PCM composites including nanoparticle/paraffin, metal-foam/paraffin and nanoparticle/metal-foam/paraffin were prepared using fusion blending and vacuum impregnation method. The effects of different nanoparticles with different mass fractions on the stability and heat storage and release characteristics of nanoparticle/paraffin were investigated. Compared with paraffin, the melting time and solidification time of nano-metal/paraffin are reduced by a maximum of 30.18 % and 43.15 %, respectively. In addition, the effect of pore density of metal foam on natural convective heat transfer process was evaluated. The results showed that the stability in descending order is as follows: nano‑aluminum, nano‑copper and nano‑silver. The optimal mass fraction of nanoparticles with good stability was 1.5 wt% (copper), 1.0 wt% (silver), 1.5 wt% (aluminum), respectively. The metal foam makes the internal temperature distribution of PCMs more uniform in the heat transfer process, while inhibiting the convective heat transfer process. With the increase of pore density, the effect on natural convection heat transfer process rises. When the PPI (pores per linear inch) of foamed metal is greater than 40, the natural convection process can be inhibited, obviously. The foam metal has a more significant effect on the heat transfer performance of nanoparticle/metal-foam/paraffin than that of the nanoparticles. The economic benefits of nanoparticle/paraffin, metal-foam/paraffin and nanoparticle and metal foam composite phase change materials are progressively decrease, with MFP being suitable for applications with high economic budgets.

Effects of different nanoparticles on the flow of two immiscible liquids in an inclined channel with Joule heating and viscous dissipation

Effects of different nanoparticles on the flow of two immiscible liquids in an inclined channel with Joule heating and viscous dissipation

Study of multilayer flow of two immiscible nanofluids in a duct with viscous dissipation

Numerical simulations for the mixed convective multilayer flow of two different immiscible nanofluids in a duct with viscous heating effects were performed in this study. The left and right faces of the duct are maintained to be isothermal, while other side faces are insulated. The mathematical governing system for each layer consists of an incompressibility condition equation, the Navier–Stokes momentum equation, and the conservation of energy equation. At the interface of the immiscible layer, the continuity of velocity, shear stress, temperature, and heat flux are considered. The dimensionless equations governing each layer were numerically integrated using the finite difference method and the Southwell-over-relaxation method. A mesh independence test is conducted. Furthermore, a parametric study is performed to analyze how the different nanoparticle volume fractions and viscous heating affect the transport characteristics of engine oil–copper and mineral oil–silver nanofluids. The study also examined the effects of various types of nanoparticles and base fluids. The results demonstrated that heat transport could be efficiently controlled by considering the viscous heating aspect. Moreover, the effects of different nanoparticles on heat transport were found to be more significant than those of base fluids. Finally, a point-wise comparison of our numerical results demonstrates a good agreement with existing studies in the literature.

A review on the effect of nanoparticles/matrix interactions on the battery performance of composite polymer electrolytes

In today's world, one of the significant environmental challenges refers to fossil fuels and energy. According to human daily need for energy, its production and consumption are also undeniable. Therefore, with science progression and knowledge application, renewable and new energies have been introduced. Batteries are mentioned as a one of the significant energy storages devices. Polymeric materials are widely used for battery designing due to their diversity in chemical structure, desirable properties, and modification ability. Battery efficiency, cycle time, charging rate, storage capacity, discharge rate, compatibility, appropriate kinetic strength, and ionic transfer rate are significant challenges for their design. In this field, nanoparticles have been widely used besides polymers for battery development. They affect different properties of polymer-based electrolytes including structural properties beside battery performance. Therefore, there are many research works on introduction of nanoparticles into polymer-based electrolytes to enhance performance of fabricated batteries. Herein, we have reviewed the effect of different nanoparticles on battery performance of polymer-based electrolytes.

New Strategies in the Treatment of Plasmodium berghei Based on Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review.

