Effective Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Assessment of electrochemical removal mechanisms of diverse transition metal dichalcogenides for caesium ion removal in wastewater treatment.

Abstract Effective treatment of radioactive wastewater is crucial for broader nuclear energy adoption, with caesium radionuclides (most exist in the form of caesium chloride) presenting challenges due to their long half-life and biological hazards. Conventional adsorbents like zeolites and carbon-based materials, including graphene, face limitations in adsorption capacity due to the formation of electric double layers (EDL). This has led to the investigation of alternatives such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) e.g., MoS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, which offer promising galleries for caesium ion removal. Aside from extensively studied MoS2, there is limited research on the adsorption mechanisms and capacities of other TMDs like MoSe2 and WSe2. Here, we conduct a comparative study examining the removal mechanisms and capacities of exfoliated MoS2, MoSe2, and WSe2 nanosheets, alongside an evaluation of these properties in relation to graphene. Our investigation reveals distinct removal mechanisms and capacities among these three materials for capturing caesium ions in a variety of mechanisms. MoS2 nanosheets primarily utilise a pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism via intercalation, as evidenced by a total charge storage of 0.78 C g1, with only 2.6% stored via EDL formation. In contrast, MoSe2 predominantly relies on EDL formation, with almost 60% of the total 0.54 C g1 charge storage attributed to this mechanism. Lastly, WSe2 exhibits a combination of both charge storage behaviours, with a total charge storage of 0.77 C g1, of which 14% is due to EDL formation. This research highlights the potential efficacy of TMDs as viable materials for caesium removal, offering an appealing alternative to conventional adsorbents and likely fostering advancements in water treatment technologies.

Examining the photo catalytic potency of annealed and un-annealed ZnO and nickel doped ZnO for degradation of organic pollutants in waste waters

Water scarcity and pollution has increased the need for innovative and effective waste water treatment methods. The presented study aims to tackle this difficulty by synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) and nickel (Ni) doped ZnO to improve their photo catalytic capacity. This study examines wastewater treatment and organic pollutant breakdown using nanotechnology. The annealing increases photo catalytic activity by 65%, thereby enhancing efficiency. XRD shows that annealing decreased the average crystal size of pure ZnO and nickel doped ZnO (Ni:ZnO) i.e., for pure ZnO average crystal size is decreased from 23.90 to 20.90 nm and for Ni:ZnO, 34.39–28.65 nm. SEM shows that un annealed samples have agglomerates, while annealed samples are quasi-spherical. Using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), the study examines how annealing affects optical band gap. Annealed Ni:ZnO has a band gap of 3.09 eV, which is smaller as compared to un annealed Ni:ZnO (3.18 e V). Similarly, the decline in energy band gap is observed for pure ZnO too. This study highlights the significant capacity of Ni:ZnO, for un annealed and annealed synthesis, to effectively meet the urgent requirements for waste water treatment. The extensive research conducted in this work enhances our comprehension of photo catalytic materials and underscores its potential for practical implementation in addressing waste water-related environmental issues.

Advanced chitosan-based composites for sustainable removal of Congo red from textile wastewater

The non-biodegradable Congo red (CR) dye which is widely used in textile industries has poses carcinogenic risks due to its complex reactions that may generate benzidine. Effective treatment of industrial effluent containing CR dye is imperative. This study assessed chitosan (Cs) and chitosan/fly ash (Cs/Fa) composites for biosorbing CR dye from synthetic textile wastewater. Fly ash varied in the range of (1:0.25–1:1) with chitosan to assess adsorption performance. Characterization techniques included FTIR, SEM, EDX, BET, and zeta potential analyses. Response surface methodology guided the determination of optimal variables. The study examined Cs and Cs/Fa dosage (A), time (B), and initial dye concentration (C) effects on CR removal. Incorporating fly ash substantially cut adsorption costs by 50% while enhancing dye removal up to 85% at pH 6. Improved acidic stability of chitosan (Cs/Fa 1:0.75) was notable. Chitosan (Cs) exhibited a high Congo red removal efficiency of 98% while the chitosan/fly ash (Cs/Fa) composites showed a substantial removal efficiency of 94%. Optimal conditions were 2 g L−1 of adsorbents, initial CR concentration of 40 mg L−1 for 120 min. Freundlich isotherm model best described adsorption behavior. Pseudo-second-order kinetics correlated significantly (R2 = 0.999). This study showed the potential of Cs and Cs/Fa bio-composites for effective textile wastewater treatment.

