Effects Of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization, Evaluation of Supportive Properties, and Neuroprotective Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles as a Candidate for Neural Tissue Engineering

Synthesis, Characterization, Evaluation of Supportive Properties, and Neuroprotective Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles as a Candidate for Neural Tissue Engineering

Cerium oxide nanoparticles loaded nanofibrous membranes promote bone regeneration for periodontal tissue engineering

Bone regeneration is a crucial part in the treatment of periodontal tissue regeneration, in which new attempts come out along with the development of nanomaterials. Herein, the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) on the cell behavior and function of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) was investigated. Results of CCK-8 and cell cycle tests demonstrated that CeO2 NPs not only had good biocompatibility, but also promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, the levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation and expressions of osteogenic genes and proteins demonstrated CeO2 NPs could promote osteogenesis differentiation of hPDLSCs. Then we chose electrospinning to fabricate fibrous membranes containing CeO2 NPs. We showed that the composite membranes improved mechanical properties as well as realized release of CeO2 NPs. We then applied the composite membranes to in vivo study in rat cranial defect models. Micro-CT and histopathological evaluations revealed that nanofibrous membranes with CeO2 NPs further accelerated new bone formation. Those exciting results demonstrated that CeO2 NPs and porous membrane contributed to osteogenic ability, and CeO2 NPs contained electrospun membrane may be a promising candidate material for periodontal bone regeneration.

Cardio-renal protective role of cerium oxide nanoparticle in preventing histopathological lesions, and collagen deposition induced by lead Acetate in Swiss albino mice: A light microscopic examination

Background: Lead, worldly is the most environmental pollutants that caused many health problems and affect all biological systems through exposure to air, water, and food sources. Aim: The aimed of our study is to evaluate protective effect of cerium oxide nanoparticle against toxicity of lead acetate in mice cardio-renal tissues using histopathological study.Materials and Methods: Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups as follows (1) control group, oral received distilled water (1ml/kg.bw); (2) lead treated group, animal injected interpertoneal by lead acetate at dose (150 mg /kg b.w, once); (3) cerium treated group: animals were given orally with cerium oxide nanoparticles at dose (0.5 mg/ kg, a and (4) cerium-lead treated group: animals given orally cerium oxide nanoparticles (0.5 mg/ kg bw) one hour prior injection of lead acetate(150 mg /kg bw). Renal and cardiac tissues were removed for histopathological and collagen deposition examinations. Results: Histopathological examinations revealed that treatment with lead acetate induced loss of architecture in both cardiac and renal tissues as evidenced by marked degenerative change in cardomyocyte, and glomeruli as well as congested dilated blood vessels, hemorrhage and lymphocytic cells aggregation compared to control group. While, pretreatment with cerium oxide nanoparticle prior lead acetate injection resulted in inhibition the histopathological lesions and injury in cardio-renal tissues induced by lead acetate treatment. In addition to, it also prevented collagen deposition observed in lead group compared to control group. Conclusion: In conclusions, the administration of cerium oxide nanoparticle could suppress the cytotoxicity of lead acetate and could combat tissue injury in cardio-renal tissues caused by lead acetate toxicity.

Ameliorative Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Against Fipronil Impact on Brain Function, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptotic Cascades in Albino Rats.