Drug resistance is a current issue affecting parasites caused by Plasmodium</i>. Therefore, researchers have expanded their studies on nanoparticles to find new and effective drugs that can treat drug-resistant strains. The present study systematically investigates the effect of different nanoparticles, including metal, polymer, and lipid nanoparticles, on Plasmodium berghei</i>. In this study, English-language online literature was obtained from the databases Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane to conduct a systematic review. In the search, we used the keywords: (Plasmodium Berghei) AND (Malaria) AND (Parasitemia) AND (antimalarial activity) AND (nanoparticles) AND (Solid lipid NPS) AND (Nano lipid carriers) AND (Artemether) AND (Chloroquine) AND (intraperitoneal) AND (in vivo</i>). Initially, a total of 160 studies were retrieved from the search. After removing duplicates, 80 studies remained. After reviewing the title and abstract of each study, 45 unrelated studies were eliminated. The remaining 35 studies were thoroughly reviewed using the full texts. The final result was 21 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Using these findings, we can conclude that various nanoparticles possess antiparasitic effects that may be applied to emerging and drug-resistant parasites. Together, these findings suggest that nanostructures may be used to design antiparasitic drugs that are effective against Plasmodium berghei</i>.

Numerical solution of Al2O3–H2O with shape effects and unsteady flow over a solid rotating disk

In this paper, we examine the shape effects of different nanoparticles of an incompressible, unsteady flow of a nanofluid [Formula: see text] with water [Formula: see text] as the base fluid over a rotating disk. Magnetic field results are also added. In this research, four distinct shapes of [Formula: see text] nanoparticles, i.e., sphere, blade, cylinder and brick, have been employed. Every shape is suspended at the same volume. After using the Von Karman transformation, the Navier–Stokes equation, along with the magnetic field effect and the thermal energy equation, is numerically solved by using the bvp4c MATLAB solver. The effects of various parameters on the velocity field and temperature profile are illustrated graphically. This analysis is validated by comparing it to the previously described research. Furthermore, increasing the volume fraction parameter [Formula: see text] causes the radial, tangential, and axial velocities near the disk for the shapes brick, cylinder, and blade to decrease and increase for the shape sphere. The fluid rotating in front of the disk rotates more slowly for small values of the unsteadiness parameter [Formula: see text]. The magnetic field M has a significant influence on the axial flow when the suction parameter values are small, but this impact is limited when the suction parameter values are large.

Numerical analysis of phase‐change heat transfer in axisymmetric biological tissue during nano‐cryosurgery

AbstractThe current work is concerned with the numerical investigation of phase‐change heat transfer in a cylindrical‐shaped biological tissue during nano‐cryosurgery. So, the two‐dimensional axisymmetric biological tissue with a single cryoprobe is considered to understand the freezing process inside it during nano‐cryosurgery. This problem has been numerically simulated using the commercial software ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2. The results obtained are verified with the data available in the literature, and good agreement was found between them. After that, the grid‐independent study is carried out to select the optimum element size. Then, the effect of various parameters, such as the radius and insertion depth of the cryoprobe and internal heat source, on the temperature distribution inside the biological tissue is studied. The effect of different nanoparticles, such as Au, Fe3O4, and MgO, on the temperature field are investigated, and it was found that the MgO nanoparticles reach the threshold temperature limit early and reduce cryoinjury to the surrounding healthy tissue. This study may help understand the freezing process inside the biological tissue during nano‐cryosurgery.

Effects of Different Nanoparticles on Microbes.

