Effects Of Different Combinations Research Articles

Effects of Different Combinations of Red and Blue Light on the Edible Organ Morphology and Quality of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Microgreens

Buckwheat microgreens are rich in nutrients and have a unique flavor that is favored by consumers. The light environment is closely related to the growth and development of the plant. In order to study the effects of treatments with different combinations of red and blue light on the edible organ morphology and nutritional quality of buckwheat microgreens, five experimental treatments were designed, with energy ratios of red light to blue light of 5:1 (R5B1), 3:1 (R3B1), 1:1 (R1B1), 1:3 (R1B3) and 1:5 (R1B5), respectively, and a white light treatment used as the control (CK). The results showed that different combination treatments of red and blue light had obvious effects on the growth of buckwheat microgreens. The hypocotyl length and main root length of buckwheat microgreens treated with a high proportion of red light (R5B1) were obviously higher than those of other treatment designs. However, contents of soluble protein, chlorophyll, rutin and total flavonoids in buckwheat microgreens showed an increasing trend with an increase in the proportion of blue light. Considering the fresh weight, dry weight and quality indexes of the edible organ, the combination of red light and blue light with a ratio of 1:1 was most suitable for buckwheat microgreen production. The results could provide a reference for the production of buckwheat microgreens.

Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Nitrogen Levels, Conventional and Enriched Organic Manures on Yield and Major Nutrient Uptake in a Vertisol

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015-16 at Mulmuthla village of Dharwad taluk in Dharwad district, Karnataka, India. Research conducted to study the effect of enriched FYM and vermicompost and nitrogen levels on yield and majornutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) in a Vertisol. The split plot design with four replication and twelve treatment combinations. Application of nitrogen at 200 kg ha-1+ Zn+Fe enriched vermicompost at 2.5 t ha-1 was found superior in terms of grain yield (79.93 q ha-1), stover yield (88.77 q ha-1) and test weight (100 seeds) (39.67 g) over other treatments. Similarly, the highest NPK uptake (232.33, 48.73 and 175.59 kg ha-1) was recorded with the application of 200 kg N + Zn+Fe enriched vermicompost at 2.5 t ha-1. So the study of effect of different combinations of nutrients like nitrogen, enriched FYM, FYM, enriched vermicompost, vermicompost and their interactions over yielding ability of maize can help in developing a best source of nutrients for maize yield and uptake.

Using fuzzy cognitive maps to explore the dynamic impact on management team resilience in international construction projects

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between individual-level psychological resources and team resilience in the context of expatriate project management teams. It seeks to understand how personal psychological resources contribute to team resilience and explore the dynamic evolution mechanism of team resilience. The goal is to enhance team resilience among expatriates in a BANI (Brittle, Anxious, Nonlinear, and Incomprehensible) world, where organizations face volatile and uncertain conditions.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was applied for data collection, and 315 valid samples from Chinese expatriates in international construction projects were utilized for data analysis. A structural equation model (SEM) examines the relationships between personal psychological resources and team resilience. The study identifies five psychological factors influencing team resilience: Employee Resilience, Cross-cultural Adjustment, Self-efficacy, Social Support, and Team Climate. The hypothesized relationships are validated through the SEM analysis. Additionally, a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) is constructed to explore the dynamic mechanism of team resilience formation based on the results of the SEM.FindingsThe SEM analysis confirms that employee resilience, cross-cultural adjustment, and team climate positively impact team resilience. Social support and self-efficacy also have positive effects on team climate. Moreover, team climate is found to fully mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and team resilience, as well as between social support and team resilience. The FCM model provides further insights into the dynamic evolution of team resilience, highlighting the varying impact effects of antecedents during the team resilience development process and the effectiveness of different combinations of intervention strategies.Originality/valueThis study contributes to understanding team resilience by identifying the psychological factors influencing team resilience in expatriate project management teams. The findings emphasize the importance of social support and team climate in promoting team resilience. Interventions targeting team climate are found to facilitate the rapid development of team resilience. In contrast, interventions for social support are necessary for sustainable, long-term high levels of team resilience. Based on the dynamic simulation results, strategies for cultivating team resilience through external intervention and internal adjustment are proposed, focusing on social support and team climate. Implementing these strategies can enhance project management team resilience and improve the core competitiveness of contractors in the BANI era.

Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis for Effect of Shoot Growth at Difference Combination Nutrient Fertiliser NPK for Harumanis Mango

It is vital to have the correct fertiliser arrangement for effective tree development, fruit yield, and essential fruit quality. The amount of fertiliser suggested with adequate nutrition will be maintained in the soil to supply the needs of the trees as they grow throughout the various growth stages. This study evaluated the effect of different combinations of Nitrogen(N), Phosphorus(P), and Potassium(K) on the vegetative flush physiology of Harumanis mango (Mangifera Indica. L). Single and combinations of N (511g), P(511g), and K(255g) fertilisers were used, which were N, P, NP, and NPK throughout May 2021. The results revealed that the minimum number of mature green leaves and a higher number of healthy panicles were observed in the NPK-treated plants. Moreover, NPK treatment showed the lowest malformation intensity percentage compared to other fertiliser treatments. The data were analysed to obtain the best regrowth pattern of shoots using Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques. The results on the pattern of regrowth after pruning when federalised with NPK fertiliser showed that the maximum percentage of total vegetative flush was 87.5% and the remaining 12.5% did not reach a satisfactory level according to the MCDA analysis.

Energy Absorption Characteristics of Composite Material with Fiber-Foam Metal Sandwich Structure Subjected to Gas Explosion.

Based on the previous research on the energy absorption of foam metal materials with different structures, a composite blast-resistant energy-absorbing material with a flexible core layer was designed. The material is composed of three different fiber materials (carbon fiber, aramid fiber, and glass fiber) as the core layer and foamed iron-nickel metal as the front and rear panels. The energy absorption characteristics were tested using a self-built gas explosion tube network experimental platform, and the energy absorption effects of different combinations of blast-resistant materials were analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of blast-resistant materials designed with flexible fiber core layers. The experimental results show that the composite structure blast-resistant material with a flexible core layer has higher energy absorption performance. The work performed in this paper shows that the use of flexible core layer materials has great research potential and engineering research value for improving energy absorption performance, reducing the mass of blast-resistant materials, and reducing production costs. It also provides thoughts for the research of biomimetic energy-absorbing materials.

Elastic properties and compressive mechanical behaviour of closed-cell porous materials: Effect of microstructural morphology

This paper studies the effect of different combinations of morphological parameters of porous closed-cell materials on their elastic properties and mechanical behaviour. Three-dimensional representative volumes of porous media with different polyhedral void shapes are investigated, considering variation of statistical realisations of morphological features, such as shape, size and distribution of pores. Description of morphology of each investigated representative volume is formalized using second- and fourth-order correlation functions. The effective properties of representative volumes are calculated with finite-element analysis. Additionally, samples of the studied models were additively manufactured with polystyrene, using fused filament fabrication (FFF/FDM) 3D-printing technique, and subjected to compression. Experimental results for elastic mechanical properties and distributions of strain fields on the surface of the samples, obtained with micro-DIC (digital image correlation), are compared with results of numerical finite-element computations. This is accompanied by analysis of internal-stress distributions to assess the mechanical state of the structures. Patterns and trends observed in mechanical responses of porous materials depending on their different morphological parameters are outlined and discussed.

Antibacterial activity of natural-based toothpaste incorporated with nanohydroxyapatite from fish bone against dental caries bacteria

Toothpaste formulation development has become important due to dental health problems. There has been a large array of improvements in the formulation including fluoride and microbeads (MBs) incorporation. However, the typical problems of the current toothpaste formulation are caused due to the fluoride and MBs toxicity issues on consumer health and aquatic animals. There is an urgent need to rectify this problem through the development of environmentally friendly hydroxyapatite (HAp) toothpaste using different natural components. This study was set out to determine the optimum gelling agent in toothpaste formulation and to investigate the effect of different combinations of the components in HAp-based toothpaste against Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial activity of the developed toothpaste formulation was investigated using a well-diffusion method and the optimum concentration of the gelling agent (Arabic gum) was determined using a rheometer. One of the most significant findings in the study was the optimum concentration of the gelling agent was found at 55% and a combination of formulation with clove oil (CO) demonstrated the largest size of inhibition against S. mutans (CO = 24 mm, CO with formulation = 11 mm) compared to the other tested components. Findings from this study have suggested that the combination of formulation in HAp-based toothpaste with CO demonstrated the best bacterial inhibitory effect and the optimum gelling agent was at 55%. The overall finding is particularly important in the formulation development of HAp-based toothpaste, thus contributing to an increased supply of HAp in meeting its demand in the Halal market.