Fipronil (FIP) is an N-phenylpyrazole insecticide that is used extensively in public health and agriculture against a wide range of pests. Exposure to FIP is linked to negative health outcomes in humans and animals including promoting neuronal cell injury, which results in apoptosis through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) on neuronal dysfunction induced by FIP in albino rats. Male rats were randomly classified into four groups: control, FIP (5 mg/kg bwt), CeNPs (35 mg/kg bwt), and FIP + CeNPs (5 (FIP) + 35 (CeNPs) mg/kg bwt), which were treated orally once daily for 28 consecutive days. Brain antioxidant parameters, histopathology, and mRNA expression of genes related to brain function were evaluated. The results revealed oxidative damage to brain tissues in FIP-treated rats indicated by the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). On the other hand, the FIP’s group that was treated with CeNPs showed decrease in MDA and NO levels and increase in SOD and GPx enzymes activity. Besides, FIP-treated rats showed decreased butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in comparison to the FIP + CeNPs group. Moreover, FIP caused up-regulation of the expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), caspase-3, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) but down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) expression. But the FIP + CeNPs group significantly down-regulated the GFAP, NSE, and caspase-3 and up-regulated the gene expression of BCL-2. Additionally, the FIP-treated group of rats had clear degenerative lesions in brain tissue that was reversed to nearly normal cerebral architecture by the FIP + CeNPs treatment. Immunohistochemical examination of brain tissues of rats-treated with FIP showed abundant ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) microglia and caspase-3 and apoptotic cells with nearly negative calbindin and synaptophysin reaction, which were countered by FIP + CeNPs treatment that revealed a critical decrease in caspase-3, Iba-1 reaction with a strong calbindin positive reaction in most of the Purkinje cells and strong synaptophysin reaction in the cerebrum and cerebellum tissues. Based on reported results herein, CeNPs treatment might counteract the neurotoxic effect of FIP pesticide via an antioxidant-mediated mechanism.

Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles to Improve the Combustion Characteristics of Palm Oil Nano Water Emulsion using Low Heat Rejection Engine

ABSTRACT Biodiesel plays an important role in the automotive sector due to the enormous demand for conventional fuels such as diesel. A significant drawback of utilizing conventional fuel in the base engine is tailpipe emissions. The addition of water into the fuel reduced the harmful pollutants emitted from the engine and improved engine performance. The palm oil was used as biodiesel and it was mixed with 5% (by volume) water content to the fuel and tween 80 and span 80 is used as a co-surfactant and surfactant. Cerium oxide was used as a nanoparticle and mixed with biodiesel water emulsion in a 30 ppm dosage using an ultrasonicator. The partially stabilized zirconium was used as a coating product, and the desired coating thickness was 500 microns (or 0.5 mm) on the piston head, inlet, and exhaust value using the plasma spray method. The tailpipe emission characteristics of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide oxides of nitrogen and smoke were decreased by 16.6%, 18.02%, 6.7%, and 29.16% for utilizing blend of palm oil nanoemulsion in the engine when correlated to diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency increased by 14.03% for palm oil nanoemulsion as compared with the neat diesel. Abbreviations: PNAE Palm oil nanoadditive emulsion HLB Hydrophile-lipophile balance PSZ Partially stabilized zirconium WWF World Wildlife Fund PONE Palm oil nanoemulsionPO100Neat palm oil POE Palm oil emulsion BTE Brake thermal efficiency HC Hydrocarbon COCarbon monoxideNO x Oxides of nitrogen HRR Heat release rate LGO Lemongrass oilIDIgnition delay WCO Waste cooking oilI CPIn-cylinder pressureLHVLatent heat of vaporization SOME Sesame oil methyl ester TC Thermal conductivity CNH Cerium nitrate hexahydrate

Eco-friendly synthesis of CeO2 NPs using Aloe barbadensis Mill extract: Its biological and photocatalytic activities for industrial dye treatment applications

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) prepared by green (Aloe barbadensis Mill) assisted combustion technique as antimicrobial agent against uropathogenic bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus PPBS1. Powder XRD confirms the phase formation and average particle size (13 nm) measured by Scherrer's formula. UV-Visible reflectances show the energy band gap of CeO2NPs as 3.2 eV. The highest maximum zone of inhibition was found to be P aeruginosa (10±1 mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration for P aeruginos, E coli and K pneumoniae was found to be 1 µg/mL, 3 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL respectively. Antifungal activity was observed against Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus PPBS1 and maximum growth inhibition was found to be 3 cm and the percentage of inhibition was found to be 75% at 5 µg/mL. CeO2NPs showed an excellent photodecoloration of Reactive Blue-4 and Indigo Carmine dye solutions of 88% and 97% degradation at 120 min of time intervals respectively under UV–visible irradiation.

