Effective Reuse Research Articles

Priority-Based Selection of Individuals in Memetic Algorithms for Distributed Data-Intensive Web Service Compositions

In distributed computing, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Web Service Composition (WSC)</i> leads to the effective reuse of existing services and produces added value. WSC must fulfil functional requirements and optimise <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Quality of Service (QoS)</i> attributes, simultaneously. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Memetic Algorithms (MAs)</i> are promising for automatically composing numerous Web services to satisfy the above requirements. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Data-intensive Web services</i> focus on providing and updating data with a significant volume of data operation and exchange. However, current composition approaches have ignored the impact of data communication and the distribution of services, which significantly affect the performance when applied to the challenging <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Distributed Data-intensive Web Service Composition (DDWSC)</i> problem. Although recent approaches have revealed the usefulness of local search, they have completely overlooked the question of preferring appropriate composition solutions for local search. To address this research issue, we propose a priority-based selection method for the local search that can be consistently integrated with any MA for DDWSC. This enables us to develop state-of-the-art algorithms for DDWSC by explicitly considering the problem-specific, population and solution-related information for choosing a solution. Extensive experimental evaluation using benchmark datasets shows that our proposed method significantly outperforms several recently proposed methods.

A novel graph neural networks approach for 3D product model retrieval

ABSTRACT With the quick development of intelligent manufacturing technology, increasing of 3D product models data resource raises the need for product models retrieval method that can fully exploit model information, whereas the existing methods only concern geometric information with little or no manufacturing information. Model-Based Definition (MBD) 3D engineering has gained wide popularity in recent times which enables smart manufacturing by attaching product manufacturing information. Its tip orientation to the effective reuse of MBD for reducing development time and creating an efficient digital thread. In this paper, we proposed the MBD-based attribute adjacency graph neural networks (MAAGNN) with attention mechanism. Firstly, the MBD-based attribute adjacency graph (MAAG) is established to fully express the product semantic information, which includes geometric and non-geometric information of the MBD model. Then graph neural network (GNN) is employed to embed the MAAG into continuous vector spaces, and attention mechanism is introduced to adaptively recognize more important features information, which can solve the ambiguity problem caused by blend features such as chamfer. Finally, the model is trained to achieve fast and accurate retrieval of the MBD models. Experiments demonstrate its potential advantages to meet the requirements of engineering applications.

Intensified recovery of whey proteins using combination of enzyme in free or immobilized form with ultrafiltration

Recovery of proteins from whey using ultrafiltration offers significant drawback in terms of membrane fouling, which also results in increased cost of operation. The current study focuses on developing intensified process of whey protein recovery by crosslinking the protein with the help of transglutaminase enzyme that can aid in reducing the fouling. Protein was crosslinked with the help of free transglutaminase (TG) enzyme and the parameters such as enzyme concentration, temperature and reaction time used during the crosslinking were optimized. For effective application and reusage of enzyme, enzyme was encapsulated on calcium alginate beads and the whey processed by these beads was further utilized for ultrafiltration. The operational strategy indeed resulted in relatively less fouling and better protein recovery. It was demonstrated that fouling reduced to a minimum of 9% and protein rejection increased to a highest of 85% from only 69% in control sets. It was also noticeable that cake resistance decreased after enzyme treatment when encapsulated in calcium alginate beads, also elucidating the effective reuse of the crosslinked enzyme. Overall, the work has clearly demonstrated the improvements in the whey processing leading to better ultrafiltration efficacy in terms of fouling reduction and improvement in protein rejection.