Construction of a soybean protein isolate/polysaccharide-based whole muscle meat analog: Physical properties and freeze-thawing stability study

A growing interest has arisen in recreating real meat by mimicking its texture characteristics and muscle fiber structure. Our previous work successfully created meat analog fiber based on soybean protein isolate (SPI) and sodium alginate (SA) with the wet-spinning method. In this work, we analyzed the microstructure, texture profile, and water retainability of the assembled plant-based whole muscle meat analog (PMA) made of SPI/SA-based meat analog fiber and systematically studied the effect of different combinations and contents of transglutaminase (TG), salt, and soybean oil on the rheological behavior of the formulated adhesive. The estimated optimal condition that has the most similar texture characteristic with real chicken breast meat is: for every 1:1 mass ratio of simulated plant meat fibers to the adhesive, add 0.1 % TG enzyme addition in the adhesive and 100 mM NaCl addition. The physical behavior of PMA during cryopreservation was investigated through freeze-thaw cycles and freezing times. The addition of a small amount of oil and salt can efficiently prevent the PMA through freezing conditions which is comparable with the addition of D-Trehalose (TD). Overall, this study not only created a plant-based whole muscle meat analog product that is similar in texture to real chicken breast meat but also provided a new direction for constructing fiber-rich structure protein-based muscle meat analogs and their further commercialization.

Artificial intelligence-based position control: reinforcement learning approach in spring mass damper systems

This work examines the use of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) in mass-spring system position control, providing a fresh viewpoint that goes beyond conventional control techniques. Mass-spring systems are widely used in many sectors and are basic models in control theory. The novel aspect of this approach is the thorough examination of the impact of several optimizer algorithms on the RL methodology, which reveals the optimal control tactics. The research applies a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm for continuous action spaces, where the actor and critic networks are important components in assessing the agent’s performance. The RL agent is trained to follow a reference trajectory using the Simulink environment for system modeling. The study provides insights into the agent’s learning approach and performance optimization by evaluating the training process using force-time graphs, reward graphs, and Episode Manager charts. Furthermore, the effect of different combinations of optimizers on the control performance of the agent is examined. The outcomes highlight the importance of optimizer selection in the learning process by revealing significant variations in training times. As a result, a better understanding of the relationship between various optimizers and control performance is provided by this study’s novel application of reinforcement learning in mass-spring system control. The results raise the possibility of more potent methods for controlling complex systems and add to the expanding field of study at the interface of control theory and deep learning.

Combined Effects of Rice Husk Biochar and Organic Manures on Soil Chemical Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Two Different Paddy Soils

The application of biochar is considered an alternative amendment strategy for improving soil fertility. In this study, we performed pot experiments using soils of low and medium fertility to assess the effects of different combinations of biochar and organic manure on the chemical properties of paddy rice soils and determined the best combination to improve the grain yield without increasing N2O and CH4 emissions. The applied treatments were without biochar (control), the application of rice husk biochar alone (5 and 10 t ha−1), and biochar combined with chicken or cow manure. The results indicated that for both soils, the application of 5 t ha−1 biochar combined with 5 t ha−1 chicken manure increased grain yield by improving soil total nitrogen and soil NH4+-N without increasing cumulative N2O and CH4 emissions. Multiple regression analysis showed that when combined with biochar, chicken manure significantly contributed to a higher grain yield and was negatively associated with cumulative CH4, N2O emissions, and total GWP. Furthermore, regardless of soil type, combined applications of biochar and cow manure promoted significant increases in soil available P. Our findings indicate that the C/N ratio of organic manure influences CH4 fluxes, and soil type was identified as a factor driving greenhouse gas emissions.