Screening of semi-volatile compounds in plants treated with coated cerium oxide nanoparticles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

Literature data about semi-volatile organic compounds in plants and the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on them are scarce. Surface modification of nanoparticles may change nanoparticle-environment interaction, and therefore affects compounds in plants. In this research, uncoated and glucose-, levan-, and pullulan-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles were used for wheat and pea treatment during the growth. The aim was the screening of semi-volatile organic compounds from plants' shoots using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a powerful separation technique allowing to reach unique separation resolution, and investigation of qualitative changes after the treatment with coated cerium oxide nanoparticles. The results were analyzed by the identification of individual peaks and fingerprint analysis by image processing. Wheat samples contained a higher number of semi-volatile organic compounds (108) compared to pea (77) but were less affected by the treatments with coated nanoparticles. The highest number of compounds was detected in wheat after the treatment with levan- and pullulan-coated nanoparticles, and in pea after treatment with levan-coated nanoparticles. This article reports a successful application of a semi-volatile organic compounds profile presented only as categorical variables and unique fingerprint images for the inter-cultivar recognition. This method may be useful in screening nanoparticles' effects on different plants.

Multi-functional cerium oxide nanoparticles regulate inflammation and enhance osteogenesis

Oxidative stress increases bone loss and limits repair, in part, through immunoregulation and the formation and maintenance of low-grade chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) on (i) macrophage phenotype and cytokine expression under normal and simulated acute and chronic inflammatory conditions and, (ii) human mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSCs) proliferation, osteoinduction and osteogenic differentiation. Spherical particles composed of 60% Ce3+ with a hydrodynamic size of ~35 nm and surface charge of 25.4 mV were internalized within cells. Under both acute and chronic conditions, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity decreased with a significant reduction seen in the 1 and 10 μg/mL groups (p < 0.001). A dose dependent and significant increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression was observed in all CeONP groups under chronic inflammatory condition. No increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity or mineral deposits were measured following hBMSCs cultured without osteogenic media in any of the CeONP groups, however, a significant increase in osteogenic-related gene expression, ALP activity and bone mineral deposits was measured when supplemented with both CeONPs and osteogenic media. CeONP activity was multifaceted and exhibited low toxicity. A therapeutic dose of 1 μg/mL delivered a disparate but protective effect when under both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions while at the same dose, potentiated osteogenesis.

Exacerbation of Coagulation and Cardiac Injury in Rats with Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity Following Intratracheal Instillation of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles.

Exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. These effects are particularly aggravated in patients with pre-existing kidney diseases. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs), used as diesel fuel additives, are emitted in vehicle exhaust and affect humans when inhaled. However, thrombotic and cardiac injury resulting from pulmonary exposure to CNPs in experimental acute kidney injury (AKI) is not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the thrombotic and cardiac injury effects of CNPs in a rat model of AKI. AKI was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (CDDP, 6 mg/kg). Six days after injection, rats were intratracheally (i.t.) instilled with either CNPs (1 mg/kg) or saline (control), and various cardiovascular variables and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA injury were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, colorimetric assay, single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and immunohistochemistry, the following day. Compared with individual CDDP or CNPs treatments, the combined CDDP + CNPs treatment elevated significantly the coagulation function, relative heart weight, and troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and total nitric oxide levels in the plasma. In heart homogenates, the combination of CDDP and CNPs induced a significant increase in IL-6, TNFα, catalase, and glutathione. Furthermore, significantly more DNA damage was observed in this group than in the CDDP or CNPs groups. Immunohistochemical analysis of the heart revealed that expression of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase by cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells was increased in the CDDP + CNPs group more than in either CDDP or CNPs group. I.t. administration of CNPs in rats with AKI exacerbated systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and coagulation events. It also aggravated cardiac inflammation, DNA damage, and Nrf2 expression.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) improve growth parameters and antioxidant defense system in Moldavian Balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under salinity stress