Adsorption of cadmium from wastewater with activated carbons derived from pig fur biowaste: A comparative study of in-situ and ex-situ activation routes

The environmental challenges associated with cadmium contamination in wastewater have necessitated the development of high-performing activated carbons (ACs) for effective wastewater treatment. Adsorption capacity depends on both the surface area and the adsorption-active functional groups developed on the adsorbent's surface during activation. Proper manipulation of key process variables using the appropriate activation route produces highly efficient and economically viable ACs. This research investigates the viability of pig fur biowaste as a novel precursor for activated carbons using two distinct activation methods—in-situ and ex-situ. Using a central composite design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the study systematically examines the effects of impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature, and carbonization time on the cadmium adsorption capacities of the resulting ACs. The optimal conditions for in-situ activation were found to be 691 °C, 175.11 min, and an impregnation ratio of 1.784 g/g, resulting in a cadmium adsorption capacity of 91.57 %. For ex-situ activation, the optimal conditions were 468.8 °C, 80.81 min, and an impregnation ratio of 2.915 g/g, which achieved a higher cadmium adsorption capacity of 91.21 %. Both types of activated carbons maintained high efficiency after five regeneration cycles, indicating they are suitable for long-term applications requiring repeated regeneration. Although both methods produced ACs with comparable cadmium removal efficiency, the ex-situ activation route proved to be more economically viable due to its lower temperature and shorter processing time. This study demonstrates the potential of pig fur biowaste as a sustainable and underutilized resource for AC production and highlights the ex-situ activation route as the more cost-effective approach for producing high-performance adsorbents.

Phosphomolybdic acid functionalized nano silica for enhanced anti-biofouling effect in polymer electrolyte membranes for microbial fuel cell application

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a promising technology for simultaneous electricity generation and wastewater treatment. In this study, a single-chambered MFC was fabricated utilizing a novel polymer electrolyte membrane synthesized from sulfonated polyether ether ketone grafted with styrene sulfonic acid (SPEEK/SSA) as the base polymer, and silica decorated with phosphomolybdic acid (SPMA) as a functionalized nanofiller. Various concentrations of SPMA (2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, and 10 %) were incorporated into the SPEEK/SSA membranes and characterized physicochemically. The SPEEK/SSA membrane with 5 wt% SPMA demonstrated the highest proton conductivity (3.75×10−2 S cm−1) and ion exchange capacity (1.68 meq g−1). This PEM also exhibited superior tensile strength (20 MPa) and excellent chemical durability, as evidenced by Fenton's reagent test. Performance evaluation revealed that this membrane achieved a maximum power density of 196.6 mW m−2 at a maximum of 180 mA m−2 current density. Additionally, antibiofouling tests indicated that the 5 % SPMA-incorporated membrane possessed significant antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and exhibited high biofilm inhibition. The wastewater treatment efficacy of the MFC with the 5 % SPMA membrane was confirmed by a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 81.49 %, indicating its potential for effective wastewater treatment. Phylogenetic analysis through 16S rRNA sequencing identified major bacterial phyla including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes, with predominant genera such as Pseudomonas and Acidovorax. This study emphasises the potential of nanocomposite membranes to enhance the performance and durability of MFCs while mitigating biofouling, thereby paving the way for future research and development in this field.

