Effect Of Diet Composition Research Articles

Effects of dietary composition and feeding management regimen on liver abscess prevalence, growth performance, and carcass outcomes of feedlot steers*

Effects of dietary composition and feeding management regimen on liver abscess prevalence, growth performance, and carcass outcomes of feedlot steers*

The effect of diet composition on the diversity of active gut bacteria and on the growth of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Gut microbiota plays a functional role in nutrition among several insects. However, the situation is unclear in Lepidoptera. Field studies suggest the microbiome may not be stable and is determined by diet, while in the laboratory, Lepidoptera are routinely reared on diet containing antibiotics with unknown effects on microbial communities. Furthermore, molecular approaches for the characterization of lepidopteran microbiomes rarely describe the metabolically active gut bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate how diet and antibiotics affect Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) growth and the diversity and activity of the gut bacteria community. We assessed how alfalfa and wheat germ-based diets affected larval growth, in the presence and absence of streptomycin. Alfalfa diet improved larval growth, pupal mass, and survival, but antibiotic was only beneficial in the wheat germ diet. We observed diet-driven changes in the gut bacterial communities. In the active community, the alfalfa colony was dominated by Enterococcus and Rhodococcus whereas in the wheat germ colony, only Enterococcus was present. In contrast, spore-forming Bacilli species were very common members of the DNA community. In both cases, streptomycin had a selective effect on the relative abundance of the taxa present. Our study highlights the importance of characterizing both the diversity and activity of the gut microbiota community. DNA-derived communities may include environmental DNA, spores, or non-viable bacteria, while RNA-derived communities are more likely to give an accurate representation of the diversity of active members that are potentially directly involved in the metabolic processes of the host.

The Effect of Diet Composition on the Post-operative Outcomes of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to the improvement of many obesity-associated conditions. The degree to which post-operative macronutrient composition contributes to metabolic improvement after RYGB is understudied. A mouse model of RYGB was used to examine the effects of diet on the post-operative outcomes of RYGB. Obese mice underwent either Sham or RYGB surgery and were administered either chow or HFD and then monitored for an additional 8weeks. After RYGB, reductions to body weight, fat mass, and lean mass were similar regardless of diet. RYGB and HFD were independently detrimental to bone mineral density and plasma vitamin D levels. Independent of surgery, HFD accelerated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation and exhibited greater myeloid lineage commitment. Independent of diet, systemic iron deficiency was present after RYGB. In both Sham and RYGB groups, HFD increased energy expenditure. RYGB increased fecal energy loss, and HFD after RYGB increased fecal lipid content. RYGB lowered fasting glucose and liver glycogen levels but HFD had an opposing effect. Indices of insulin sensitivity improved independent of diet. HFD impaired improvements to dyslipidemia, NAFLD, and fibrosis. Post-operative diet plays a significant role in determining the degree to which RYGB reverses obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and NAFLD. Diet composition may be targeted in order to assist in the treatment of post-RYGB bone mineral density loss and vitamin D deficiency as well as to reverse myeloid lineage commitment. HFD after RYGB continues to pose a significant multidimensional health risk.

Effect of diet composition on maturation rate of female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during gonadal maturation

The influence of different diet formulations during gonadal maturation on reproductive efficiency and embryo quality in Atlantic salmon was investigated. Four diets were compared: Diet 1 contained exclusively marine-origin protein and lipid ingredients, Diet 2 involved substituting 65% of the protein and 51% of the lipid by terrestrial animal and vegetable sources, Diets 3 and 4 were commercial diets. The results showed a higher number of spawned females in the groups of fish fed with diets 1 (73.3%) and 2 (66.7%) than those fed with diets 3 (53.3%) and 4 (50%). Spawning weight and total fecundity did not differ between diets, but a strong correlation was found between these variables, independent of diet. There were no significant differences in zootechnical parameters, but the groups of fish fed the commercial diets tended to have greater weight and length. Oocyte diameter did not differ, but percent hydration was statistically different between groups fed diets 2 and 3. Although there was no difference in embryonic malformations between diets, the presence of microphthalmia correlated negatively with oocyte diameter and percent hydration in embryos obtained from the group of fish fed with Diet 3. Blastomere symmetry and survival at 280 ATU showed statistical differences between diets 3 and 4. Using high-nutritional-value marine ingredients (Diet 1) during gonadal maturation improves reproductive performance in female Atlantic salmon. Enhancing fish broodstock nutrition through targeted research can optimize reproductive success, increase yields, and promote sustainable aquaculture practices.

