Effective Preventive Measures Research Articles

Research on the role and mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disease characterised mainly by reduced bone mass, bone microstructure degradation, and loss of bone mechanical properties. As the world population ages, more than 200 million people worldwide suffer from the pain caused by osteoporosis every year, which severely affects their quality of life. Moreover, the prevalence of osteoporosis continues to increase. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is highly complex and is closely related to apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, and ferroptosis. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway is one of the most crucial intracellular signal transduction pathways. This pathway is not only involved in bone metabolism and bone remodelling but also closely related to the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Abnormal activation or inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway can disrupt the balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, ultimately leading to the development of osteoporosis. This review summarises the molecular mechanisms by which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway mediates five pathological mechanisms, namely, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, and ferroptosis, in the regulation of osteoporosis, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel and effective therapeutic drugs and intervention measures for osteoporosis prevention and treatment.

Numerical Investigation of the Wan’an Bridge Fire and the Protection Effect of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coatings

The Wan’an Bridge, the longest wooden lounge bridge in China with a history of more than 900 years, was devastated by a catastrophic fire in 2022. This tragic event underscores the susceptibility of historical wooden structures to fire damage. In this article, the bridge’s intricate structure and the development of the fire incident are introduced in detail. To gain a deeper insight into the patterns of fire propagation across the bridge and assess the reliability of fire simulations in predicting fire spread in historical wooden structures, we utilized the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), with a sophisticated pyrolysis model and thermal response parameters specifically tailored to ancient fir wood. The modeling results reveal that the FDS simulation reflects the actual fire spread process well. Both the investigation and simulation findings indicate that once the flame reaches above the bridge deck, it enters a rapid three-dimensional propagation phase that is exceptionally challenging to control. Furthermore, the modeling results suggest that the application of intumescent fire-retardant coatings can significantly delay fire spread, reduce heat release rates, and suppress smoke production, thereby making them an effective fire prevention measure for historical wooden buildings.

A systematic review of immunogenicity and safety of influenza subunit vaccines and split vaccines

Background: Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure against influenza. Current flu vaccines include split-virus, subunit, and live-attenuated vaccines. Comparing adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted subunit vaccines and split-virus formulations is essential to evaluate their immunogenicity (through geometric mean titers [GMTs] and seroprotection rates) and safety (adverse event rates). Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenicity and safety of adjuvanted subunit vaccines, non-adjuvanted subunit vaccines, and split vaccines. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases was conducted, supplemented by manual searches. After two reviewers independently screened the articles, extracted the data, and assessed the quality, a meta-analysis was conducted with Stata 16.0 software. Results: Twenty-four studies were ultimately included in the analysis. The systematic review found that adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines (IV), non-adjuvanted IV, and split IV all provided good protection. Based on the seroconversion rate and GMTs levels, adjuvanted subunit IV was overall superior to non-adjuvanted split IV. However, adjuvanted subunit IV had lower safety compared to non-adjuvanted IV and split IV. Non-adjuvanted IV displayed similar seroprotection rates to adjuvanted subunit IV, providing sufficient protection. Conclusion: Adjuvanted subunit IV offers better immunogenicity but has a higher incidence of adverse reactions. For individuals with impaired immune systems, it is recommended to use adjuvanted subunit IV for better protection. However, for the majority of the population, non-adjuvanted subunit IV is recommended to achieve sufficient seroprotection rates and better safety. Relevance for patients: The systematic review is helpful for guiding better vaccination strategies and improves public health outcomes.

