Effect Of 1-propanol Research Articles

Effect of 1-Propanol/Gasoline Fuel Blends on Engine Performance of Engine with Direct Injection

In this study, the effect of 1-Propanol / Gasoline fuel mixtures on engine performance values has been experimentally investigated. 1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH and sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH. It is a colorless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly for resins and cellulose esters, and, sometimes, as a disinfecting agent. In this study, 1-Propanol and gasoline were mixed in certain proportions and TSI was applied in a gasoline engine. The changes in the performance of 1-Propanol-gasoline fuel blends used in Direct Injection Engine were investigated in this experimental study. P5 (5% 1-Propanol, 95% gasoline fuel by volume), P10 and gasoline fuel were used as fuel. The tests were performed at full-throttle valve opening and variable engine speeds. At 2500 rpm and below the P5 blends caused a reduction in engine power by 1.68% and engine torque by 3.15%, but reduced BSFC by 11.39%. The P10 blend reduced the BSFC by 14.57%, although it caused a 2.41% reduction in engine power and a 5.71% reduction in engine torque.

A comparative assessment on the effect of 1-propanol and 1-hexanol as oxygenated additive with diesel/biodiesel blends on single cylinder diesel engine characteristics

Recovery of energy from waste is appealing as it meets the energy demand and minimize the problems associated with waste management. Biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil was used in this study along with 1-propanol and 1-hexanol to make a comparative assessment of the alcohol addition on different diesel engine characteristics. Experimental trials were carried out by utilizing two ternary blends with 20% by volume of higher alcohols (propanol & hexanol), 30% by volume of biodiesel and 50% by volume of diesel. Later, the results were compared with binary blend of 50% by volume of diesel and 50% by volume of biodiesel (D50B50), pure diesel (D100) and biodiesel (B100). Results divulge that ignition delay period got longer for both Pr20 blend and HX20 blend which resulted in a 2% and 1% increase in peak cylinder pressure and 26% and 15% increase in peak heat release rate respectively against D50B50 blend operation. In comparison with the binary blend, the engine brake thermal efficiency improved by 3% and deteriorated by 2% against hexanol and propanol blend respectively. The NOx emission aggravated with ternary blends, nearly 8% higher NOx emission was observed for propanol blend when compared to hexanol blend. Both smoke opacity and carbon monoxide emission reduced, while unburnt hydrocarbon emission was on the higher side with the introduction of alcohol. It is concluded from the observations that the HX20 blend was found to be optimal in terms of improved engine performance and emission characteristics.

Evaluation of the Perceptual Interactions Between Higher Alcohols and Off-Odor Acids in Laimao Baijiu by σ-τ Plot and Partition Coefficient.

The volatile compounds in three Laimao baijius ("Chuanchenglan, CCL", "Hongyu, HY", and "Zhencang, ZC") were comprehensively analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that 44, 42, and 42 compounds with flavor dilution factors ≥ 16 and odor activity values ≥ 1 were, respectively, identified as important odorants. Additionally, the perceptual interactions of 6 higher alcohols and 3 off-odor acids were evaluated by σ-τ plot, and the partition coefficient was calculated to explain the release of odorants in the matrix. The interactions indicated that adding a high concentration of 1-propanol or 2-phenylethanol to the matrix could mask the sweaty note of 3-methylbutyric acid. The partition coefficients explained that high concentrations of 1-propanol and 2-phenylethanol were able to significantly inhibit the release of 3-methylbutyric acid when the phase ratio was relatively large, and the effect of 1-propanol on it was higher than that of 2-phenylethanol.

The Effect of 1-Propanol on the Rotational Mobility of n-(9-Anthroyloxy) stearic acid in Outer Monolayers of Neuronal and Model Membranes

The Effect of 1-Propanol on the Rotational Mobility of n-(9-Anthroyloxy) stearic acid in Outer Monolayers of Neuronal and Model Membranes

Influences of molecular structure of the cationic surfactant, additives and medium on the micellization of cationic/anionic surfactant mixed systems

