Effects Of Crude Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Prospection of Nematotoxic Aqueous Seeds Extracts Derived from the Preserved Arachis (Fabaceae) Germplasm Bank

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are the most damaging plant pathogens all over the world. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), considered the most important phytonematodes globally, cause significant agricultural losses. Despite the availability of various strategies to manage these pathogenic agents, excessive use of nematicides poses a threat to human health and the environment. Compounds derived from plant sources are proposed as an alternative to new biocides, potentially offering advantages over synthetic components. Several species within the Fabaceae family, including those within the Arachis genus, have demonstrated potential as sources of nematotoxic compounds. As part of a research program aimed at exploring bioactive compounds and valorizing germplasm banks, this study evaluated the nematicidal and nematostatic effects of aqueous crude extracts (ACEs) obtained from nine Arachis species sourced from the Embrapa Active Germplasm Bank against M. incognita’s second-stage juveniles (J2). The results indicate that Arachis stenosperma (ACE1) has promising nematocidal potential, with effectiveness exceeding 95% on dead nematodes for doses above 0.5 mg/mL. ACE1 has also demonstrated thermostability and lower harmful effects on bovine cells. This research provides a fresh outlook on the promising use of preserved germplasms to enhance Germplasm Storage Bank’s value, given the underexplored potential of these biological assets.

Acaricidal effect of crude aqueous extract of Nicotiana tabacum along with turmeric and Annona leaf extract on cattle ticks

The ectoparasites produces severe economic and production loss in farm animal’s through tick bites, sucking of blood, tick worry, tick toxicosis, tick paralysis and transmission of haemoprotozoan diseases. Ticks developed resistance against chemical acaricides and also the residues of chemical acaricide producing environmental pollution. The herbal based acaricide used as biocontrol agent for protecting environment particularly hilly area. As per indigenous technical knowledge records, the Nicotiana tabacum was a traditional control remedy for control of ectoparasites in India. In vitro acaricidal efficacy of crude aqueous leaf extract of Nicotiana tabacum along with neem and turmeric followed by Annona leaves on immature and adult stages of Rhipicephalus sp. was carried out at different concentrations of with different time interval. These extract combo had a significant effect on the mortality of nymphal and adult stages of ticks. The 70%, 80% and 90% mortality of Nymphal and adult stages of ticks at 24-36 hours post treatment with 40%, 50% 70% concentration of herbal extract in invitro assay. The mortality rates of ticks increased with the increasing the extract concentrations both in vivo and in vitro. Nicotiana tabacum causes paralysis of ticks and leads to detachment from the body of animal and concluded that Nicotiana tabacum along with turmeric and annona extract is effective biocontrol agent for controlling ectoparasites without any environmental pollution and harmful side effect in animal health.

Ameliorative Effect of Aqueous Crude Extract of the Aerial Parts of Leonurus Cardiaca on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiovascular Damage in Wistar Rats

This study investigated the ameliorative effect of aqueous crude extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca on doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular damage in Wistar rats. Aqueous crude extract of Leonurus cardiaca was prepared based on standard Laboratory condition. A total of 55 male and female rats weighing between 170 ± 15 and 180±15g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 11 groups of five rats per group. Group 1 and 2 served as normal and negative control rats respectively. Rats in group 3-11 were intraperitoneally administered 18mg/kg of doxorubicin once and were treated with the crude extract at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days. All biochemical, hematological, and histological analyses were carried out based on standard methods. The mean plasma troponin T and I, IL-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations of the negative control were 357.93±0.01 pg/mL, 241.51±0.00 pg/mL, 63.94±0.01 pg/dl, and 41.03±0.01 mg/ml respectively. The plasma troponin T and I, IL-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations treated for 21 days were 270.32±0.01 pg/mL, 217.84±0.01 pg/mL, 42.75±0.01 pg/dl, and 18.03±0.01 mg/ml respectively. The mean MDA, GSH concentrations, GPx, CAT and SOD activities in doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular damage rats, treated with the extract at 500mg/kg were 5.01±0.01mmol/l, 68.46±0.02µg/mg.protein, 70.21±0.01mg/pro.min, 141.62±1.80IU/g, and 19.05±0.02mg/g respectively and were significantly different from those of group 2. Aqueous crude extract of Leonurus cardiaca at 500mg/kg ameliorated the damage induced by doxorubicin on the heart tissues, hence could serve as a novel herbal agent for the treatment of cardiovascular damage.