Circular Composites by Design: Testing a Design Method in Industry

The design of composite products for a circular economy is challenging. Materials such as glass-fibre-reinforced plastics have long product lifetimes but are hard to recycle. For the effective reuse and recycling of products, parts, and materials, recovery strategies must be selected and implemented in the product design stage. This extends the scope and complexity of the design process and requires additional skills from the designers. We developed a novel circular composites design method for products containing composite materials to support designers and improve product circularity. This method, which is the first of its kind to address the circular design of composite products, helps designers explore recovery pathways and generate design solutions. In this study, we evaluated the method’s effectiveness, accessibility, and usability in design practice. We tested the method with five design case studies in the construction, furniture, and automotive industries. The method was used to generate, evaluate, communicate, and detail product designs. We found that two of the five cases used the method to develop circular product concepts. In the other three cases, recycling rather than product-level recovery strategies was the result, with a focus on improving the material formulations instead of the overall product design. Although the designers considered the method accessible and usable, its effectiveness was restricted by the existing business, logistics, reprocessing technology, and policy contexts. These factors are intertwined and partly dictate the boundary conditions of the design, which means that to successfully implement the proposed method, the transition to a circular economy requires a holistic approach to adjust the design process, organisations, and value chains.

Black-TiO2 based photoelectrochemical oxidation of flue-gas desulfurization wastewater for effective reuse in flow-electrode CDI

This study proposes two integrated electrochemical methods for the reuse of flue-gas desulfurization wastewater (FGDW): photoelectrochemical oxidation (PECO) using a self-doped black TiO2 nanotube array (Black-TNA) catalyst and flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI). The electrocatalytic activity and oxidative performance of the Black-TNA annealed at 600 °C were superior to those of the conventional Blue-TNA, as determined via Mott-Schottky and cyclic voltammetry plots. Furthermore, the removal of organic pollutants via PECO under sulfate-based conditions using the Black-TNA showed exceptional degradative results. Subsequently, FGDW was introduced to the FCDI system to evaluate its feasibility as a flow-electrode electrolytic solution in comparison with other synthetic electrolytes (NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaCl/Na2SO4 composite), and was confirmed for its feasibility. Thus, the integrated PECO-FCDI system was demonstrated to be an effective means of removing organic pollutants and salts without the use of additional chemicals.

Tau PET Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disorders.

The advent of PET ligands that bind tau pathology has enabled the quantification and visualization of tau pathology in aging and in Alzheimer disease (AD). There is strong evidence from neuropathologic studies that the most widely used tau PET tracers (i.e., 18F-flortaucipir, 18F-MK6240, 18F-RO948, and 18F-PI2620) bind tau aggregates formed in AD in the more advanced (i.e., ≥IV) Braak stages. However, tracer binding in most non-AD tauopathies is weaker and overlaps to a large extent with known off-target binding regions, limiting the quantification and visualization of non-AD tau pathology invivo. Off-target binding is generally present in the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, pituitary, choroid plexus, longitudinal sinuses, meninges, or skull in a tracer-specific manner. Most cross-sectional studies use the inferior aspect of the cerebellar gray matter as a reference region, whereas for longitudinal analyses, an eroded white matter reference region is sometimes selected. No consensus has yet been reached on whether to use partial-volume correction of tau PET data. Although an increased neocortical tau PET signal is rare in cognitively unimpaired individuals, even in amyloid-β-positive cases, such a signal holds important prognostic information because preliminary data suggest that an elevated tau PET signal predicts cognitive decline over time. Also, in symptomatic stages of AD (i.e., mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia), tau PET shows great potential as a prognostic marker because an elevated baseline tau PET retention forecasts future cognitive decline and brain atrophy. For differential diagnostic use, the primary utility of tau PET is to differentiate AD dementia from other neurodegenerative diseases, as is in line with the conditions for the approval of 18F-flortaucipir by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. The differential diagnostic performance drops substantially at the mild-cognitive-impairment stage of AD, and there is no sufficient evidence for detection of sporadic non-AD primary tauopathies at the individual level for any of the currently available tau PET tracers. In conclusion, while the field is currently addressing outstanding methodologic issues, tau PET is gradually moving toward clinical application as a diagnostic and possibly prognostic marker in dementia expert centers and as a tool for selecting participants, assessing target engagement, and monitoring treatment effects in clinical trials.