Analisis Penerapan Stroke Prevention Checklist Untuk Mencegah Re–Attack Stroke

Introduction: Stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or ruptured. This prevents the brain from getting blood and oxygen, causing brain cells to die. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the stroke prevention checklist on preventing re-attack strokes, using a survey research method, namely using samples from a population and using a questionnaire as an instrument for collecting primary data. Method: The type of quantitative research uses a survey method, cross-sectional design. Sampling uses a non-probability sampling technique and uses 45 samples that are purposive sampling (stroke patients). The instrument in this study uses the prevention checklist format from the American Stroke Association in 2022. The analysis is divided into univariate, namely describing the characteristics of respondents (age, gender, diagnosis) and research variables. Furthermore, bivariate analysis was carried out to see the relationship between the independent variable, namely the stroke prevention checklist, and the dependent variable, namely re-attack stroke, and using the chi square test. Multivariate analysis uses a regression test. Results of the study showed that the application of stroke prevention checklist in preventing recurrent stroke attacks was very effective. The results of the simultaneous test showed that the variable of maintaining a diet was the most effective preventive measure in preventing stroke (p = 0.003). Conclusion: People who have had a stroke have a greater risk of having another stroke, especially if the risk factors are not well managed.

Workplace bullying and its relationship with spiritual climate: a latent profile analysis

ObjectiveTo explore the group characteristics and heterogeneity of workplace bullying among standardized training of nurses, to find out the potential categories of workplace bullying, and to explore its relationship with spiritual climate, to more comprehensively understand the occupational environment and mental health of standardized training of nurses, and to provide theoretical basis for managers to develop effective intervention measures.MethodsThe multi-center cross-sectional study method and 648 nurses in eight Grade A hospitals in Sichuan province were selected using the Chinese negative behavior questionnaire and spiritual climate questionnaire. Latent profile analysis was used to identify the heterogeneity of workplace bullying among standardized training of nurses and to use multiple linear regression to explore the relationship between workplace bullying and spiritual climate.ResultsAccording to the results of potential profile analysis, standardized nurses can be divided into three potential categories: “severe workplace bullying group,” “no workplace bullying group” and “bad workplace situation group.” According to the general data of one-way ANOVA, age, average weekly working hours, love of nursing work, harmonious relationship with colleagues, and whether formal work before training were the main factors affecting training nurses’ feeling of bullying in the workplace (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a negative association between spiritual climate and workplace bullying, with lower workplace bullying scores and higher spiritual climate scores.ConclusionThe proportion of organizational dimensions and bad workplace situations is too high. Nursing managers and educators should pay attention to and analyze the causes of bullying of standardized training nurses, and take effective preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of workplace bullying. Bullying in the workplace affects the spiritual climate, so nursing managers should consider formulating relevant management plans from the organizational level to reduce the occurrence of bullying in the workplace and improve the spiritual climate of the department.

Regulations and Prevention – “Green Washing and Green Marketing

Green marketing has emerged as a crucial strategy for businesses aiming to promote environmentally friendly products and practices. However, the rise of greenwashing—a deceptive marketing tactic where companies falsely claim to be environmentally responsible—poses significant challenges to consumer trust and sustainability efforts. Effective regulations and preventive measures are essential to distinguish genuine green marketing from misleading claims. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide have introduced stricter guidelines, such as the Green Claims Code and ISO 14020 standards, to ensure transparency and accountability in environmental advertising. Consumer protection agencies and independent watchdogs also play a key role in identifying and penalizing greenwashing practices. Companies are encouraged to adopt third-party certifications, life cycle assessments, and clear labeling to enhance credibility and build consumer confidence. Preventive strategies, including corporate sustainability audits and stringent compliance mechanisms, further strengthen ethical green marketing. By reinforcing these regulations, businesses can align with genuine sustainability goals while fostering a more responsible and eco-conscious market landscape.

Global Trends and Action Items for the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

In recent decades, the world has observed the emergence and re-emergence of a multitude of previously non-existent or re-emerging infectious diseases, for which there is a paucity of timely and effective preventative measures. The WHO has published a catalogue of priority pathogens that are likely to trigger future epidemics, with the objective of designing effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. The rationale behind these interventions is rooted in a comprehensive understanding of the aetiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of the target diseases. While it is imperative to acknowledge the pivotal role that evolutionary changes in pathogens play, it is equally important to recognise the influence of a multifaceted interplay of factors on the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. These include changes in human populations, the vectors and reservoirs of exposure, and environmental changes. This review summarises the aetiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of the ten WHO priority diseases, as well as those with high epidemic potential that are already the focus of specific control programme initiatives, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria diseases. Furthermore, this review concentrated on the means of addressing these infections through public health surveillance and response systems. Such systems must be designed to rapidly detect unusual and unexpected disease patterns, track and share information in real time, and rapidly mobilise global responses, which are the most important ways to effectively contain transmission.