Effects of different combinations of artificial ageing and warm forming on Ω phase and S phase evolutions in an Al-5.1Cu-1.0Mg-0.4Ag high strength aluminum alloy

Unlike common age-hardening materials, deformation prior to artificial ageing has been found to adversely affect the hardness of AA2040 aluminum alloy. To prevent this disadvantage, the effects of four different combinations of warm forming and artificial ageing at 200 °C on the microstructures and Vickers hardness of Al-5.1Cu-1.0Mg-0.4Ag aluminum alloy have been investigated. Among the four different combinations, the combination of 5% warm forming +1 h ageing yielded the lowest hardness value (154 HV), while that of 40 min ageing + 5% warm forming + 20 min ageing yielded the highest (169 HV). It is presumed that the proper timing of inducing dislocations by warm forming is decisive. The appropriate combination of warm forming and artificial ageing, i.e., 40 min + 5%+20 min treatment, produces a suitable amount of Ω phase during the first-stage ageing (40 min ageing), induces dislocations in the subsequent warm forming (5% deformation), and causes the significant amount of lath-like S phase to form on dislocations during the final-stage ageing (20 min ageing), thus enhancing the overall mechanical strength.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in Bundelkhand

The present investigation was carried out at Organic Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Karguanji, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh during the Kharif-2023 with a view to identify the effects of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers and its role in growth, yield and quality of Okra variety Pusa A4. The experiment was laid in Randomized block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications with different combination in RDF and application of organic nutrition. Under this experiment, overall, 9 treatment was taken T0 Control (water spray), T1 (Ash 100%), T2 (MOP 100%), T3 (MOP 50% + Ash 50%), T4 (Presmud 5 t/ha), T6 (Presmud 1.5 t/ha), T7 (MOP 50% + Presmud 50%) and T8 (Presmud 50% + Ash 50%). From the above experimental finding it may be concluded that the treatment T2 (MOP 100%) was found to be best in the terms of growth yield and quality of Okra. The highest net return was found in the T2 (MOP 100%) with (Rs 111378/ha) and the highest B: C ratio was found in the same with 2.11.

The effect of different antibiotic combinations in calcium sulfate cement on the growth of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus periprosthetic shoulder infection isolates

BackgroundProsthetic joint infections (PJI) of the shoulder are a devastating complication of shoulder arthroplasty and are commonly caused by Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium acnes. Absorbable calcium sulfate beads are sometimes used for delivering antibiotics in PJI. This study evaluates the in vitro effect of different combinations of gentamicin, vancomycin, and ertapenem in beads made from calcium sulfate cement on the growth of C. acnes and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains. MethodsThree strains of C. acnes and five strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus from clinically proven shoulder PJI were cultured and plated with calcium sulfate beads containing combinations of vancomycin, gentamicin, and ertapenem. Plates with C. acnes were incubated anaerobically while plates with Staphylococcus were incubated aerobically at 37°C. Zones of inhibition were measured at intervals of 3 and 7 days using a modified Kirby Bauer technique, and beads were moved to plates containing freshly streaked bacteria every 7th day. This process was run in triplicate over the course of 56 days. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v. 28 with repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons with Tukey correction. ResultsIn experiments with C. acnes, beads containing ertapenem + vancomycin and vancomycin alone formed the largest zones of inhibition over time (p<.001). In experiments with Staphylococcus, beads containing vancomycin alone formed the largest zones of inhibition over time for all five strains (p<.001). Zones of inhibition were 1.4x larger for C. acnes than for Staphylococcus with beads containing vancomycin alone. For both C. acnes and Staphylococcus, beads containing ertapenem had the strongest initial effect, preventing all bacterial growth in C. acnes and almost all growth for Staphylococcus during the first week but dropping substantially by the second week. Beads containing gentamicin alone consistently created smaller zones of inhibition than beads containing vancomycin alone, with vancomycin producing zones 5.3x larger than gentamicin in C. acnes and 1.3x larger in Staphylococcus (p<.001). DiscussionThese data suggest that for both C. acnes and Staphylococcal species, calcium sulfate beads impregnated with vancomycin were most effective at producing a robust antibiotic effect. Additionally, ertapenem may be a viable supplement in order to create a more potent initial antibiotic effect but is not as effective as vancomycin when used alone. Gentamicin alone was not effective in maintaining consistent and long-term antibiotic effects. These results indicate that amongst the antibiotics currently commercially available to be used with calcium sulfate, vancomycin is consistently superior to gentamicin in the setting of C. acnes and coagulase negative Staphylococci.