Salinity stress is one of the most destructive stress factors causing adverse impacts on growth and productivity of crops plants. In order to combat or to make crop plants compatible with salinity stress, many attempts have been made to alleviate the devastating impacts of salinity stress on plants. Of those attempts, engineered nano-particles (NPs) have gained great interest in recent years, having been tested in a number of crop plants; however, they remain to be investigated for medicinal and aromatic plants. For that reason, the interaction effects of cerium oxide NPs (CeO2 NPs at 25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) and salinity stress (50 and 100 mM NaCl) on Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was evaluated. Salinity significantly decreased agronomic traits such as leaf and shoot fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigment content and SPAD, whereas it increased MDA, H2O2 and proline (Pro) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) and antioxidant enzymatic activities (SOD, APX and GP). However, CeO2-NP treatments enhanced growth performance of the plants exposed under salinity stress by improving agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigment content, SPAD, Pro, and antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, CeO2-NPs caused a decrease in MDA, H2O2 and EL via higher antioxidant enzymatic activity under salinity conditions. Of the concentrations of CeO2-NPs tested, 50 mg L−1 concentration gave the best results under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions. In conclusion, foliar spray of CeO2-NP treatments in Moldavian balm improved plant performance under salinity and may be considered as a promising treatment in alleviating the effects of salt stress.

Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Biochemical Parameters and Histopathological Changes in Lead-Intoxicated Rats

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) against lead acetate-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated simultaneously, except for the normal control, for 5 weeks with lead acetate in drinking water (1000 mg/L). Control rats and negative control rats received saline intraperitoneally. At the same time, the third group was treated with intraperitoneal injections of CeNPs at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg 1 week before lead administration, and continued with its administration. Finally, serum was obtained by the conventional methods and rats were sacrificed to obtain liver, heart, testis, and kidney tissue for histopathological examinations. Results: The lead-treated group showed significant increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P&lt;0.01). Lead-intoxicated rats treated with CeNPs showed a significant decrease in serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), AST, and ALT levels compared to the untreated negative control group (P&lt;0.01). The histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues showed signs of lead-induced injuries, necrotic hepatocytes, and glomerulosclerosis. The CeNPs-treated group showed noticeable reductions in histopathological signs of lead-induced injuries. Lipid peroxidation levels were also lower in CeNPs-treated rats than negative controls (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The current experimental study proved the protective effects of CeNPs in rats exposed to chronic lead-induced toxicity; however, more experiments are required to evaluate the possible side effects and interactions.

Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles and cadmium on corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings physiology and root anatomy

Heavy metals and engineering nanoparticles (ENPs) are chemical compounds that, in the recent years, have attracted environmental concerns. Particularly, cadmium (Cd) and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have attracted researchers' interest because of their chemical and biophysical properties. Most of the previous studies were conducted on C3 plants, which produce three‑carbon compound via the Calvin cycle. This research observed and measured the effects of CeO2NPs and Cd on a C4 species, where photosynthesis makes an intermediate four‑carbon compound that later splits into a three‑carbon compound for the Calvin cycle. Twenty sweet corn seedlings were grown in plastic pots filled with sand under greenhouse conditions and then assigned to a completely randomized experimental design for one month. Four treatments were established: (a.) 0.5 mg kg−1 Cd2+ dry sand, (b.) 500 mg kg−1 CeO2NPs dry sand, (c.) 0.5 mg kg−1 Cd + 500 mg kg−1 CeO2NPs and (d.) 0 mg kg−1 Cd and CeO2NPs as the control. At termination, plant roots and shoots were separated and the concentrations of Cd and Ce in these tissues were determined. Significant differences were found in corn root and leaf biomass, where CeO2NPs promoted the corn growth and development, while Cd hindered the leaf dry weight. No changes were found in chlorophyll contents, but differences were reported in stomatal conductance with higher values registered when CeO2NPs and Cd were applied. Finally, root anatomical changes were analyzed and a clear set of apoplastic barriers closer to the root tip were detected under the exposure of CeO2NPs and Cd. In conclusion CeO2NPs and Cd, alone or in combination, significantly affected the physiology and the root anatomy of corn plants.