Assessing the current situation of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells as an alternative power generation and wastewater treatment in developing countries

Developing countries facing population growth and increased energy demand present simultaneous challenges regarding wastewater treatment and electricity supply. Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) offer a dual solution to the challenges of insufficient electricity and wastewater treatment by integrating indigenous plant species. CW-MFCs provide sustainable power generation and wastewater treatment. This approach can enhance sustainability and foster a circular economy by utilising plant-derived byproducts as an added product. Current research indicates various novel designs for effective wastewater treatment and potential power generation. Future studies focusing on rural settings and upscaling operations can apply advanced techniques like mass spectrophotometry and metagenomics to refine the technology for grid use. Developing CW-MFC technology will catapult the idea of developing a robust strategy for addressing power supply and sanitation issues in developing regions. This will also aid in continuous research into system optimisation and microbial communities, aiding long-term viability.

Biohydrogen generation from distillery effluent using baffled up‐flow microbial electrolysis cell

AbstractMicrobial electrolysis cell (MEC) is gaining importance not only for effectively treating wastewater but also for producing hydrogen. The up‐flow microbial electrolysis cell (UPMEC) is an innovative approach to enhance the efficiency, and substrate degradation. In this study, a baffled UPMEC with an anode divided into three regions by inserting the baffle (sieve) plates at varying distances from the cathode was designed. The effect of process parameters, such as flow rate (10, 15, and 20 mL/min), electrode area (50, 100, and 150 cm2), and catholyte buffer concentration (50, 100, and 150 mM) were investigated using distillery wastewater as substrate. The experimental results showed a maximum of 0.6837 ± 0.02 mmol/L biohydrogen at 150 mM buffer, with 49 ± 1.0% COD reduction using an electrode of area 150 cm2. The maximum current density was 1335.94 mA/m2 for the flow rate of 15 mL/min and surface area of 150 cm2. The results showed that at optimized flow rate and buffer concentration, maximum hydrogen production and effective treatment of wastewater were achieved in the baffled UPMEC.Practitioner Points Biohydrogen production from distillery wastewater was investigated in a baffled UPMEC. Flowrate, concentration and electrode areas significantly influenced the hydrogen production. Maximum hydrogen (0.6837±0.02mmol/L.day) production and COD reduction (49±1.0%) was achieved at 15 mL/min. Highest CHR of 95.37±1.9 % and OHR of 4.6±0.09 % was observed at 150 mM buffer concentration.

Phytoremediation potential of Duranta erecta in cascade hydroponics for effective domestic wastewater treatment

Discharging untreated wastewater into natural water systems poses significant risks to public health, economies, and ecological stability worldwide. This study addresses these effects by investigating the phytoremediation potential of Duranta Erecta in cascade hydroponics for treating domestic wastewater. It centers on the removal of dissolved and suspended solids as well as organic matter, representing a groundbreaking effort in this domain. It involved two experimental setups: one integrating Duranta Erecta with media (gravel (EXU-1) and polyester sponge (EXU-2)), and a control setup ((gravel (COU-1) and polyester sponge (COU-2))) using only media. Each configuration consisted of three bioreactors designed to treat wastewater from Kilinto prison camp. Four hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were tested, with the 7-day HRT emerging as the most effective compared to the 1, 3, and 5-day intervals. At the 7-day HRT, experimental units one and two demonstrated substantial reductions in pollutants: suspended solids (96.50 % & 89.3 %), turbidity (94.3 % & 87.2 %), dissolved solids (49.5 % & 45.15 %), biological oxygen demand (94.57 % & 89.78 %), and chemical oxygen demand (95.44 % & 90.65 %). Statistical analysis confirmed these reductions as statistically significant (P < 0.05). These findings highlight Duranta Erecta cascade hydroponics as a promising decentralized wastewater treatment technology, particularly suitable for developing countries like Ethiopia.