Suboptimal macronutrient ratios promote cannibalism in a generalist herbivore (Trichoplusia ni)

Abstract Discretional cannibalism is a widespread phenomenon among lepidopteran herbivores. Herbivores encounter variation in dietary nutrient quality when foraging, which alters feeding behaviour, as well as population‐ and trophic‐level dynamics. For example, plant resistance traits directly influence feeding patterns in insect herbivores through reduced consumption of plant tissue and increased rates of cannibalism. However, the effects of dietary composition, in particular unbalanced macronutrient ratios, on driving cannibalism remain unknown. We examined the effects of unbalanced macronutrient ratios on cannibalism in the generalist caterpillar Trichoplusia ni using an artificial diet experiment with varied ratios of two important macronutrients: protein and carbohydrates. We quantified cannibalistic behaviour from the second instar to pupation and measured survival among cannibals and non‐cannibals to understand the long‐term and short‐term costs and benefits of cannibalism. Caterpillars in high carbohydrate, low protein treatments cannibalised 20% more than the optimum control diet treatment, whereas herbivores in high protein, low carbohydrate treatments cannibalised 33% more than herbivores reared on the optimum macronutrient diet treatment. Survival of cannibals in macronutrient‐deficient diet treatments was 10.4%, compared with 76.9% for cannibals in the optimal macronutrient diet treatment. While previous work demonstrates the importance of induced chemical defence in promoting shifts to cannibalism, our results indicate that unbalanced macronutrient ratios can also promote cannibalism in insect herbivores. We propose that understanding how unbalanced macronutrient ratios drive cannibalism yields insight into how dietary quality, including both plant resistance traits and plant nutrients, influences behavioural plasticity and mediates plant–herbivore interactions.

Effects of diet composition on gut microbiome and mercury biotransformation in the gobyfish

Mercury (Hg) biotransformation (methylation and demethylation) could play a key role in affecting the final Hg speciation and level in fish. The gut microbiota was identified to be involved in this process. Diet is recognized to greatly influence the gut microbiome, whereas the impact of food composition on Hg biotransformation in fish has yet to be addressed. The study investigated the biotransformation and bioaccumulation of Hg in the gobyfish (Mugilogobius chulae) under different food choices (natural prey and artificial food) and evaluated the role of gut microbiome in these processes. The results showed that different diet composition significantly affected the gut microbiome and subsequently resulted in varied phenomenon of Hg biotransformation within fish body. Significant demethylation (0.33 % d−1) was only observed in the natural prey (brine shrimp) treatment, whereas methylation was occurred extremely slowly (0.013 % d−1) only in the artificial food (commercial dry pellets) treatment. Furthermore, the growth of demethylators was also enhanced in the natural prey treatment, which contributed to the demethylation process in fish. Furthermore, the gut microbial structure of gobyfish was greatly altered by different diet composition. This study highlights the significance of food choices in the minimization of Hg contamination in aquaculture. Incorporating natural prey into fish diets could be a better choice to balance the fish production and control MeHg levels. CapsuleDiet composition greatly affects the gut microbial composition, and natural prey could help to reduce the potential of MeHg accumulation by fish.