Flow velocity and light intensity combination is important for Microcystis aeruginosa physical suppression.

The cyanobacterial response to flow velocity or light intensity deviates from the combined effect of both factors. The responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to different combinations of flow velocities and light intensities were tested. Growth (OD730 and protein), stress (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase), and photosynthetic ability (chlorophyll-a and fluorescence) parameters of M.aeruginosa were measured to evaluate the effects of different combinations. Exposure to different flow velocity-light combinations significantly affected the growth and physiology of M.aeruginosa. Flow velocities of 0.4m s-1 showed a prominent influence on most of the measured parameters compared with no flow velocity or higher flow velocity conditions. The 1.2-m s-1 flow velocity and high light intensity (1200 μmol m-2 s-1 ) exposure caused a significant elevation in oxidative stress. Lower velocities are beneficial for M.aeruginosa at light stress, whereas extreme velocities are adverse and elevate the stress. Two categories of light-velocity combinations were identified as preferred and extreme categories, depending on whether they suppressed or supported M.aeruginosa growth. In controlling cyanobacteria blooms using flow or high-intensity light, it is imperative to consider the interaction of these two factors, as their combined effects can significantly vary the stress levels in cyanobacteria. A new system, designed to minimize mechanical damage on M.aeruginosa, was used to generate flow velocities. Additionally, the combined effects of flow velocities and light intensities have been considered for the first time. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Flow velocity can influence the effect of light on Microcystis aeruginosa. High light exposure effect on Microcystis aeruginosa can be reduced by low flow velocity. High flow velocity and high light exposure increase the stress on Microcystis aeruginosa. Different light intensities and flow velocity combinations changed Microcystis aeruginosa stress physiology.

Integrated use of NPK chemical fertilizers and bio-stimulants improved soil fertility, fruit yield, quality and net returns in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Bio-stimulants are gaining importance for elevating the stagnated yield level resulting from continuous use of chemical fertilizers (CF) in many crops, however, their use in pomegranate have not been fully explored. Two years of field experiments were conducted on a 5-years old pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchard to investigate the effects of different combinations of commercial bio-stimulant products namely, microbial-based product A containing consortium of Rhizophagus spp. (5 kg ha−1), seaweed extract-based granular formulation D (30 kg ha−1) and liquid formulation B (625 and 1250 ml ha−1) through soil application as well as wettable granular formulation, C (1 and 2 g l−1) and liquid formulation, E (1 ml l−1) through foliar sprays along with chemical fertilizers on soil fertility, trees’ nutrition, fruit yield and quality of pomegranate. Results showed that integrated use of CF and bio-stimulants significantly increased the number of bisexual flowers. However, the combination of microbial-based product A (5 kg ha−1), seaweed extract based liquid formulation B (625 ml ha−1) in soil and foliar spary of seaweed extract based wettable granular formulation C (1–2 g l−1) with CF resulted in production of the highest fruit yield (increased by 41.97–51.61%) with 23.08–33.38% increase in the exportable grade fruit and improved quality attributes viz. ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, non-reducing sugar, protein, and mineral content of fruits through enhancement in soil fertility and trees’ micronutrient status compared to only CF. These doses combinations of bio-stimulants along with CF gave rise to the highest benefit–cost ratio of 2.10–2.34:1 and hence can be recommended for sustainable pomegranate cultivation.

Development of a highly sensitive TaqMan method based on multi-probe strategy: its application in ASFV detection.

The establishment of high sensitive detection method for various pathogenic microorganisms remains constantly concerned. In the present study, multi-probe strategy was first systematically investigated followed by establishing a highly sensitive TaqMan real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for detecting African swine fever virus (ASFV). Briefly, four probes based on the B646L gene of ASFV were designed and the effects of different combinations of the probes in a single TaqMan qPCR assay on the detection sensitivity were investigated. As less as 0.5-5 copies/μl of the ASFV gene was detected by the established TaqMan qPCR assay. Furthermore, plasmid harboring the B646L in water samples could be concentrated 1000 times by ultrafiltration to enable a highly sensitive detection of trace viral nucleic acids. Moreover, no cross-reactivity was observed with other common clinical swine viruses such as PCV2, PCV3, PCV4, PEDV, PDCoV, CSFV, PRRSV, and PRV. When detecting 173 clinical porcine serum samples, the coincidence rate between the developed method and WOAH (World Organization of Animal Health) recommended method was 100%. This study might provide an integrated strategy to achieve higher detection sensitivity of trace pathogenic microorganisms and applicably sensitive TaqMan-based qPCR assays.