The mixed micellization of four cationic/anionic surfactant aqueous systems formed by quaternary ammonium bromide surfactants with different molecular structures and sodium dodecylsulfonate (Na+AS−) at 318.15K have been investigated. The dissociated Margules model has been used to model the nonideal mixed micellization. The gemini quaternary ammonium bromide (12-3-122+·2Br−) and Na+AS− aqueous mixed system shows the strongest synergism. The effect of added salt constituted by surfactant counterions on the mixed micellization of the gemini quaternary ammonium surfactant and alkali dodecylsulfonate with various counterions in aqueous solution at 318.15K has been explored. When gemini surfactant is in excess, the specific counterion effect becomes insignificant. Whereas, when alkali dodecylsulfonate is in excess, the counterion effect of K+ is stronger than that of Na+. The effect of 1-propanol on the mixed micellization of the 12-3-122+·2Br−/Na+AS−/H2O system at 318.15K has also been explored. Different from the nonmonotonic behavior of the single ionic surfactants, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixed systems increases with the increase of the concentration of added 1-propanol in the 1-propanol–water mixed medium.

Micellization properties and related thermodynamic parameters of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfonate solutions in the presence of 1-propanol

Effects of 1-propanol (1P) addition on the micellar and thermodynamic parameters of aqueous solutions of anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDSn) was investigated by experimentally measured electrical conductivities, densities and sound velocities at 298.15K. The values of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of both surfactants in the investigated mixed aquo-1P solvents (wt% 1P 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10) are smaller than those in pure water and the CMC decreases with increasing 1P concentration in solution to a minimum at (w/w) % 1P=5 and then increases. However the values of the counterion condensation on the micelle decrease with an increment in the amount of 1P. Furthermore the values of the apparent molar volume and isentropic compressibility of the monomeric and micellar forms of the investigated surfactants were obtained from the experimental density and sound velocity data. It was found that, although the values of the apparent molar properties of micellar form of surfactants increase by increasing the organic solvent content, the values of the apparent molar volume of the monomeric form of the surfactants decrease with increasing concentration of 1P.

MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA FOR TERNARY SYSTEMS OF WATER + RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE + PROPANOL

Liquid-liquid equilibria for ternary systems of water + rubidium chloride + 1-propanol and water + rubidium chloride + 2-propanol were measured at T = 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. The experimental data were correlated using Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft correlations. The salting-out effect of 1-propanol in the two-liquid region was greater than that for 2-propanol, but the effect of temperature on the equilibrium was not significant.

Enantioselective HPLC resolution of synthetic intermediates of armodafinil and related substances

Armodafinil is a unique psychostimulant recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy. The chromatographic resolution of its chiral intermediates including related substances in the total synthesis of armodafinil was studied on polysaccharide-based stationary phases, viz. cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralcel OD-H) and amylose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralpak AD-H) by HPLC. The effects of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethanol, and trifluoroacetic acid added to the mobile phase and of column temperature on resolution were studied. A good separation was achieved on cellulose-based Chiralcel OD-H column compared to amylose-based Chiralpak AD-H. The effects of structural features of the solutes and solvents on discrimination between the enantiomers were examined. Baseline separation with R(s) >1.38 was obtained using a mobile phase containing n-hexane-ethanol-TFA (75:25:0.15 v/v/v). Detection was carried out at 225 nm with photodiode array detector while identification of enantiomers was accomplished by a polarimetric detector connected in series. The method was found to be suitable not only for process development of armodafinil but also for determination of the enantiomeric purity of bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals.

Effect of cosolvent on the phase behavior of non-fluorous Ls-54 surfactant in supercritical CO 2

The effect of 1-propanol, n-pentanol, n-heptanol, and benzyl alcohol on the phase behavior of CO 2/Ls-54 system has been investigated. The results indicate that the alkyl chain alcohols can reduce the cloud point pressure (CPP) considerably, and the smaller alcohols are more effective. However, addition of benzyl alcohol leads to increase in CPP. In addition, the phase behavior study of Ls-54 surfactant in supercritical (SC) CO 2 with different n-heptanol concentration was also carried out. The results showed that the CPP increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing n-heptanol concentration.

Effects of Water-Soluble Alcohols on the Surface Conductance of Lipid Monolayers: Bimodal Action

We (Yoshida et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 1249) devised a submersible horizontal electrode for estimation of the conductance of surface monolayers. The effects of 1-propanol on the electrical conductance of surface monolayers of stearic, elaidic, and oleic acids were estimated. The effects depend on the structures of the hydrophobic part of the monolayers. The surface electrical conductance of a stearic acid monolayer increased 18-fold by the addition of 1-propanol. However, the response of an oleic acid monolayer was almost negligible. The result suggests that alcohol effects on the surface electrical conductance depend strongly on the packing of the monolayers, therefore it is affected by changes in the alkyl tails. Because alcohol molecules in water anchor to the monolayer surface, sandwiched water molecules between the alcohol and monolayer form two-dimensional structures. The solid condensed form of the stearic acid membrane tends to form two-dimensional structures of sandwiched water. The magnitude of their structures depends on the condensability of the monolayer. We contend that the proton flow through the hydrogen-bond network of water (electrical conductance) increases.