Diet Modifies Elastase I and II Activities and mRNA Levels during Postnatal Development and Weaning in Piglets ,

Little information is available on the expression of pancreatic elastase I and II, despite their role in protein milk digestion. We studied the developmental changes and the effects of diet composition on both elastase I and II expression in suckled and weaned piglets. We measured their activities and levels of their corresponding mRNA. Forty-two piglets were assigned to seven groups according to age and diet. Piglets were slaughtered at birth (Group 1), or suckled up to 13 d (Group 2) or 21 d (Group 3), fed a milk substitute from 14 to 21 d (Group 4) or to 56 d (Group 7), suckled up to 21 d and then fed a dry starter up to 56 d (Group 5), or fed a milk substitute from 14 to 21 d and then a dry starter up to 56 d (Group 6). At 21 d pancreatic function was not modified by the source and the form of milk consumed. The specific activity of elastase II was maximum at birth and declined sharply thereafter, whereas that of elastase I markedly increased after weaning. The presence of milk protein in the diet did not prevent the sharp decrease in elastase II activity observed with age. During the 13 d period of suckling sow's milk, the mRNA patterns indicated that the regulation was at the mRNA and post-transcriptional levels, whereas after weaning and depending on the source of dietary protein, it was essentially translational and/or post-translational. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the early expression of elastase I and II genes that could enhance protein digestion. It seems that elastase II might be a predominant pancreatic protease during the milk-feeding period, whereas elastase I might be related to weaning.

Macronutrient composition and its effect on body composition changes during weight loss therapy in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesDietary composition may affect body composition during weight loss therapy. We tested the hypothesis of whether dietary macronutrient composition influences the reduction of total abdominal adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), or visceral adipose tissue (VAT) during weight loss. MethodsDietary macronutrient composition and body composition were analyzed as a secondary outcome of a randomized controlled trial of 62 participants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients were randomly assigned to a calorie-restricted intermittent fasting (5:2), calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF), or healthy lifestyle advice (standard-of-care) diet in a 12-wk intervention phase. Dietary intake was assessed by self-reported 3-d food diaries and by characterization of total plasma fatty acid profile. Percentage of energy intake (E%) from different macronutrients was calculated. Body composition was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometric measurements. ResultsThe macronutrient composition differed significantly between the 5:2 (fat 36 E% and carbohydrates 43 E%) and the LCHF (fat 69 E% and carbohydrates 9 E%) groups (P < 0.001). Weight loss was similar in the 5:2 and LCHF groups (–7.2 [SD = 3.4] kg versus 8.0 [SD = 4.8] kg; P = 0.44) and significantly larger than for standard of care (–2.5 kg [SD = 2.3]; P < 0.001). The volume of total abdominal fat, adjusted for height, decreased on average by 4.7% (standard of care), 14.3% (5:2), and 17.7% (LCHF), with no significant differences between the 5:2 and LHCF groups (P = 0.32). VAT and SAT, adjusted for height, decreased on average by 17.1% and 12.7% for 5:2, respectively, and by 21.2% and 17.9% for LCHF, with no significant group differences (VAT [P = 0.16] and SAT [P = 0.10]). VAT was mobilized to a greater extent than SAT in all diets. ConclusionsThe 5:2 and LCHF diets had similar effects on changes in intraabdominal fat mass and anthropometrics during weight loss. This might indicate that overall weight loss is more important than diet composition to achieve changes in total abdominal adipose tissue, VAT, or SAT. The results of the present study suggest that there is a need for further studies on the effect of diet composition on body composition changes during weight loss therapy.

Effect of diet composition and temperature on the gastric evacuation rate of European sardine: implication for egg predation estimates

Cannibalism and intraguild predation of fish eggs are frequently observed for small and medium pelagic fish and can be an important cause of natural mortality. The European sardine Sardina pilchardus is the major predator of pelagic fish eggs in Atlantic Iberian waters. Estimates of egg mortality due to predation rely on a number of parameters that are frequently unknown for most species, such as gastric evacuation rate (GER) and feeding periodicity, and rates obtained for other fish species are generally used. These assumptions can severely affect egg mortality estimates. We conducted laboratory experiments to estimate the GER of European sardine that were fed diets composed of different proportions of fish eggs and other food types, such as Artemia franciscana nauplii, Brachionus plicatilis and microalgae, at different temperatures experienced by sardine in the wild (15, 17 and 21°C). Temperature, predator size and sex did not influence the gastric rates. Prey type significantly affected the GER of sardines, with slower evacuation when offered diets containing a higher concentration of fish eggs rather than microalgae, rotifers and Artemia nauplii. Fish eggs are more nutritionally rich compared to microalgae, rotifers and Artemia nauplii, and therefore more difficult to digest. GERs obtained here for S. pilchardus were similar to those obtained for Sardinops sagax in South Africa. This study provides important information that allows for improving estimates of daily feeding rates and egg mortality by predation, thus increasing our understanding of small pelagic fish population dynamics.