Role of NaF on the performances of β-hemihydrate gypsum plaster

Phosphogypsum can be used to prepare β-hemihydrate gypsum (β-CaSO4·1/2H2O) plaster. A prerequisite for any effective reuse of phosphogypsum is to understanded the act by which impurities in phosphogypsum influence the performance of β-CaSO4·1/2H2O plaster, and the role NaF was explored in this study. The results indicate that during β-CaSO4·1/2H2O hydration, the percentage of free F decreased considerably owing to its adsorption and the rapid precipitation of CaF2, and the percentage of free Na was very higher due to its strong solvation. NaF enhanced β-CaSO4·1/2H2O dissolution and CaSO4·2H2O precipitation, which included two pathways involving Ca2+ and SO42− as well as [CaSO4]0. The acceleration of NaF can be ascribed to the nucleation of CaF2 whose acceleration was slight and the catalysis of Na + whose acceleration was remarkable due to the transformation from [NaSO4]- to [CaSO4]0. The evolution of the zeta potential was one of the reasons for the faster initial setting at the lower hydration degree. The lower bonding force among the crystal grains of CaSO4·2H2O, the coarsened CaSO4·2H2O crystal grains and the quick hydration rate all contributed to the drop in 2-h and dry strengths, and when the dosage of NaF was 0.5%, the dry strength increased due to the optimized morphology of CaSO4·2H2O crystal grains. The dosage of NaF should be limited to ≤1.0% to avoid excessive strength loss.

Effective utilization of residual cationization drain on dyeing of knit goods and stripping studies on cationized dyed samples

ABSTRACT Majority of knit goods processed are dyed with reactive dyes. Cationization of cotton knits is one of the effective ways to dye cotton fabric without salt using reactive dye. The effective reuse of cationized bath was done with topping of CHPTAC and a topping of 15gpl led to matching of shade to that of control fabric. FT-IR and SEM characterization confirms the surface modification and Fastness tests have been performed for the stripping studies. No significant color difference is observed in terms of K/S, L* a* and b* values of stripped and redyed fabrics.

Recycling of extracted titanium slag and gold tailings for preparation of self-glazed ceramic foams

Self-glazed ceramic foams were successfully synthesized via powder sintering method, using extracted titanium slag (ETS) and gold tailings (GT) as raw materials without adding any sintering aids and foaming agents. Influence of ETS addition and sintering temperature on crystal phase evolution, physical–mechanical properties, and micro-morphology of ceramic foams was systematically studied. Results indicated that products sintered at 1180 °C with 30 wt% ETS and 70 wt% GT showed the best performance, i.e., bulk density of 1.66 g cm−3, flexural strength of 20.4 MPa, water absorption of 0.14%, open porosity of 0.23%, and glaze Vickers hardness of 6.5 GPa. Moreover, it was observed that there existed strong correlation between bulk density and bending strength. Self-glazed ceramic foams developed in this study are expected to be used as building envelope materials and provide new ideas for effective reuse of other similar solid wastes.

Knowledge Reuse during New Product Development: A Study of a Swedish Manufacturer

AbstractAs organisations grow, consequences of poor knowledge management are evident for new employees in product developing companies. The problem of leveraging existing knowledge between development projects and departments is still relevant. This paper presents an industrial case study of a traditional manufacturing company and extends prior research addressing the reuse of organisational knowledge in new product development. The paper outlines barriers that hinder effective reuse of codified engineering knowledge and suggest means to overcome those barriers by using A3-reports in the PLM-system.

Investigating the degradation of PET utilizing NHC‐based catalysts and effective reuse of the degradation product as an additive with polyurethane adhesive material