Conformational changes in the reversed phase liquid chromatography of recombinant human growth hormone as a function of organic solvent: the molten globule state.

As a continuation of a previous paper on the retention behavior of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in reversed phase chromatography at pH 6.5 (Oroszlan, P., et al. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1623-1631) the effect of 1-propanol (1-PrOH) and acetonitrile on the conformation of rhGH at this pH has been investigated by circular dichroism (CD), second-derivative UV spectroscopy, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence quenching, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. Addition of 1-PrOH up to a concentration of 10% (v/v) does not cause any significant changes in protein structure. However, above this concentration, a transition from the native to a new state is observed; the transition is completed above 30% (v/v) of 1-PrOH, the composition for completion being dependent on temperature. This change in structure correlates with retention changes observed in reversed phase chromatography. The new rhGH conformation retains much of the alpha-helicity and possesses a slightly expanded hydrodynamic radius relative to native rhGH. Second-derivative UV spectroscopy suggests that the hydrogen bond between Trp 86 and Asp 169, spanning two alpha-helices, remains intact. On the other hand, the near-UV CD intensity changes from positive to negative in the Trp region of the spectrum, signaling an alteration in the Trp environment. In addition, fluorescence quenching measurements with trichloroethanol reveal greater accessibility to solvent of the Trp residue after the conformational transition has occurred. From the results, it is concluded that a molten globule state (compact state retaining much of the secondary structure of the native state but with a disrupted tertiary structure) is produced with the addition of > 30% (v/v) 1-PrOH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of 1-propanol on the activity of intestinal proteolytic enzymes of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

The effect of 1-propanol and aliphatic alcohols on intestinal proteolytic and peptidase activities of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax was examined in vitro. Results show that 1-propanol has a definite enhancing effect on the activity of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B as well as on the total proteolytic activity when tested with casein. Other intestinal enzymes were inhibited to various extents by 1-propanol. Effects of other aliphatic alcohols (e.g., butanols, 2-propanol, ethanol, and methanol) were tested as well. Results show that the less polar alcohols brought about the highest amplification of trypsin activity

Solubilization tendency of 1-alkanols and hydrophobic interaction in sodium lauryl sulfate in ordinary water, heavy water, and urea solutions

The effects of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-octanol on the micellization parameters of sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS) in heavy water (D 2 O) and in aqueous urea solutions, solvent systems with stronger and weaker hydrogen-bonded skeletal structures, respectively, than in ordinary water, have been determined at 25°C. We have also determined the transfer free energy of an alcohol from H 2 O to D 2 O and also to urea solutions by head space gas chromatography

Effect of alcohols on the properties of micellar systems: III. Elastic and quasielastic light scattering study

The effect of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol on the micellar properties of aqueous solutions of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) at an ionic strength 0.1 M KBr, has been investigated by means of elastic and quasielastic light scattering. At surfactant concentration near the CMC, the results indicate that (i) in the absence of alcohol, the TTAB micelles have a molecular weight of 39,000 and a hydrodynamic radius of 26.7 A, consistent with quasispherical or slightly spheroidal micelles; (ii) the addition of 1.4 M propanol or 0.375 M butanol results in a decrease of the micelle hydrodynamic radius, even though some alcohol is dissolved into the palisade layer; (iii) upon addition of pentanol the micelle hydrodynamic radius goes through a maximum at about 0.1 M pentanol, then decreases. A large amount of pentanol appears to be dissolved into the micelles and located both in the micelle palisade layer and hydrophobic core, where it may constitute a pentanol core. As the surfactant concentration is increased, the diffusion coefficients and scattered intensity data suggest that the micelle size changes only little in water and water + 1.4 M propanol but increases in water + 0.375 M butanol and goes through a maximum in the three investigated water + pentanol mixtures. For these last systems, the apparent changes of hydrodynamic radius are shown to reflect changes of micelle shape and composition from a highly pentanol swollen, slightly spheroidal micelle at concentration close to the CMC, to an anisotropic micelle at high concentration, with the pentanol essentially solubilized in the palisade layer.