ANTI-SCHISTOSOMA EFFICACY OF Occimum gratissimum (SCENT LEAF) AND Andrographis paniculata (KING OF BITTERS) AGAINST Schistosoma haematobium CERCARIA

Anti-schistosomal effect of crude aqueous extract of Occimum gratissimum (scent leaf) and Andrographis paniculata (king of bitters) on Schistosoma haematobium were cercaricidally evaluated over a period of 2 hours (h). The mortality of the cercaria was dose and time dependent. At 100 milligram per milliliter (mg−mL), O. gratissimum and A paniculata exhibited 100% mortality. Statistically, extract concentrations (F = 53.55; P= 0.004) and plant species (F = 10.13; P = 0.049) had significant (p < 0.05) effect on cercaria mortality. Pearson correlation coefficient (R) analysis showed that the results of cumulative mean cercariae mortalities and exposure time were strongly correlated for both plants. Probit analysis, lethal concentration (LC50) of O. gratissimum and A. paniculata against S. haematobium cercaria was 41.50 and 44.10 mg−mL respectively. The median lethal time (LT50) values for O. gratissimum and A. paniculata extract concentrations at 120 minutes treatment implicated 100.0 mg−mL to be the most toxic concentration which generated an LT50 value of 50.47 and 55.0 minutes respectively. While the least effective concentration of A. paniculata was 25.0 mg−mL requiring 115.03 minutes to cause 50% mortality of cercariae. From the study, it can be deduced that O. gratissimum and A. paniculata elicited varying degree of anti-schistosomal properties at all concentrations against S. haematobium. S. haematobium cercariae were more susceptible to toxic effects of O. gratissimum leaf extracts than A. paniculata. Cultivation of these plants along river banks will help in controlling cercariae and possibly miracidia in endemic areas by way of leave shedding since these plants are hydrophilic, biodegradable, readily available and less laborious to cultivate.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Effect of Crude Aqueous Extract of Nut, Leaf and Stem Parts of Vigna subterranae on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood glucose level. One of the plants frequently used to manage diabetes is Vigna subterrenea, also known as the Bambaranut. The aim of this study is to verify the usefulness of this plant to mitigate the effects of diabetes. Thirty (30) Wistar rats weighing 170-200 g were used for this evaluation, the rats were randomly divided into six groups namely; group A: normal control, group B: diabetic control, group C: metformin (500 mg), group D: leaf extract (1000 mg), group E: stem extract (1000 mg), and group F: nut extract (1000 mg). Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, balsam carbohydrate, phenol, steroids, and cardiac glycosides were all identified during the phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts. Intraperitoneal injections were used to cause diabetes using streptozotocin across groups and treatment commenced after 48 hours of induction upon confirmation of diabetes mellitus. The sacrifices of animals occurred after a 28-day session of treatment. For hematological and biochemical examination, blood, liver, kidney, and pancreas were obtained. Significantly lowering of fasting blood sugar in the extract treatment groups resulted in improved biochemical markers (P≤0.05). Serum enzyme markers showed a significant drop (P≤0.05) while High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level increased considerably when compared with diabetic control. Also, when compared to the diabetic control group, the markers of kidney function all noticeably dropped, while electrolyte levels rose. Additionally, there was a significant positive impact on hematological parameters. In accordance with the results of this investigation, V subterrenea is a potent hypoglycemia and hypolipidemic agent on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Weed Extract of Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata to Suppress Weed Growth in the Edamame Cultivation