AbstractHerein we have reported the effective use of palladium‐based systems which contain modified N‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) tagged with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) moiety as an organometallic catalyst. This report involves a comparative study between two catalysts, PNIPAM‐NHC‐Pd (II) complex (catalyst A) and PNIPAM‐NHC‐Pd (0) nanoparticles (catalyst B), to participate in the degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) into its monomer, bis(2‐hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET) through glycolysis with ethylene glycol (EG). Glycolysis of the PET was carried out at different temperatures (170, 175, 180, 185, and 190°C) and times (6 and 24 h) where optimum results were obtained while glycolysis was performed at 180°C for 24 h using catalyst B. The investigation of the glycolysis product through NMR, ATR‐IR, TGA, and DSC proved the formation of BHET as the main product. To ensure the effective recycling of the PET and further value additions, the obtained glycolysis product, BHET was further transformed into its dibenzoylated derivative, bis(2‐([4‐Butoxy benzoyl]oxy)ethyl) terephthalate (BBET) by successive benzoylation using 4‐butoxybenzoyl chloride. The obtained BBET was used as an additive along with the commercial polyurethane‐based adhesive (CPU), and its effect on the properties of CPU was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies.

The fermented soy whey produced by a combined lactic acid bacteria starter shows improved flavor and the function in alleviating dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in mice

ABSTRACT In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BC299, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 717 and Streptococcus thermophilus 176 were used as combined starter cultures to produce a fermented soy whey beverage. The results showed that the fermentation of the combined starter cultures increased the content of lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, and malic acid, while decreased the content of citric acid, fumaric acid and propionic acid. Meanwhile, the fermentation also effectively changed the proportion of volatile flavor substances. The higher sensory score of the fermented soy whey also confirmed the flavor improvement effect of the combined starter cultures. In addition, the in vivo results of animal experiments showed that the fermented soy whey could significantly improve the disease activity index (DAI) and colon morphology in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis mice. This study showed that the combined lactic acid bacteria starter cultures had important value-added relevance on the effective reuse of the soy whey by-product.

Effective reuse of red mud as supplementary material in cemented paste backfill: Durability and environmental impact

Red mud (RM) is a potential supplementary backfill material. However, little is known about cemented paste backfill (CPB) preparation from reused RM. Here, the feasibility of Bayer RM in CPB technology is discussed to expand the utilization of solid waste. With Bayer RM, Fly ash (FA), and cement as raw materials, the strength performance of Bayer RM in cemented paste backfill (RM-CPB) was evaluated by the orthogonal experiment method, and the optimal ratio of RM-CPB was determined. The effects of slurry concentration, mixing ratio of RM to FA, and the cement dosage on uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) were studied. Its durability, microstructure, permeability, and environmental properties were investigated. The experimental results show that the strength of the optimum proportion reached 1.25 MPa and 2.37 MPa after curing for 3 d and 28 d respectively and meet the mine design standard when the ratio of RM-CPB is: 60% of the slurry concentration, the RM: FA is 3:2, and the dosage of cement is 5%. RM-CPB material has good durability, and the main hydration products are C-S-H gel, ettringite, and gmelinite, which is conducive to the development of UCS of the backfill material. Meanwhile, the permeability k20 of RM-CPB is only 6.005 × 10-6 cm/s, indicating that the material has few internal pores, which can effectively prevent external water intrusion. The leaching test results showed that both the heavy metal concentration and pH value of the leachate were within the range specified in the Chinese standard (DZ/T 0290–2015), and it was found that the effect of the three ion leaching tests is successive: toxicity leaching test > immersion test > eluviation test. The comprehensive analysis found that the reuse of Bayer RM as a supplementary cemented paste backfill material provides a new idea for the large-scale utilization of industrial solid waste.

Sports Training's Effects on Muscle and Tendon Characteristics at Different Stages of Development

This study aimed to investigate the influence of sprint training on muscle and tendon properties across different developmental stages, specifically focusing on pre-adolescent children, adolescent boys, and young men. It is well-established that adults show higher force production, rate of force development, and effective re-use of elastic energy during the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) compared to children due to different muscle and tendon properties. Thus, it is important to classify the interaction between age and the training process on muscle-tendon system. Participant’s tendon properties were assessed using two 10 seconds ramp isometric contractions(increasing the force level every 2’’) with an ultrasound probe stabilized on muscle-tendon junction. Moreover, two maximal isometric plantar flexions were performed to evaluate maximal isometric force. Both force capacity and tendon stiffness was evaluated. Our results showed significant increases in height, body mass, and strength levels through maturation (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, significant changes were found in tendon stiffness and produced force in athletes compared with non-athletes groups (p&lt;0.05). On the other hand, significant differences were found in relative stiffness and force between young adults and non-athletes with the athletes (p&lt;0.05). Our results revealed that both maturity and sprint training imposes the tendons to a greater mechanical load through the higher produced force and strain. These stimuli lead to adaptive responses and changes in Achilles tendon properties. Moreover, our data support the importance of training in young adults to maintain tendon properties at the level of adolescence. This study provides valuable insights into the interaction between age, sprint training, and tendon adaptations to prevent tissue imbalances in male individuals engaged in sports activities