Experimental investigation on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of diesel doped with green synthesized nano cerium oxide

AbstractThis study reports the potential of Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles synthesized from Jatropha curcus leaves and Insulin plant extracts to use as a doping constituent with diesel fuel. Investigations were carried out to analyze the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on engine performance and smoke emission characteristics. X‐ray diffraction study witness the presence of Cerium oxide in the plant extracts and the average crystal size of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesized from J. curcus leaves and insulin plant extracts was 5 and 25 nm, respectively. Experimental runs were carried out on a 4 stroke direct injection VCR diesel engines at two different compression ratios. The result showed that the brake thermal efficiency is increased by a maximum of 5.5% for 25 ppm CeO2 extract blend from insulin plant with diesel fuel. CO and HC emissions of CeO2 doped diesel blends are lowered by up to 38 and 40% at full load conditions in line with neat diesel and also presents significant results in emission characteristics. Finally, it is worth stating that doping of 25 ppm CeO2 nanoparticles from insulin extracts with diesel at compression ratio of 16 can establish better results than diesel.

Protective effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on cisplatin and oxaliplatin primary toxicities in male albino rats.

Cisplatin and oxaliplatin are widely used anticancer drugs. Their use is restricted by their dose-limiting side effects: nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, respectively. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) are promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. To test the possible ameliorative impact of CONPs on the toxic effect of cisplatin and oxaliplatin in male albino rats. Forty eight rats were divided into 6 groups: control group, CONPs group, cisplatin group, cisplatin and CONPs group, oxaliplatin group, and oxaliplatin and CONPs group. After 4weeks, serum urea and creatinine, renal tissue level of interleukin 10 (IL10), and total antioxidant (TAO) were measured in control, CONPs, and cisplatin groups. The other kidney was used for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The right sciatic nerves and the lumbar spinal cord of rats from control, CONPs, and oxaliplatin groups were used for immunohistochemical evaluations of nitrotyrosine, myelin basic protein (MBP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Cisplatin significantly increased serum urea and creatinine levels, significantly decreased the kidney level of IL10 and TAO with marked tubular necrosis, hemorrhage and renal damage.Also, it decreased IL10 immunohistochemical expression. CONPs significantly decreased the serum urea and creatinine level and increased IL10 and TAO with lower renal damage and strong IL10 expression compared with cisplatin group. Oxaliplatin significantly decreased MBP immunoreactivity and increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. In the lumbar spinal cord, GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly increased. CONPs significantly increased MBP and decreased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly decreased. CONPs ameliorated cisplatin and oxaliplatin primary toxicities through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics.

Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Rats' Kidney, Lung, and Serum.

Background:The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of CONPs on the OS status in kidney, lung, and serum of rats. Methods:Male Wistar Rats were treated intraperitoneally with 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day of CONPs. The biochemical parameters, including TAC, TTG, MDA, SOD, and CAT were assayed in serum, kidney, and lung tissues. Results:MDA decreased, but TTG and CAT increased in serum by the administration of CONPs at 15 mg/kg. In kidney homogenate obtained from the group treated with CONPs at 15 mg/kg, TAC, TTG, and CAT significantly increased compared to the control group. However, CONPs at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg significantly decreased MDA level compared to the control group. In lung tissue, CONPs in doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg significantly decreased CAT activity, TTG and TAC compared to the control group, while in kidney tissue, CONPs at the concentrations of 30 and 60 mg/kg significantly increased MDA compared to the control group. Conclusion:Our findings suggest that CONPs attenuate OS in the kidney and affect the serum levels of OS-related markers but induce OS in the lung tissue in a dose-dependent manner.

Effect of CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Nanoparticle on the Structural and Electrical Properties of BSCCO-2223 High Temperature Superconductor

A study of the effects of Cerium oxide nanoparticle doped with BSCCO-2223 on the microstructure and superconducting properties was carried out. All samples were synthesized using solid state reaction method. Ce concentration is varied from x = 0.0 up to 0.1 in a general stoichiometry of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca1-xCexCu3Oy. The samples were characterized structurally and electrically by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and four-point probe method respectively. XRD analysis shows that both (Bi,Pb)-2212 and (Bi,Pb)-2223 phases coexist in the samples having tetragonal crystal structure but changed to orthorhombic when x=0.10. The values of critical transition temperature, TC and critical current density, JC of the samples decreased with the increase in Ce concentration. The possible reasons for the observed degradation in superconducting and structural properties of Bi-2223 due to Ce nanoparticles addition were discussed.