Nanoparticles widely exist in nature and may be formed through inorganic or organic pathways, exhibiting unique physical and chemical properties different from those of bulk materials. However, little is known about the potential consequences of nanomaterials on microbes in natural environments. Herein, we investigated the interactions between microbes and nanoparticles by performing experiments on the inhibition effects of gold, ludox and laponite nanoparticles on Escherichia coli in liquid Luria-Bertani (LB) medium at different nanoparticle concentrations. These nanoparticles were shown to be effective bactericides. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the distinct aggregation of cells and nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed considerable cell membrane disruption due to nanoparticle accumulation on the cell surfaces, resulting in cell death. We hypothesized that this nanoparticle accumulation on the cell surfaces not only disrupted the cell membranes but also physically blocked the microbes from accessing nutrients. An iron-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, was tested for its ability to reduce the Fe (III) in solid ferrihydrite (HFO) or aqueous ferric citrate in the presence of laponite nanoparticles. It was found that the laponite nanoparticles inhibited the reduction of the Fe (III) in solid ferrihydrite. Moreover, direct contact between the cells and solid Fe (III) coated with the laponite nanoparticles was physically blocked, as confirmed by SEM images and particle size measurements. However, the laponite particles had an insignificant effect on the extent of aqueous Fe (III) bioreduction but slightly enhanced the rate of bioreduction of the Fe (III) in aqueous ferric citrate. The slightly increased rate of bioreduction by laponite nanoparticles may be due to the removal of inhibitory Fe (II) from the cell surface by its sorption onto the laponite nanoparticle surface. This result indicates that the scavenging of toxic heavy metals, such as Fe (II), by nanoparticles may be beneficial for microbes in the environment. On the other hand, microbial cells are also capable of detoxifying nanoparticles by coagulating nanoparticles with extracellular polymeric substances or by changing nanoparticle morphologies. Hence, the interactions between microbes and nanoparticles in natural environments should receive more attention.

The effects of different nanoparticles on physical and thermal properties of water in a copper oscillating heat pipe via molecular dynamics simulation

BackgroundOscillating heat pipes (OHP) are equipment for heat transfer (HT) with a high heat transfer capacity which transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink. One of the most significant factors affecting the performance of the heat pipes is the operating fluid contained inside them. Nanofluids (NFs), the fluids containing nanoparticles (NP), improve the thermal conductivity (TC), and HT over the base fluid. MethodsThis study investigated the physical and thermal properties behaviors of water and Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4/water NFs in an OHP with copper (Cu) walls. In this approach, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used. The current simulation was performed using LAMMPS software. By solving Newton's equation of motion, the trajectories of particles were simulated over time. Significant findingsAfter 10 ns, the numerical value of heat flux (HF) in the presence of water converged to 1354 W/m2. The maximum numerical density of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4/water NF in the OHP reached 0.016 atom/Å3, 0.021 atom/Å 3, and 0.022 atom/Å3 values, respectively. The numerical maximum velocity of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4 water NF in the OHP converged to 0.057 Å/ps, 0.051 Å/ps, and 0.044 Å/ps, respectively. The numerical maximum temperature of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4 /water NF in the OHP was 522.68 K, 483.48 K, and 452.77 K, respectively. The numerical values of HF of simulated Fe-Fe2O3-Fe3O4/water NF in the OHP increased by 1462 W/m2, 1505 W/m2, and 1561 W/m2, respectively. Finally, the above studies expect an optimal mechanism for HT in the practical applications to be provided.

The combustion process of methyl ester-biodiesel in the presence of different nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics approach

Today, the problems, such as the environmental pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, which have disrupted the ecological conditions and created environmental risks, as well as the limited reserves of fossil fuels, have caused countries worldwide to pay more attention to this type of energy. Biofuels are a type of fuel obtained from biomass sources. Biodiesel is one of the fuels produced from natural and renewable sources, which does not harm the environment. On the other hand, the presence of nanoparticles in alternative fuels is particularly important because adding nanoparticles reduces the ignition delay. This study investigated the effect of different nanoparticles, such as copper oxide (CuO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3), on methyl ester-biodiesel (as base fluid) fuel’s combustion performance. The following investigated the effects of different volume fractions of CuO nanoparticles. This research used the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the LAMMPS software package. The results show that CuO nanoparticles had better thermal performance than Al2O3 nanoparticles. By adding Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles to the base fluid, the heat flux of the simulated nanofluid converged to a numerical value of 2410.31 W/m2 and 2410.31 W/m2, respectively. Because CuO nanoparticles show better thermal performance than Al2O3 nanoparticles, the effect of the volume fractions of CuO nanoparticles on the thermal performance of the studied nanofluid was investigated. For this purpose, CuO nanoparticles with atomic ratios of 1%, 2%, 3%, 5% and 10% were added to the base fluid. The results reveal that the heat flux in atomic samples reached 4448.89 W/m2 in the presence of 10% CuO nanoparticles. It is expected that by optimizing this process, the combustion performance of fuels will be improved, fuel consumption will be optimized, and the emission of pollutants will be reduced.