Allelochemicals are alternatives for reducing chemical herbicide applications. These are plant-based compounds with phytogrowth-inhibitory activities. Allelochemicals can be found in several plant species, including Ageratum conyzoides (Ac) and Chromolaena odorata (Co). This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous crude extract of A. conyzoides and C. odorata, known as weed extracts, at various concentrations to suppress weeds in edamame cultivation. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field in Cangapan, Jetis, Bantul, Indonesia and carried out during the period of July to October 2022. This study employed Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) model, which consisted of 9 treatments and 3 repetitions, i.e., Ac 15%, Ac 30%, Co 15%, Co 30%, Ac 7.5% + Co 7.5%, Ac 7.5% + Co 15%, Ac 15% + Co 7.5%, Ac 15% + Co 15%, and control. The collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Tukey’s test at the 5% level. This study has shown that weed extract suppresses weed growth with the best application at Ac 15% + Co 15%, with 43.63% efficiency. Weed extract application also shows slight injuries on edamame leaves. However, there is no decreased in chlorophyll content due to the tolerance ability of edamame to allelochemicals.

Protective effect of aqueous crude extract of leaves Aloe vacillans and Yemeni honey (soumr) against CCl4 – induced hepatic damage in male Rabbits

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of honey and Aqueous crude extract of leaves Aloe vacillans on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- induced hepatotxicity in rabbits.&#x0D; Hepatotoxicity was induced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of (CCl4) 0.2 ml/kg of body weight on day 19, 20 and 21. The aqueous crude extract of Aloe vacillans leaves were administrated at dose 100 mg, 300 mg and 500 mg/kg of body weight pass orally ( p.o) daily for 28 days. The hepatotoxicity was induced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of (CCl4) 0.2 ml/kg of body weight on day 19, 20 and 21.&#x0D; The honey were administrated at dose 500 mg/kg of body weight pass orally (p.o) daily for 28 days. The hepatotoxicity was induced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of (CCl4) 0.2 ml/kg of body weight on day 19, 20 and 21. &#x0D; The hepatotoxicity and its prevention was assessed by serum parameters like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin (Bil) and total protein (T.P). In CCl4 treated rabbits, a significant, increasing the in (ALT) ,(AST) , bilirubin and a decreasg the total protein levels were shown at (p&lt;0.05), due to liver damage, when compared with normal group.&#x0D; Treatment with the aqueous extract of Aloe vacillans could significantly decrease the (ALT),(AST) and bilirubin, increased T.P in serum at p&lt; 0.05 when compared with CCl4 –treated group.Treatment honey at dose (500 mg/kg) could significantly decrease the (ALT),(AST) and bilirubin, increased T.P in serum at p&lt; 0.05 when compared with CCl4 –treated group and the aqueous extract of aloe treated groups.&#x0D; The data suggested that oral administration of Honey and aqueous extract of the leaves of Aloe vacillans at dose (500 mg/kg) significantly decreases the intensity of hepatic damage induced by CCl4 in rabbits.

Effect of administration of Ehretia anacua aqueous extract on blood glucose level in alloxan - induced diabetic rat

The effects of crude aqueous extract of Ehretia anacua on alloxan induced diabetic rats was investigated. Male albino rats of weighing between 120 to 150 were used, divided into 6 groups of five animals per group. Group I received distilled water throughout of the experiment and served as the control. Group II received 110 mg/kg of alloxan interperitoneally. Groups III, IV, V and VI received 110 mg/kg of alloxan and in addition administered with aqueous Ehretia anacua extract daily for 14 days. Blood glucose level was monitored at five days interval for fourteen days. Target organs (pancrease) was taken from each rat. The histopathological studies of the pancrease were examined. In alloxan - induced diabetic rats, blood glucose level was significantly increased compared with the control rats. Treating diabetic rats with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw Ehretia anacua caused a significant decrease in the blood glucose level. The Photomicrograph of the histopathology examination of the pancrease (× 100) of the groups treated with alloxan showed poor architecture was destroyed whereas those treated with Ehretia nancua showed normal architecture. This illustrates the amelliorative effects of the extract on the alloxan-induced tocicity. It could be concluded from these results that, Ehretia nancua extract should be used in manufacture processes of the natural products as functional foods or as a dietary supplement with anti-diabecretic activity as hypoglycemic effect.