Performance Evaluation of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Herbal Processing and Extraction Industry

"Due to enormous quantities with hazards and complexity in nature is a big challenge for effective treatment of wastewater from pharmaceutical processes including herbal extraction through conventional methods of distillation. The situation is further aggravated in countries facing high rising population, urbanization, and industrialization resulting in the generation of industrial wastes. The study has been carried out in the herbal extraction industry by conducting stage-wise sampling of ETP based on the conventional method and further coupled with ozonation as an advanced treatment to comply with regulatory standards. Additionally, the same process was studied that implementing the best available technology (BAT) by providing ETP with advanced technology modules such as MBR (membrane bioreactor) + RO + O3 has not only resulted in compliance with standards but also reuse of treated wastewater into the process and utilities has been proved to be techno-economically a viable and sustainable option. Modifying existing aeration tanks and advanced oxidation through ozone injection post-biological treatment has resulted in COD and BOD reduction of 96.42% and 99.0% respectively. Whereas in the case of MBR + RO + O3, the values of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, and sulfide have been observed as 8.32, 2.0 mg.L-1, 14.0 mg.L-1, 1.0 mg.L-1 and 0.0 mg.L-1 respectively and 98% recovery of treated effluent, thus saving 44 KL.day-1 of freshwater resulting into significant financial benefits of Rupees 12.59 acs annually, which otherwise was outsourced through tankers."

A highly efficient and stable PtNi bimetallic nanoparticles modified on Mo2C decorated N-doped carbon flowers catalysts for the remediation of environmental pollutants

The unregulated discharge of nitroaromatics (NAs) and organic dye contaminants into aquatic ecosystems is a growing global concern, highlighting the urgent need for the development of effective wastewater treatment technology. In this study, we prepared Mo2C decorated on N- doped carbon flowers supported with PtNi bimetallic (PtxNiy@Mo2C/NCF) nanoparticles using the self-polymerization of dopamine and followed by the chemical reduction methods. These catalysts, with varying Pt:Ni ratios, were designed for the highly efficient catalytic reduction of NAs and rhodamine b (RhB) under the mild reaction conditions. The HR-TEM images confirmed the formation of spherical PtNi bimetallic NPs with an average diameter of 1.68 ± 0.6 nm. The prepared PtxNiy@Mo2C/NCF catalysts exhibited significantly higher catalytic efficiency for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction compared to their respective monometallic counterparts using NaBH4. Particularly, the Pt0.75Ni0.25@Mo2C/NCF catalyst showed superior catalytic activity with the apparent rate constant (kapp: 0.6703 min−1) and TOF (17.0 × 10−7 mol mg−1 min−1) and high recyclability over eight consecutive recycles. Furthermore, the Pt0.75Ni0.25@Mo2C/NCF catalyst also exhibited high catalytic activity for other NAs and RhB dye reduction with excellent yields. This enhanced catalytic activity of Pt0.75Ni0.25@Mo2C/NCF catalyst could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the bimetallic systems, leading to more efficient reactions. Additional experiments were conducted on a fixed bed reactor to demonstrate that the Pt0.75Ni0.25@Mo2C/NCF catalyst effectively reduce both 4-NP and RhB dye over 15 successive runs. This work may pave the way for using PtxNiy@Mo2C/NCF catalysts in various wastewater treatment applications.

Zero-dimensional quantum dot-modified membrane materials for the effective treatment of industrial wastewater: A comprehensive review

The efficient treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater is an important way to improve water resource utilization. Membrane separation technology has been widely used in the field of industrial wastewater treatment due to its high separation efficiency, low energy consumption, good scalability, and other advantages. A recent breakthrough in membrane technologies is the emergence of various nanocomposite membranes, which not only breaks the trade-off between membrane selectivity and permeability, but also enhances the anti-fouling ability and multi-scale separation effects of membranes. Among the nanomaterials used for membrane fabrication, zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs) with size-dependent optical properties and excellent photocatalytic potential have become promising candidates for novel nanocomposite membrane construction. Significant improvements in membrane surface hydrophilicity, anti-fouling property, and permeability can be achieved by incorporating QDs during the membrane formation process or through membrane post-modification. This review focuses on recent advances in QD-modified membranes for industrial wastewater treatment. The synthesis methods of QDs were summarized firstly, especially for carbon-based and semiconductor QDs. Based on the blending modification and surface modification, the research progress in the modification strategies of QD-modified membranes is presented. Subsequently, the state-of-the-art studies of QD-modified membranes in the application of industrial wastewater treatment are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in QD-modified membranes are discussed.