Leveraging the Pathophysiological Alterations of Obstructive Nephropathy to Treat Renal Fibrosis by Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has wide prevalence globally that affects a considerable population and has renal fibrosis (RF) as a hallmark feature. RF is characterized by abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the interstitial space of renal tissue. There are only few studies where nanoparticles (NPs) were used for targeting the kidney mainly due to their size-dependent constraints. Further, most of the studies have been carried out in healthy animals. As the diseased kidney becomes susceptible to accumulation of nanoparticles, we hypothesized that nanoparticles (size ∼10 nm) could reach the kidney and might provide protective effects due to their inherent properties. We investigated the protective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) with promising antioxidant activity in a CKD model. We, to the best of our knowledge, are first to report that CONPs abrogated RF by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a fibrotic kidney.

Neuroprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on experimental stress-induced depression in male rats

Introduction: Inflammation and oxidative/nitrative stress induced by chronic psychosocial or physical stress play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of depression, and lead to the loss of neurotrophic support, decreased neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Findings have shown inhibition of inflammation waterfall may offer new approaches to the treatment of depression, especially for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Cerium Oxide (CeO2) is the oxide form of cerium, a rare earth element in the lanthanide series. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) are potent regenerative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. We evaluated the neuroprotective and the neuronal plasticity activities of CeO2NPs in the stress-induced model of depression. Methods: We have analyzed the effects of single-dose intrahippocampal and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of CeO2NPs treatment on immobility behavior (forced swimming test), hippocampal IL-6 and malondialdehyde (Elisa), cell survival (Nissl staining), dentate gyrus BrdU-positive cells (Immunohistofluorescence) and growth associated protein-43 (GAp-43) expression (Immunohistofluorescence) of the hippocampal CA3 region. Results: In our study, single-dose CeO2NPs treatment could effectively suppress inflammatory and oxidative markers level induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) and improved immobility behavior, increased hippocampal cell proliferation, cell survival and neurite outgrowth, and thereby, prevented the progression of hippocampal destruction and dysfunction. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a new prospect for the treatment of depression. Our study gives us the confidence to continue the investigation of CeO2 NPs as a novel therapy, especially, for TRD that characterized by chronic and persistent inflammation.

Insights into the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticle on microalgal degradation of sulfonamides

Nanoparticles have been commercially used worldwide; however, there is a lack of information of their environmental impacts and ecotoxicity. In this study, the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticle (CeO2NP) on a green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus, and microalgal biodegradation of four sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole) was investigated. There is insignificant inhibition of microalgal growth induced by CeO2NP; however, it substantially influenced the expression of genes involved in key cellular metabolic activities of S. obliquus. For example, genes involved in photosynthetic activity (psbA) and energy production (ATPF0C) were downregulated with exposure to CeO2NP. The low concentrations of CeO2NP improved microalgal degradation of sulfonamides. This may be because of the upregulated genes encoding hydrogenase and oxidoreductase. The exploration of this study has provided a new understanding of the environmental impacts of CeO2NP on microalgae-based biotechnologies for treatment of wastewater containing emerging organic contaminants.

Antioxidative photochemoprotector effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on UVB irradiated fibroblast cells

The Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) might induce cellular redox imbalance which plays an important role in the development of skin disorders. Thus, the search for photochemoprotective alternatives with antioxidant efficacy would be a safe aspect towards prevention of skin diseases. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) have antioxidant properties, that are mostly related to CNPs catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like antioxidative mimetic activity. Considering that, we investigated whether CNPs induce photochemoprotection against UVB-induced cellular damages on L929 fibroblasts. Our results showed that CNPs prevented UVB mediated L929 cell oxidative damage by reestablishing the oxidative balance through ameliorating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.