High absorption and fast polysulfides conversion of duel functional separator based on mesoporous-WC/rGO composite for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are next-generation energy storage devices owing to their high specific capacities and energy densities; however, critical problems remain unsolved, such as insulating sulfur as an active material and the dissolution of Li polysulfides into the liquid electrolyte during cycling, leading to low sulfur utilization, low rate performance, and rapidly decreasing capacity. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a nanocomposite structure comprising mesoporous tungsten carbide (meso-WC) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (meso-WC/rGO) and its application to an functional separator in LSBs. The resulting Li-S cell exhibits improved rate cycling performance: ~950 mAh g-1 at 1 C after 100 cycles. Moreover, even at a high sulfur loading of 3.0 mg cm-2, the Li-S cell with the meso-WC/rGO maintains enhanced performance, with a capacity of ~737 mAh·g-1 and a retention of 83% after 300 cycles. The Li-polysulfide shuttle effect was observed using H-type cells and adsorption tests. The enhanced performance results from suppression of the shuttle effect caused by the excellent adsorption of Li polysulfides, effective reuse of active materials, and promotion of the conversion reaction.

Extraction of antibiotics identified in the EU Watch List 2020 from hospital wastewater using hydrophobic eutectic solvents and terpenoids

The increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals, along with the ineffectiveness of conventional wastewater treatment, has resulted in an increased presence of these pollutants in both drinking water supplies and aquatic environments. The potential adverse health effects and environmental impact of these chemicals are drawing the attention of several bodies around the world. For instance, some antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole have been included in the most recent European Surface Water Watch List under the EU Water Framework Directive (Decision 2020/1161). The present work proposes the use of terpenoids and eutectic solvents, as effective and green solvents with low toxicity, for multicomponent liquid–liquid extraction of ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole from ultrapure water and hospital wastewater. The COSMO-RS method was used for a predictive initial solvent screening. Thymol, carvacrol, eutectic solvents (thymol + fatty acids), and conventional solvents (methyl isobutyl ketone and ethyl acetate) were selected to be used in the experiments. The influence of the volumetric S/F ratio, aqueous matrix, and pH was analysed. Conventional solvents show significantly lower overall extraction yields than those observed for eutectic solvents and terpenoids at any pH and matrix. Carvacrol presented the most favourable conditions, reaching overall extraction yields above 98.0% (98.9% for trimethoprim, 99.5% for ciprofloxacin, and 97.0% for sulfamethoxazole) with hospital wastewater at pH 5.0 and S/F ratio of 1.00. Carvacrol showed a feasible operation in a continuous extraction column at room temperature, providing effective reuse and regeneration processes in this study.

Design and modeling of an on-site greywater treatment system for a hotel building