Activity of Digestive Enzymes in the Small Intestine of the Common and Thick-Billed Murres: Effect of Dietary Composition and Helminth Infection

Activity of Digestive Enzymes in the Small Intestine of the Common and Thick-Billed Murres: Effect of Dietary Composition and Helminth Infection

Effects of dietary energy density and feeding strategy during the dry period on feed intake, energy balance, milk production, and blood metabolites of Holstein cows

Our study aimed to assess the effects of dietary energy density and strategy of delivery during the dry period on production and metabolic responses of Holstein cows free of displacement of abomasum, retained placenta, metritis, or hypocalcemia. Twenty-seven multiparous cows dried-off 50 d before calving were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: a controlled energy, high-fiber diet [CE; 1.39 Mcal net energy for lactation (NEL)/kg of dry matter (DM)] formulated to supply 100% of the NEL requirement at ad libitum intake; or a higher energy diet (1.58 Mcal/kg) fed either at ad libitum (HE) or restricted (RE) intake to supply ∼150 or 80% of the NEL requirements, respectively. After calving, all cows were fed the same lactation diet. Cows were individually fed and remained in the study until 28 d postpartum. Data were analyzed using 2 contrasts: CE versus HE (effect of diet composition in cows fed for ad libitum DM intake) and HE versus RE (effect of ad libitum or restricted intake of the same diet). Prepartum intakes of DM and NEL as well as energy balance (EB), were greater for HE than CE and greater for HE than RE. Body weight (BW) gain was higher in HE than in RE, but CE and HE did not differ. Change in body condition score did not differ between CE and HE or HE and RE. Postpartum intakes of DM and NEL, EB, BW, body condition score, calf birth BW, milk yield, and milk components did not differ between CE and HE or HE and RE. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, Ca, and Mg pre- and postpartum did not differ among diets. Although sample size was low, dry period plane of energy intake affected prepartum DM intake, EB, and BW gain but did not affect postpartum intakes of DM and NEL, yields of milk and milk components, or blood metabolites in healthy cows.

Abstract 726: Effects of diet composition and timing on treatment for FLT3 positive acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a mutation in the fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 gene (FLT3) confers poor survival for pediatric patients, indicating a significant need to improve treatment efficacy. A significant percentage of pediatric patients consume diets high in fat and sugar content. These macronutrients modulate oxidative stress yet their impact on AML treatment is unexplored. Studies have implicated a role for BMAL1 rhythmicity, a circadian clock protein, in leukemogenesis. However, BMAL1 has not been studied in FLT3 mutant AML. Given that both nutrition and circadian rhythmicity can be modulated by behavior, we hypothesized that modulating redox and BMAL1 status through diet composition and timing would enhance treatment efficacy in an orthotopic mouse model. In all in vivo experiments, mice were injected via tail vein with 100,000 MOLM13 luciferase labelled cells, a FLT3 AML human cell line. After engraftment was confirmed 3 days later, mice were put on diet modification regimens. In three subsequent experiments, distinct diet interventions were delivered: low fat (30%)/low sucrose (10%), low sucrose alone (10%), or an isocaloric time feeding regimen (TRF) restricted to mice’s active phase (7 PM to 7 AM). Standard chow, high sucrose diet (45%) and ad libitum feeding were controls, respectively. In each experiment, doxorubicin (2 mg/kg) or PBS was injected twice weekly via tail vein. Tumor burden was monitored via bioluminescent imaging. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed with flow cytometry, and changes in circadian, redox, and apoptotic protein expression were measured by western blot and mass cytometry. On day 17, in the presence of doxorubicin, mice on a low fat/low sucrose diet showed significantly lower tumor burden compared to control. Doxorubicin induced oxidative stress was reduced in the mice fed the modified diet as demonstrated by a decrease in ROS levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Even in the absence of doxorubicin treatment, the modified diet group showed significantly lower tumor burden on day 17. For mice on a low sucrose diet, changes in redox and circadian protein expression were observed on day 17. Of note, total BMAL1 protein showed a two-fold increase in spleen from the low sucrose group. In the timed feeding experiments, we observed TRF mice had significantly reduced leukemic burden on day 14. Importantly, doxorubicin efficacy was not compromised by TRF. In addition, a significant increase in total BMAL1 protein expression was observed in liver from these TRF mice on day 14. These results point to a novel finding: diet composition and timing slows progression of FLT3 AML growth in vivo and are accompanied by BMAL1 modulation. In future studies, we aim to further define the role of circadian rhythmicity and diet composition in AML progression and identify methods to complement treatment to positively impact survival outcomes for patients diagnosed with AML. Citation Format: Megan Rodriguez, Mary Figueroa, Brianna Murphy, Tiewei Cheng, Baharan Fekry, Kendra Allton, Michelle Barton, Marina Konopleva, Kristin Mahan, Joya Chandra. Effects of diet composition and timing on treatment for FLT3 positive acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 726.