Larvicidal effectiveness of aqueous extracts ofSolanum incanumL. (Solanaceae) againstBoophilus decoloratus(Acari: Ixodidae) cattle tick larvae

Livestock tick infestation and tick-borne diseases cause significant loss in the livestock sector. This problem is especially severe for livestock owners in developing countries who have limited or no access to modern veterinary information and services. Therefore, the use of medicinal plant-based formulations is better alternatives for tick control. Solanum incanum L. is one of the medicinal plants used against livestock tick infestation in Ethiopia. However, limited efforts were made to investigate the larvicidal effects of extracts of the plant against the larvae of the most common tick species. This study reports the larvicidal effects of crude aqueous extracts of the aboveground parts of S. incanum L. against Boophilus decoloratus. Fruit, leaf, and stem extracts were effective in killing B. decoloratus larvae at 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% (w/v) concentration after 24 and 48 hrs of treatment. Fruit crude aqueous extract at 40% (w/v) concentration resulted in the highest mortality rate after 24 (92.0 ± 6.3) and 48 hours (97.6 ± 2.1) (p ≤ 0.05). The larvicidal effects of crude leaf extract (at 20 and 40% (w/v)) were also high. The fact that leaf crude extracts have resulted in high larvicidal effects opens ample opportunities for livestock owners to use the leaves in preparing formulations for tick control throughout the year. Studies aiming at elucidating the biocidal properties, phytochemical constituents, medicinal and pharmaceutical potential, industrial applications, and effective conservation strategies can help in establishing a comprehensive profile and mechanisms of sustainable use of the plant.

Effects of Crude Aqueous Extract of Cola Acuminata Pods on the Reproductive System of Male Albino Rats

Background and Aims: Cola acuminata pod extract (CAPE) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat low sperm count in males. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CAPE on the reproductive system of male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Preliminary acute toxicity testing, phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and determination of vitamin E concentration were performed on the extract. Three groups (I, II, and III) of 12 rats were used in the study. Each group comprised three batches (A, B, and C) of 4 rats each for different periods (4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively). Results: Acute toxicity testing showed that CAPE had an oral lethal dose of 50% (LD50) of &gt;5 g/kg body weight (b.wt) in rats. Vitamin E concentration was 0.511 mg/l. The caudal epididymal sperm count increased marginally from 4 to 6 weeks for rats treated with 800 mg/kg b.wt., but reduced significantly at 8 weeks for both CAPE treatment groups (II and III) (p&lt;0.05) compared with the control group (I). Significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) of sperm motility and serum testosterone levels at 8 weeks were observed. The histology of the reproductive organs revealed evident histo-architectural changes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous pod extract of Cola acuminata causes marked alterations in reproductive organs and shows antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic effects when administered orally over 8 weeks in mature male rats leading to contradicting its use as a traditional remedy for low sperm count in males.

Caatinga biome plant extracts affect the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Xanthomonas citri pv. viticola

Recently, in vitro assays have been used to study biofilm formation by Xanthomonas citri pv. viticola (Xcv), the causal agent of grapevine bacterial canker, one of the most important grapevine diseases in the Northeast region of Brazil. Currently, the management of grapevine bacterial canker is based on preventive control by copper fungicides, highlighting the need to discover new bioactive compounds that can be used in disease management programs. Thus, this study reports the first evaluation of the effects of crude aqueous extracts of Caatinga plants on planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Xcv. Crude aqueous extracts of twelve plants collected in Catimbau Valley, Brazil, were evaluated in vitro against four strains of Xcv to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the plants. The experiments were conducted in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates. The results were subjected to Dunnett’s test (P < 0.05) to determine the significant differences between the tested extracts and the control treatment, which included sterile distilled water (SDW). Only the extracts obtained from Homalolepis ferruginea leaf showed antibiofilm and antibacterial activity against all strains; this extract reduced biofilm formation and planktonic growth by up to 54.6% and 60.2%, respectively, making H. ferruginea a source of promising biomolecules for the management of grapevine bacterial canker.