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Wastewater Using Iron Oxide Nanomaterials Recovered from Acid Mine Water: A Review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic pollutants known for their persistence and potential carcinogenicity. Effective removal techniques are required since their presence in wastewater poses serious threats to human health and the environment. In this review study, iron oxide nanomaterials (IONs), a by-product of mining operations, recovered from acid mine water are used to investigate the adsorption of PAHs from wastewater. The mechanisms of PAH adsorption onto IONs are investigated, with a focus on the effects of concentration, temperature, and pH on adsorption efficiency. The better performance, affordability, and reusable nature of IONs are demonstrated by comparative studies with alternative adsorbents such as activated carbon. Economic and environmental ramifications highlight the benefits of employing recovered materials, while case studies and real-world applications show how effective IONs are in removing PAHs in the real world. This review concludes by discussing potential future developments in synthesis processes, areas for more research, and emerging trends in nanomaterial-based adsorption. This research intends to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies by offering a thorough assessment of the present and future potential of employing IONs for PAH removal from wastewater.

The efficacy of integrated vermifiltration technology for treatment of food analysis laboratory wastewater

The macrophyte-assisted vermifiltration (MAVF) technology was applied for treatment of food analysis laboratory wastewater at Industrial Technology Institute (ITI), Sri Lanka for the first time. Three laboratory-scale sub-surface vertical flow units were established:1) without earthworms and plants (Control unit), 2) with earthworms (Eisenia fetida) (vermi-filtration unit (VF unit), 3) with both earthworms and macrophytes (Canna indica) (MAVF unit). Wastewater was fed batch-wise with a feeding rate of 10 mL/min and seven days hydraulic retention time (HRT) for eight consecutive batches. Physiochemical parameters, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN), pH, of the influent and effluent of all three units were analyzed to investigate the treatment efficiencies. One-Way ANOVA was performed to evaluate the significant differences in treatment efficiencies. The mean COD removal efficiencies of the control unit, VF unit, and MAVF unit were 60.2 % ± 10.7, 71.6± 8.07 %, and 72.0 % ± 8.86, respectively. Average TN removal efficiencies of the control unit, VF unit, and MAVF unit were 8.05 % ± 5.75, 10.9±6.4 %, and 24.9 % ±12.84, respectively. Average TP removal efficiencies were 35.84 % ± 17.5, 35.84 % ± 17.5 %, and 40.0 % ±16.76, respectively. The COD removal displayed promising results, whereas the means for enhancing TP and TN removal should be further studied. The findings of this study sensitizes the testing laboratories to go green by adopting in-house cost effective laboratory wastewater treatment systems.

Efficiency of EMB Medium Combined with MALDI-TOF in Isolating and Identifying Coliform Lactose Fermenters and Non-Lactose Fermenters from Wastewater

In Côte d'Ivoire, the sewer network is largely underdeveloped, resulting in the absence or incompleteness of sanitation infrastructure in many urban and rural areas. This lack of infrastructure leads to untreated wastewater being frequently discharged into rivers and other sources of drinking water. The contamination of water sources by untreated wastewater spreads waterborne diseases, which particularly affect children and vulnerable populations. Coliforms, as key indicators of the microbiological quality of water, play a crucial role in assessing health risks. The presence and diversity of these coliforms can provide insights into the extent of water contamination and the potential health risks to the population. This study focuses on the diversity of lactose-fermenting and non-lactose-fermenting coliforms in the wastewater of Abidjan. The objective is to use MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the rapid and accurate identification of these coliforms, thereby providing a detailed understanding of the microbiological quality of wastewater. The study aims to identify the predominant coliform species present in the wastewater and assess their potential impact on public health. Out of 80 wastewater samples collected from various locations in Abidjan, a preponderance of lactose-fermenting coliforms was found. The most frequently identified species were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The results showed that these species were present in significantly higher numbers compared to non-lactose-fermenting coliforms. The use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry allowed for rapid and precise identification of the coliforms, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the microbiological quality of the wastewater. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved wastewater management strategies in Abidjan and similar urban settings in Côte d'Ivoire. The high prevalence of lactose-fermenting coliforms, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, in untreated wastewater poses significant public health risks. Effective wastewater treatment and management are essential to protect public health, reduce the spread of waterborne diseases, and limit the development of antimicrobial resistance. Implementing such measures will require coordinated efforts from local authorities, public health officials, and the community to ensure safe and sustainable water practices.