Protein intake and risk of frailty among older women in the Nurses' Health Study

BackgroundThere is evidence that an overall healthy diet is associated with lower risk of frailty. However, the effect of diet composition, specifically the role of protein intake on frailty, is mostly unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of protein, including total, plant, animal, and dairy protein, in relation to frailty incidence in a large cohort of older women.MethodsWe analysed data from 85 871 women aged ≥60 participating in the Nurses' Health Study. Intake of protein was measured nine times during follow‐up from 1980 until 2010. Frailty was defined as having at least three of the following five criteria from the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses and Loss of Weight (FRAIL) scale: fatigue, low strength, reduced aerobic capacity, having ≥5 illnesses, and weight loss of ≥5%. The occurrence of frailty was assessed every 4 years from 1992 up to 2014.ResultsDuring follow‐up, we identified 13 279 incident cases of frailty. Women with a higher intake of plant protein had a lower risk of developing frailty after adjustment for all relevant confounders [relative risks across quintiles of consumption: 1.00, 0.94, 0.89, 0.86, and 0.86; P‐trend < 0.001]. In contrast, those with a higher intake of animal protein intake had a higher risk of frailty [relative risks across quintiles of consumption: 1.00, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, and 1.07; P‐trend 0.04]. The intake of total and dairy protein showed no significant association with frailty in the full model. Substituting 5% of energy from plant protein intake at the expense of animal protein, dairy protein, or non‐dairy animal protein was associated with 38% (29%, 47%), 32% (21%, 42%), and 42% (33%, 50%) reduced risk of frailty.ConclusionsA higher intake of plant protein, but not animal or dairy protein, was associated with a lower risk of frailty. Substitution of plant protein for animal protein, especially non‐dairy animal protein, was associated with lower risk of frailty.

Effect of Diet Composition on Excreta Composition and Ammonia Emissions from Growing-Finishing Pigs.