Analysis and prediction of vibro-acoustic characteristics of parallel propulsion systems for large-scale marine ships

The parallel power propulsion system is the preferred option for large-scale ships. The improper configuration of multidimensional power parameters is a significant factor contributing to the vibration and noise generated by the system. This study examines the sensitivity and dependence of the vibro-acoustic characteristics of the system on various power parameters through theoretical and experimental methods, and reveals the evolution mechanism of the dynamic behaviors under the coupling effect of multidimensional power parameters. Firstly, the nonlinear dynamic model considering the lateral–torsional–axial coupling of the propulsion system is established and the effects of different combinations of power parameters on the vibration response and system stability are investigated. Secondly, an experimental platform of the parallel propulsion system is constructed, and the comprehensive description of the effects of multidimensional power parameters on the vibration and noise of the system under asymmetrical input power is further provided. Finally, the radial basis function (RBF) neural network is innovatively employed to predict and approximate the vibro-acoustic characteristics of the system under the combined influence of rotating speed, torque ratio, and drag current. The research results are of significant theoretical and practical importance in breaking through the technical bottleneck related to reducing the vibration and noise of such parallel propulsion systems.

Repurposed drugs in combinations exert additive anti-chikungunya virus activity: an in-vitro study

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes chikungunya, a viral disease that currently has no specific antiviral treatment. Several repurposed drug candidates have been investigated for the treatment of the disease. In order to improve the efficacy of the known drugs, combining drugs for treatment is a promising approach. The current study was undertaken to explore the antiviral activity of a combination of repurposed drugs that were reported to have anti-CHIKV activity. We explored the effect of different combinations of six effective drugs (2-fluoroadenine, emetine, lomibuvir, enalaprilat, metyrapone and resveratrol) at their non-toxic concentrations against CHIKV under post infection treatment conditions in Vero cells. Focus-forming unit assay, real time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence assay, and western blot were used to determine the virus titre. The results revealed that the combination of 2-fluoroadenine with either metyrapone or emetine or enalaprilat exerted inhibitory activity against CHIKV under post-infection treatment conditions. The effect of these drug combinations was additive in nature compared to the effect of the individual drugs. The results suggest an additive anti-viral effect of these drug combinations against CHIKV. The findings could serve as an outline for the development of an innovative therapeutic approach in the future to treat CHIKV-infected patients.

The RING-Type Domain-Containing Protein GNL44 Is Essential for Grain Size and Quality in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Grain size in rice (Oryza sativa L.) shapes yield and quality, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. We functionally characterized GRAIN NUMBER AND LARGE GRAIN SIZE 44 (GNL44), encoding a RING-type protein that localizes to the cytoplasm. The gnl44 mutant has fewer but enlarged grains compared to the wild type. GNL44 is mainly expressed in panicles and developing grains. Grain chalkiness was higher in the gnl44 mutant than in the wild type, short-chain amylopectin content was lower, middle-chain amylopectin content was higher, and appearance quality was worse. The amylose content and gel consistency of gnl44 were lower, and protein content was higher compared to the wild type. Rapid Visco Analyzer results showed that the texture of cooked gnl44 rice changed, and that the taste value of gnl44 was lower, making the eating and cooking quality of gnl44 worse than that of the wild type. We used gnl44, qgl3, and gs3 monogenic and two-gene near-isogenic lines to study the effects of different combinations of genes affecting grain size on rice quality-related traits. Our results revealed additive effects for these three genes on grain quality. These findings enrich the genetic resources available for rice breeders.

Determining the Effect of Different Combinations of NSAIDs on Hemato-Immunological Parameters and the Association with Heat Shock Protein-70 in Broilers

Determining the Effect of Different Combinations of NSAIDs on Hemato-Immunological Parameters and the Association with Heat Shock Protein-70 in Broilers