Optimisation of Water-Use in Pulp and Paper Mills: A Streamlined Review of Scientific Journal Publications

The water-, and energy footprints of the processes in the pulp and paper industry are sizable enough to warrant investment of money and commitment of time truncate the same. Besides, there is also a nexus between water and energy here, with optimisation of the use of one of these resoruces enabling that of the other too. This streamlined review focuses on journal publications (originating from different parts of the world, and targeted at researchers and decision-makers in the industry) which train the lens on the optimisation of water use in this particular sector of the (forestry) bioeconomy. The synergies and complementarities which exist among different sustainable development goals (SDGs) , promise positive ripple effects, caused by attending to the truncation of the water footprint. The articles, in general, recommend effective in-plant wastewater treatment in combinaton with recirculating the treated effluent, and looking upon the water streams as carriers or bearers of valorisable substances – organics which can yield a host of bio-products in bio-refineries, including bio-energy. Availing of water-pinch analysis as a tool to uncover possibilities of water use in a cascade (depending upon the requirements imposed on the water, by processes downstream in the cascade), has been shown to aid in the optimisation of both water use and energy demand within the plant. One case study, for example, showed that the demand for steam can be decreased by about 4 GJ per ton of output, by recovering the waste heat in the water streams.

Nitrogen metabolism network in the biotreatment combination of coking wastewater: Take the OHO process as a case

As steel production increases, large volumes of highly toxic and nitrogen-rich coking wastewater (CWW) are produced, prompting the development of a novel oxic-hydrolytic-oxic (OHO) biological treatment combination designed for highly efficient removal of nitrogen-contained contaminants. However, previous studies have not comprehensively explored the CWW biotreatment from the perspective of nitrogen metabolism functional genes and pathways. Based on the investigation of taking the full-scale OHO biotreatment combination as a case, it was found that the O1 and O2 bioreactors remove nitrogen through the ammonia assimilation accounting for 33.87% of the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate, while the H bioreactor removes nitrogen through the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification accounting for 61.11% of the TN removal rate. The major ammonia assimilation taxa include Thauera, Immundisolibacter and Thiobacillus; the major nitrifying taxa include Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas; and the major denitrifying taxa include Thiobacillus, Lautropia and Mesorhizobium. Additionally, the H bioreactor exhibits the potential to be optimized for simultaneous nitrification-denitrification coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox). These understandings will guide the optimization of engineering design and operational practices, contributing to more effective and sustainable wastewater treatment strategies.

Innovative potassium hexacyanoferrate intercalated into layered double hydroxide adsorbent for efficient cesium removal from seawater