Effects of Crude Aqueous Extracts of Pyrenacantha Staudtii and Trichilia Monadelpha on Visceral Organs of Albino Mice

Effects of Crude Aqueous Extracts of Pyrenacantha Staudtii and Trichilia Monadelpha on Visceral Organs of Albino Mice

Antiviral Effect of Crude Aqueous Extracts from Ten Philippine Medicinal Plants against Zika Virus

Objective. This study aimed to determine the antiviral activity of ten Philippine medicinal plants against Zika virus (ZIKV). Methods. Lyophilized aqueous plant extracts were used for cell cytotoxicity and virus inhibition assays. The therapeutic index was computed from the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% effective concentration (EC50) values. Plant metabolites were also identified using mass spectroscopy. An in-silico screening of these metabolites was done using ZIKV enzymes and the Axl protein in human microglial cells as target proteins, followed by the ranking of binding energy scores to generate a hypothesis on the possible mechanism of antiviral action.Results. The plants that demonstrated the highest therapeutic index were Momordica charantia, Psidium guajava, Vitex negundo, and Blumea balsamifera. The majority of the metabolites present in the aqueous extracts were saponin, terpenes and terpenoids, and anthocyanin. Further, in-silico docking results showed a higher binding affinity for viral replication proteins compared to the viral envelope protein.Conclusion. The crude aqueous extracts of M. charantia, P. guajava, V. negundo, and B. balsamifera were the most potent candidate antiviral therapies against ZIKV among the ten plants tested. Meanwhile, the in-silico results suggested that the metabolites possibly employ an intracellular mechanism for the observed antiviral activity.

Comparative Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Thymus schimperi and Moringa stenopetala on Regional Blood Flow Velocity and Vascular Resistance of Pre-eclampsia Rat Models

Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a common hypertensive disorder of pregnancy with a prevalence rate of 3-5%. There is no modern drug which cures PE so far. On the other hand, plant medicines are claimed to cure this disease. Exploring potential plant medicines for their therapeutic and/or prophylactic uses in this disease, therefore has paramount importance. In Ethiopia, there is a strong claim that leaves of Moringa stenopetala and Thymus schimperi have anti-hypertension activities. Thus, the current study was supposed to prove the potential therapeutic effects of the two plants against PE. PE reduces organ blood flow and increasesvascular resistance. Assessing these variables has widely been accepted when monitoring high-risk pregnancies and evaluating therapeutic and/or prophylactic uses of drugs.&#x0D; Methods: A comparative experimental case control study was employed to determine the effects of aqueous crude extracts of Thymus schimperi and Moringa stenopetala on regional blood flow velocities and vascular resistance of PE Albino-Wistar rat models induced by a potent vasoconstrictor, nitro-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME). A Doppler flow meter (Atys, Directive 93/42/EEC/CEE, Model, BASIC123LP) was used to measure the systolic and diastolic regional blood flow velocities through abdominal aorta, uterine, renal and common carotid arteries. The peripheral vascular resistance for the respective vessels were evaluated using resistivity and pulsatility indices.&#x0D; Results: Aqueous leaf extracts of T. schimperi (ALETS) and M. stenopetala (ALEMS) significantly increased regional blood flow velocities and decreased peripheral vascular resistance in PE rat modelsin a dose dependent pattern compared with untreated controls. For example, ALETS treated PE groups showed increased diastolic blood velocity (DBV) (cm/sec) of uterine arteries 3.8±0.4 (p&lt;0.05), 4.2±0.4 (p&lt;0.01), 7.3±0.5 (p&lt;0.01), while ALEMS treated PE group had uterine arterial DBV of 2.8±0.3 (p&lt;0.01), 3.5±0.8 (p&lt;0.05), 6.6±0.8 (p&lt;0.01) with daily doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1 gm/kg, respectively. Moreover, the vascular resistances (measured by resistivity and pulsatility indices), of the respective vessels were significantly lower in a dose dependent pattern.&#x0D; Conclusion: Both ALETS and ALEMS could increaseregional blood flow velocities and decrease vascular resistances of PE rat models. Further investigation should, however, be carried out to confirm their therapeutic merits.