Simple SummaryPig production leads to high levels of ammonia emissions, which in turn causes environmental pollution. This paper, therefore, looks at the possibilities for reducing ammonia emissions. Reducing ammonia precursors in diets and acidifying the urine and manure pH by acidifying diets make it possible to reduce the ammonia emissions from pig production facilities. The present study tested the impact of decreased crude protein or acidifying diets on urine and manure composition and ammonia emissions from growing and finishing pig houses. We found that decreasing dietary crude protein levels reduced the ammonia emissions from the floor as well as from the pig houses, whereas acidifying diets failed to reduce ammonia emissions from the floor and the pig houses. Reducing dietary crude protein is, therefore, a positive solution to reduce ammonia emissions from pig houses.This study aimed to investigate the impact of decreased crude protein (CP) levels (by 2% units) or acidifying diets (by adding 10 g benzoic acid/kg diet in combination with replacing a part of CaCO3 by about 10 g Ca-formate/kg diet) on urine, feces and manure composition and ammonia emissions from growing and finishing pig houses. Yorkshire x F1(Landrace x Yorkshire) pigs (n = 576) with an initial body weight of 24.9 ± 3.4 kg were randomly allocated to four treatments of (i) a control diet with normal protein content and no acidifying components added; (ii) a diet with 2% units CP reduction; (iii) a diet with an acidifying effect on the manure; (iv) or a diet consisting of a combination of diet (ii) and (iii). Pigs were housed in four mechanically ventilated and temperature-controlled rooms. Results showed that decreasing the dietary CP levels by 2% units reduced the ammonia emission from the floor by 46% (p = 0.06) and from the pig house by 31% (p = 0.08). Decreased CP diets reduced the total N in feces and in manure and NH4-N in the manure, as well as the ammonia concentration at 1 cm and 10 cm above the manure surface (p < 0.05). However, acidifying diets failed to reduce ammonia emissions from the floor and the pig house (p > 0.05). Reducing dietary crude protein is, therefore, a solution to reducing ammonia emissions from pig houses.

Chronobiology and Metabolism: Is Ketogenic Diet Able to Influence Circadian Rhythm?

Circadian rhythms underpin most physiological processes, including energy metabolism. The core circadian clock consists of a transcription-translation negative feedback loop, and is synchronized to light-dark cycles by virtue of light input from the retina, to the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. All cells in the body have circadian oscillators which are entrained to the central clock by neural and humoral signals. In addition to light entrainment of the central clock in the brain, it now emerges that other stimuli can drive circadian clock function in peripheral tissues, the major one being food. This can then drive the liver clock to be misaligned with the central brain clock, a situation of internal misalignment with metabolic disease consequences. Such misalignment is prevalent, with shift workers making up 20% of the working population. The effects of diet composition on the clock are not completely clarified yet. High-fat diet and fasting influence circadian expression of clock genes, inducing phase-advance and phase-delay in animal models. Ketogenic diet (KD) is able to induce a metabolic switch from carbohydrate to fatty acid oxidation, miming a fasting state. In recent years, some animal studies have been conducted to investigate the ability of the KD to modify circadian gene expression, and demonstrated that the KD alters circadian rhythm and induces a rearrangement of metabolic gene expression. These findings may lead to new approaches to obesity and metabolic pathologies treatment.

PSVI-8 Effects of a mycotoxin deactivator on performance of gestating and lactating gilts fed diets containing added mycotoxins

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a mycotoxin deactivator in diets containing added mycotoxins for gestating and lactating gilts on their performance. A total of 60 gilts (LD x LW) were used. After insemination the gilts were distributed among 3 dietary treatments according to a randomized block design: a negative control (CON); mycotoxin positive control (Myc); and a positive control added a mycotoxin deactivator (Myc+Deact 2 kg/ton; Unike®Plus, Adisseo). The total mycotoxins levels added to the diets 2 and 3 from d 75 of gestation until farrowing were: DON at 2.5 mg/kg, FBs at 10 mg/kg, and ZEA at 0.75mg/kg. Sows received the experimental diets from d 75 of gestation until weaning (i.e. 21 d). At farrowing, total number of piglets born, born alive, stillborn, and mummies were measured. Piglets were individually weighed 24-h post-farrowing, and at weaning to determine litter performance during lactation. The effects of diet composition, blocks and initial weight were tested according to a general linear procedure analysis of variance (GLM procedure of SAS). During gestation, treatments influenced (P = 0.022) sow mortality rate: CON had no mortality and Myc 15.8% and Myc+deact 10.5%. Same observation was made for the lactation period (P = 0.017): CON showed a lower mortality rate compared to the mycotoxin fed sows (5.0 vs. 31.2 vs. 11.8%, respectively for CON, Myc and Myc+deact). Sow milk production yield was greater (P = 0.021) in CON (11.66 vs. 9.53 vs. 9.67 kg/ d, respectively for CON, Myc and Myc+deact). As a consequence of that, treatments also influenced piglet (P = 0.047) and litter (P = 0.048) weight with a higher value for CON sows, followed by Myc+deact and Myc. Our findings showed that the use of the deactivator can mitigate the negative effects on performance when animals are subjected to diets contaminated by challenging levels of mycotoxins.