PurposeAs the United States is making a significant move toward rejoining the Paris Agreement on climate change, there is a high demand for sustainable solutions across various industries, including construction and hospitality sectors. The aim of this project was to design and model an on-site greywater treatment system for a hotel building for the effective reuse of sewage water. The study considered Los Angeles, California, as a case study location and referred to respective climate conditions and construction standards.Design/methodology/approachThis study considered various options of greywater treatment plants such as membrane bioreactor (MBR), sequencing batch reactor and reverse osmosis with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket which were carefully reviewed and modeled using the GPS-X software. The design and modeling results were verified by hand calculations and were followed by the estimation of capital and operational expenses required for the implementation of the plants.FindingsHaving relatively low capital and operational expenditure requirements as well as superior technical performance, the MBR plant proved to be the most effective solution for the considered location and standards and was recommended for use in hotel buildings.Practical implicationsDesigning and modeling several greywater treatment plants allowed selecting the most optimal option which in the long run will help to preserve the eco-system, stay compliant with the government laws and regulations and be financially sustainable.Originality/valueThe outcomes of the present study provide a detailed procedure for designing and modeling a greywater treatment plant for a hotel building that can be used for the localities with a similar climate. The most effective option selected as a result of cost-benefit analysis provides an efficient and viable solution for the relevant industry and the type of buildings.

Surface modification of recycled coir fibers with hybrid coating and its effect on the properties of ABS composites

In this work, a hybrid coating (TSMA) was produced using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)/KH550/Styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) as raw materials. The coating was afterwards applied to modify recycled coir (r-coir) fibers via dip-coating. R-coir fibers reinforced ABS composites were then prepared and the reinforcing effect of fibers on the composite structure was investigated, as well. The r-coir fibers coated with TSMA were hydrolyzed in air for 3 days. The SiO2 particles produced by sol-gel reaction of TEOS were used to connect KH550 and SMA to the surface of the fibers and form an organic-inorganic ‘armor’ structure. The successful surface modification of the r-coir fibers was proved via FTIR spectroscopic study and the improvement of their decomposition temperature was evidenced by TGA. Furthermore, the homogeneous dispersion of TSMA on the surface of r-coir fibers was observed via SEM. In addition, the tensile strength of single fibers was found to increase by 36.1%. According to the results, TSMA can be successfully homogenized on the fiber surface, enabling one to repair the damaged areas and improve the tensile strength of single fibers. Besides, good compatibility between r-coir fibers and ABS was revealed by contact angle measurements. Furthermore, the bending strength and elastic modulus of TSMA-modified r-coir fibers/ABS composites were improved by 6% and 27%, respectively. Therefore, the method of plant fiber modification proposed in present work provides a reliable way for effective reuse of r-coir fibers.

The promise and the future of research data sharing

The promise and the future of research data sharing

Evaluating the durability of stabilized conventional granular material with Pond Ash and lime used as subbase course of flexible pavement

The backbone of power capacity addition in India has always been the coal-based thermal power generation. The thermal power stations has been fueled by the coal produced in India, which are predominantly low grade with 30–22% ash content. The ever-growing disposal problem of the Pond Ash (PA) generated by these thermal power stations, on account of using the high ash content coal having, granular particle sizes has become a huge issue. The associated environmental hazard is the primary coencern along with the dumping zone, which covers large hectares of land over a prolonged period. On the other hand, a strictly regulated sand mining scenario restricted the progress of the construction activities in the related field. So effective reuse of such industrial waste by replacing the conventional granular material, may overcome the environmental and health hazard, as well as speed up the construction activities. Moreover, the PA will find effective bulk usage. Prior Investigational works have shown improvement in the geotechnical properties of stabilized coal combustion ash. This study involves sand and PA blended in varying proportions from 0% −100% at an increment of 10% by weight of sand, with addition of lime (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% and 8% by weight of sand) as stabilizer. The un-soaked bearing ratio of sand – PA optimum mix with different lime content was observed. The results indicated a considerable rise in the bearing ratio up to 4% lime content which gradually reduces on further addition. Experimental results showed a maximum CBR of 32.85% for standard compaction un-soaked sample. Sand – PA – Lime samples were further tested for their UCS values after curing them for 7, 14, and 28 days. The results maxed out at 0.8 MPa for 28 days curing at 4% lime content. Slake Durability Indices showed high to medium–high durability value for the optimum mix. Chemical composition of lime and PA along with XRD and FESEM of PA sample was also conducted to characterize the sample. The test outcomes satisfied the MORD and MORTH requirements to use the sand (71%): PA (25%): lime (4%) as suitable subbase material for pavement foundation construction as cost-effective mix proportion.