Leaves Aqueous Extract of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boerhavia coccinea&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Induces Antinociceptive Effect but Increases Nitric Oxide Production in Macrophages

Pain treatment is one of the most challenging situations of the modern medicine. To overcome the actual limitations, new strategies should be developed and phytotherapy represents a promising alternative. Boerhavia coccinea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of pain. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of crude aqueous extract of the leaves of Boerhavia coccinea (AE) on acute pain and examine its mechanism of action. The analgesic effect of AE was evaluated at doses 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg using the formalin-induced nociception in mice. The specific analgesic effect of AE was verified by testing its effect of AE on the sleep induced by diazepam. The anti-inflammatory effects of AE were also tested in vivo (100 and 200 mg/kg) on CFA-induced inflammation and in vitro (1 to 300 μg/ml) on the production of NO by non-activated or activated (LPS, 1 μg/l) macrophages. The effect of AE in non-stimulated macrophages was evaluated in absence and in presence of L-NAME (100 μg/ml) or dexathetasone (30 μg/ml). AE administered orally significantly (p st phase and 90% at the 2nd phase, but did not show any anti-inflammatory effect. AE at 50 mg/kg increased the latency to sleep and reduced sleep duration. AE drastically (p < 0.001) increased the NO production by non-activated or activated macrophages by up to 5654%. L-NAME and dexamethasone potentiated the activation effect of AE on NO production. In conclusion, AE possess potent antinociceptive effect that is not related to any anti-inflammatory activity. Instead, this extract increases the nitric oxide production by an unknown mechanism.

Antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of aqueous extract and nanoparticles synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaves

The present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of crude aqueous extract as well as nanoparticles synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaves. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera. The antioxidant potential of crude aqueous extract as well as nanoparticles from Moringa leaves was determined by DPPH, FRAP, ABTS assays. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were also determined. The antibacterial effects of crude aqueous extract as well as nanoparticles from Moringa leaf extracts against infectious bacterial strains were also evaluated. Results showed significantly higher antioxidant potentials in nanoparticles synthesized from Moringa leaf extracts as compared to aqueous extract. DPPH scavenging activity, ferric reducing ability (FRAP) and ABTS radical scavenging activity were higher in nanoparticles of Moringa leaf extracts as compared to crude aqueous extract. Further, the antibacterial effect was higher in nanoparticles as compared to crude aqueous extract prepared from Moringa leaves. These results showed the strong antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity of nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera as compared to its crude aqueous extract.

Arbutus unedo L., (Ericaceae) inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArbutus unedo L., (Ericaceae) is one of the most traditional plants commonly used to treat diabetes in people living in Eastern Morocco region particularly in Taza and Beni Mellal. Aim of the studyThe aim of the study was to find if there is a scientific support to the ethnopharmacological relevance use of Arbutus unedo L., roots bark (AU) to treat diabetes. Materials and methodsWe studied the effects of crude aqueous extract of AU on intestinal glucose absorption using short-circuit current technique in vitro and oral glucose tolerance test in vivo. ResultsThe aqueous extract of AU (10 µg/mL to 1 mg/mL) induced concentration-dependent inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transport across isolated mouse jejunum. The maximal inhibition was obtained with 1 mg/mL, which exhibited more than 80% of the Phloridzin inhibition with an IC50 close to 216 µg/mL. A 6-week AU ingestion (2 g/(kg day)), improved oral glucose tolerance as efficiently as metformin (300 mg/(kg day)). Arbutus unedo L. and metformin also reduced body weight. ConclusionsArbutus unedo L. roots bark aqueous extract directly inhibited the electrogenic intestinal absorption of glucose in vitro. In addition it improved oral glucose tolerance and lowered body weight in rats after chronic oral administration in vivo. These results add a scientific support to the ethnopharmacological relevance use of Arbutus unedo L. roots bark to treat diabetes.