Effect of diet composition, a probiotic and a symbiotic treatment on the ileal microbiota composition of one-week-old broiler chickens

A healthy microbiota present in the small intestine contributes significantly to small intestinal function, including digestion, nutrient absorption and health. The current study investigated the effects of a prebiotic, a probiotic and a symbiotic supplementation on ileal microbiota composition of broilers at 7 days of age. In a total of 574 male Ross 308 day-old chickens were divided into four groups using six replicate pens and 24 chickens per pen. A maise-soybean based control diet (C), a control diet supplemented with probiotics (Broilact; Br), a control diet supplemented with symbiotic (inulin, yeast, Bacillus subtilis; Sy) and a wheat based diet supplemented with wheat bran (W) were formulated. On day 7 of life, two chickens per pen were slaughtered and ileal chymus samples were collected. For microbiota analysis 16S rRNA (V3-V4 region) gene targeted Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used. Feeding all diets supplemented increased the diversity to varying degrees compared to the control (C) diet (p=0.006). As a conclusion, all supplementation substantially influenced ileal microbiota of broiler chickens at an early age. All these results could offer some information for the future study on the relationship between early intestinal microbiota and the compounds of the feed.

A multifactorial proteomics approach to sex‐specific effects of diet composition and social environment in an omnivorous insect

AbstractRearing conditions may elicit noticeable plastic responses in life‐history traits of living organisms. Diet composition and the social environment have proven to influence prominent traits such as survival, body size, fecundity, and life span. Nevertheless, the physiological mechanisms underlying such responses are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated changes in the proteome of the house cricketAcheta domesticussubjected to diets of different nutritional composition (i.e., protein to carbohydrates ratio) and two distinct social environments (i.e., solitary or in groups). We measured the relative abundances of 685 proteins identified in whole‐body cricket samples using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Differential expression of proteins induced by diet composition and social environment in female and maleA. domesticuswas assessed in a data‐independent proteomics approach. Additionally, we performed a functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins using comprehensive databases (KEGG and GO). We found that sex alone explained a significant portion (40.87%) of the relative protein abundance variation. Males had a higher representation of proteins involved in metabolic pathways and locomotion. In contrast, females exhibited a higher abundance of proteins related to genetic processes regulation and nutrient catabolism. Moreover, diet composition and social environment induced sex‐specific changes in a smaller set of proteins with particular roles. Females had their protein profile affected by diet composition and social environment. The involved proteins were mainly related to several protein synthesis stages, carbohydrate metabolism, and muscle development. In contrast, males were only affected by diet composition, overexpressing proteins related to hormone production, carbohydrate metabolism, and apparently depositing excess protein in the cuticle when fed with a protein‐rich diet. Evidently, diet had a more substantial influence on the proteome of the cricketA. domesticusthan the social environment, showing that diet composition may exert profound physiological changes in insects in a sex‐specific manner.

Diet Composition, Adherence to Calorie Restriction, and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Modification

Calorie restriction (CR) is a promising strategy to attenuate age-related disease risk. Higher protein diets enhance satiety but may also impair metabolic health and accelerate aging. The effect of higher protein intake on adherence to CR and cardiometabolic markers of healthspan remains unknown. We used the Geometric Framework for Nutrition to examine the association between diet composition and 1) CR adherence; and 2) cardiometabolic risk factors during a 2-year intervention. The CR group consumed higher percentage energy from protein and lower fat at 12 months compared to baseline (logit % protein=0.1; 95% CI=0.05, 0.15; logit % fat= -0.12; CI=-0.29, -0.18). Higher protein intake over the 2-year intervention was associated with higher adherence to CR. No effect of diet composition on cardiometabolic risk factors was observed. These findings suggest that dietary protein plays a critical role in adherence to CR with no adverse effects on cardiometabolic markers of healthspan. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Nutrition Interest Group.

Influence of birth weight and weaning weight on performance and veal quality

Influence of birth weight and weaning weight on performance and veal quality