Effective radioactive wastewater treatment technology is essential to ensure the sustainable development of nuclear energy. Here, the potassium ferrocyanide (HCF) intercalating with layered double hydroxide (LDH) (HCF@LDH) was successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method for selective cesium (Cs) removal from seawater. Characteristics of the adsorbent, and adsorption performance under different environmental conditions including Cs+ ion selectivity, and underlying adsorption mechanism were systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of HCF@LDH was 52.08 mg/g and it effectively removed 100 % of Cs+ from up to 200 mg/L Cs solution within 1 h under an optimal pH of 6.0–10.0. Moreover, the adsorbent displayed high selectivity towards Cs+ even in seawater and more than 90 % of Cs+ was removed from seawater and the highest cesium removal capacity from seawater was 44.64 mg/g. Both the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.997) and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) provided a good fit for the adsorption data signifying the adsorption process is homogeneous and formed monolayer through chemisorption. Furthermore, the reusability analysis exhibited this adsorbent was recycled and reused for at least 5 cycles without losing its original adsorption performance. The physicochemical analysis of the HCF@LDH proved that K4Fe (CN)6 successfully intercalated onto LDH and cation exchange between K+ and Cs+ played an important role in effective Cs adsorption. More specifically, the interstitial spaces of the hexacyanoferrate crystals facilitate the cation exchange process. The findings of this study demonstrate that HCF@LDH is a unique, highly effective, and selective adsorbent for Cs+ from complex seawater.

The use of biofilters in the treatment of wastewater containing organic substances

Abstract The lack of sufficiently effective treatment of wastewater generated in industry and domestic life remains one of the most acute environmental problems. Domestic wastewater is characterized by a high content of organic impurities in its composition, which determines the specifics of the choice of treatment technologies. One of the most relevant and effective methods is biological purification carried out in biological filters. This article discusses the problems associated with wastewater treatment of a sanatorium compound. The analysis of the content of various components in the water supplied to the treatment was carried out, the efficiency of the treatment equipment was determined. The paper proposes and substantiates the expediency of using a modern type of synthetic ruff biofilter media to increase the cleaning efficiency of the wastewater and their compliance with regulatory requirements for discharge into a water body.

Mitigating environmental pollution from tofu industry wastewater: Case of Suyanto Tofu Factory, Mojokerto

Background: This research investigates the impact of tofu industry wastewater on water environments at Suyanto Tofu Factory, Mojokerto. The tofu industry generates liquid waste containing high pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), potentially polluting local rivers. Despite Suyanto Tofu Factory having wastewater treatment facilities, these are currently non-functional, underscoring the urgent need for designing new wastewater treatment installations. Methods: In this context, the study aims to determine the volume of wastewater produced, analyze the levels of BOD, COD, TSS, and pH in the wastewater, and design sustainable wastewater treatment facilities using a Constructed Wetland system. Findings: This method is expected to minimize the environmental impact of tofu wastewater, protect surrounding aquatic ecosystems, and comply with environmental regulations. By proposing sustainable solutions, the research aims to enhance awareness and management of wastewater in the tofu industry, offering technology solutions appropriate to local conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, implementing effective and sustainable wastewater treatment installations is crucial to safeguard water quality and river ecosystems around Suyanto Tofu Factory. Novelty/Originality of this Study: By proposing a Constructed Wetland system for tofu industry wastewater treatment, this research introduces an innovative, sustainable solution tailored to local conditions, potentially revolutionizing waste management practices in small-scale food industries.

Evaluating The Effectiveness of Wastewater Treatment In the Reusable Packaging Industry: A Case Study of ALNER’S WWTP In Indonesia

The widespread use of single-use plastic packaging has become a significant environmental issue, particularly in the Global South. This study examines the innovative approach of the startup Alner, which employs a combination of electrochemical treatment and Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology in its wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to manage wastewater generated from the cleaning of reusable packaging. Wastewater samples were collected before and after treatment, and analyzed for key parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), oil and grease, ammonia, surfactants, and phosphates. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in all measured pollutants, with COD reduced by 99.58% and BOD5 by 99.56%. Post-treatment values for all parameters were well within the regulatory limits set by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P68/MenLHK/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016. This study underscores the potential of reuse models in reducing single-use plastic waste and highlights the importance of effective wastewater treatment in maintaining environmental sustainability. Alner's approach provides a scalable and environmentally friendly solution, setting a benchmark for similar initiatives in the industry, and supports the feasibility and sustainability of integrating advanced wastewater treatment technologies in the reusable packaging sector, offering a comprehensive solution to plastic pollution.