Effects of crude aqueous extracts of Heliotropium indicum Linn (Boraginaceae) on blood pressure in Wistar rats

The present work was carried out to investigate the effects of crude aqueous extracts of the stem with leaves and roots of Heliotropium indicum Linn on blood pressure in Wistar rats. Crude aqueous extracts were obtained by decoction of Heliotropium indicum stem with leaves and roots. A phytochemical screening of extracts has been made by thin layer chromatography. The pharmacological effect of the extracts was assessed by administration to L-NAME-induced hypertensive Wistar rats. Blood pressures were measured by carotid catheterization. The chemical screening revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites such as coumarins, flavonoids, anthocyanics, lignans, saponins, tannins, terpenes and triterpenes in both extract. Alkaloid were detected only in the root extract. 7-days administration of L-NAME induced an increasis of rat mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 1063 mmHg to 1342 mmHg. Administration of both extracts significantly decreased the MAP from 1342 mmHg to respectively to 108 1 mmHg for the stem with leaf extract and to 1212 mmHg for the root extract . These results provide a support for the use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Protective effects of aqueous extract of cinnamon on diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with multi-systemic adverse effects on the body. Cinnamon is atraditional folk herbsused for treatment of diseases and was popularas an embalming agent. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon for its protective activities on diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistarrats. Twenty-four adult Wistar rats of both sexes were assigned to three groups containing eight rats (n=8). Group A was the control group, group B was the streptozotocin-treated group, and group C was the streptozotocin followed by crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon treated group. Group B received 50mg/kg of STZ by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Group C received 50 mg/kg of STZ i.p. and 300 mg/kg/day of the aqueous extract of Cinnamon for 21 days. All the rats including the control group were fed with commercially formulated feeds and water ad`libidum for the same number of days. Effect of concurrent oral administration of crudeaqueous extract of Cinnamon at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day on the renal integrity was determined using serum creatinine, blood urea as indicators of kidney damage supporting histopathological findings. It was observed that the crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon significantly protect rat kidneys from diabetes-induced histopathological changes. This extract also normalized the increase in serumcreatinine and blood urea that characterized the diabetic group of rats.In conclusion, administration of aqueous extract of Cinnamon protects the kidneys of adult Wistar rats against diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity.Keywords: Aqueous extract, Cinnamon, Histological, Nephrotoxicity, Streptozotocin (STZ), Integrity

EFFECTIVITY OF THREE BOTANICAL CRUDE EXTRACTS ON IMMATURE OF WHITEFLY (BEMISIA TABACI GENN.) UNDER ENCLOSURE CONDITIONS

Pest management of habanero chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq., Solanaceae) the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemyptera: Aleyrodidae) is a key plague insect as a virus-vector, capable of causing serious economic loss. Their control is broadly based on Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoids product. B. tabaci have resistance to imidacloprid now. Some plants extracts are suggest in the literature how insect repellent properties over whiteflies, including allspice [Pimenta dioca (L.) Merrill, (Myrtaceae)], sweet basil [Ocimun basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)] and wild feverfew [Parthenium hysterophorus L.(Asteraceae)]. The preliminary screening under controlled conditions for evaluating the repellent effect of crude aqueous extracts, in a 1:1 ratio based on mass weight foliage moisture; was evaluate for each one of above-mentioned plants, against nymphs and eggs of whitefly. Results show that basil and feverfew extracts was significantly effective in preventing oviposition by adult whiteflies on habanero chili foliage, with allspice showing the lowest effect. Fields studies have to be carried out in this regards.