EFFECTS OF NANOREFRIGERANTS FOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM: A REVIEW

In this article various nanorefrigerants have been critically reviewed towards the performance enhancement of the refrigeration system. Research has been more focused on the different techniques to prepare nanorefrigerants. This paper is an attempt to summarize all aspects of nanorefrigerants such as preparation, thermophysical properties, hydrodynamic study, boiling heat transfer, and performance of nanorefrigerants. It also discusses the effects of different nanoparticles on thermophysical properties. Nanorefrigerants are a special category of nanofluid, advanced nanotechnology-based refrigerants that are stable mixtures of nanoparticles and base fluid, which improve thermophysical properties such as heat transfer and pressure drop and bring compactness to the system. This article presents an overview of improving thermal performance by using different nanoparticle blends with different base refrigerants. Further, influential parameters of nanoparticles and thermal performance are discussed. This paper also discusses the effects of different nanoparticles such as Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CuO, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc., on thermophysical properties. The present situation requires a robust system and refrigerants for required performance. Some refrigerants cannot be used directly. So, this paper deals with using nanorefrigerants for better system performance such as coefficient of performance (COP) enhancement, compressor work reduction, and energy efficiency. It is seen that the use of nanorefrigerants, or nanotechnology-based refrigerants, results in highly effective cooling and thus enhances the thermophysical properties of refrigeration systems.

Investigating the effect of different nanoparticles on thermo-economic optimization of gasket plate heat exchanger

Investigating the effect of different nanoparticles on thermo-economic optimization of gasket plate heat exchanger

UNSTEADY THIN HYBRID NANOLIQUID FILM FLOW OVER A STRETCHABLE CYLINDER

Unsteady thin hybrid nanoliquid film flow over a stretchable cylindrical surface is studied with the uniform thickness of hybrid nanoliquid. The combined effects of different nanoparticles like single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and copper (Cu) are considered for investigation in the presence of thermocapillarity, magnetic field and thermal radiation. The finite difference technique is applied to solve the governing set of nonlinear equations. Result showed that the hybrid nanoliquid film thinning rate declined with the higher volume fraction of different nanoparticles. The hybrid nanoliquid film thickness enhanced with higher values of radiation parameter and magnetic field. A curve [Formula: see text] is described within the hybrid nanoliquid film which separated total flow region in two zones. In one side of this curve, heat is transferred from the cylindrical surface to the hybrid nanoliquid film and in the other side, opposite scenario is observed.

A study on the effects of internal architecture on the mechanical properties and mixed-mode fracture behavior of 3D printed CaCO3/ABS nanocomposite samples

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CaCO3 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, and mixed-mode fracture behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 3D printed samples with different internal architectures.Design/methodology/approachThe nanocomposite filaments have been fabricated by a melt-blending technique. The standard tensile, compact tension and special fracture test samples, named Arcan specimens, have been printed at constant extrusion parameters and at four different internal patterns. A special fixture was used to carry out the mixed-mode fracture tests of Arcan samples. Finite element analyses using the J-integral method were performed to calculate the fracture toughness of such samples. The fractographic observations were used to evaluate the mechanism of fracture at different concentrations of nanoparticles.FindingsThe addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles has resulted in a significant increase in the fracture loading of the samples, although this increase was not consistent for all the filling patterns, being more significant for samples with linear and triangular structures. According to the fractographic observations, the creation of uniformly distributed microvoids due to the blunting effect of nanoparticles and 3D stress state at the crack tip in the samples with linear and triangular structures justify the enhancement in the fracture loading by the addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles in the matrix.Originality/valueThere is a significant gap in the knowledge of the effects of different nanoparticles in the polymer samples produced by the fused filament fabrication process. One of such nanoparticles is an inorganic CaCO3 nanoparticle that has been frequently used as nanofillers to improve the thermomechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers. Here, experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of such nanoadditives on the mechanical and fracture behavior of 3D printed samples.