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY CURRICULUM TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' MENTAL WELL-BEING IN SCHOOLS

Increased awareness of the importance of mental well-being as a crucial factor in students' academic and personal development demonstrates the need to integrate psychology education into the school curriculum. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the educational psychology curriculum designed to improve students' mental well-being. Using a systematic review approach using the PRISMA method, this study synthesizes the existing literature on the impact of psychology education in schools. The findings of the study show that the integration of mental health literacy, stress management techniques, and social-emotional learning (SEL) in the school curriculum significantly improves students' emotional resilience, reduces academic stress, and builds positive interpersonal relationships. The curriculum also plays an important role in the early identification of mental health problems and offers effective preventive measures. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive approach, which includes trauma-based treatment, mindfulness techniques, and a collaborative model involving teachers, mental health professionals, and families. This research emphasizes the importance of ongoing professional training for educators as well as interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the effective implementation of mental health support in educational settings. The study advocates the integration of these practices into the standard curriculum to support students' mental well-being and academic success in the long term.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza knowledge, attitudes, and vaccination practices in at-risk groups in the Kyrgyz Republic: A comparative study.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza knowledge, attitudes, and vaccination practices in at-risk groups in the Kyrgyz Republic: A comparative study.

Immunomodulation for Primary Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury or Disease During Primary In-House Rehabilitation: Results From a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Feasibility Trial (UroVaxom-Pilot)

Background: The risk of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) after spinal cord injury/disease (SCI/D) is increased, and effective preventive measures are lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of a full-size trial on the efficacy of oral immunomodulation for the primary prevention of symptomatic UTIs in patients with SCI/D. Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, quasi-blinded, monocentric feasibility trial enrolling patients with SCI/D during primary in-house rehabilitation. Participants received either a lyophilized Escherichia coli lysate (Uro-Vaxom®) or placebo for 90 days. During the intervention and a 3-month follow-up period, symptomatic UTIs and side effects were recorded. Upon trial completion, participants were asked to rate their trial experience. Results: A total of 446 individuals with acute SCI/D were screened. Twenty-four out of 83 eligible candidates (28.9%) provided written informed consent, while 22 (26.5%) were randomized. The retention rate was high (90.9%) in both groups. Data of seven women and 13 men (40.8 ± 12.8 years) were analyzed. In the Uro-Vaxom group, two participants did not complete the treatment (adherence rate 80%). Six participants receiving Uro-Vaxom experienced symptomatic UTIs compared to nine participants in the placebo group. Six and four participants reported side effects in the Uro-Vaxom and placebo groups, respectively. Eighteen participants expressed willingness to participate again in a similar future trial. Conclusion: The trial demonstrated strong retention and adherence rates with minimal participant burden. Consideration of broader inclusion criteria is suggested to improve the number of eligible patients and enhance participant recruitment.

Public attitudes toward dementia risk prediction: A mixed-methods study.

Public attitudes toward dementia risk prediction: A mixed-methods study.

Prediction of postoperative SSIs and causative organisms in the spine by measuring trophic factors using preoperative serum markers.

Prediction of postoperative SSIs and causative organisms in the spine by measuring trophic factors using preoperative serum markers.

Incidence of pressure injuries in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Incidence of pressure injuries in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

A Lightweight Framework for Protected Vegetable Disease Detection in Complex Scenes.

The rapid development of computer vision technology has provided new technical support for smart agriculture. Vegetable diseases represent a significant threat to agricultural production, with severity that cannot be ignored. However, through scientifically effective prevention and control measures, these negative impacts can be significantly mitigated. Intelligent disease detection systems, as advanced methods replacing traditional manual inspection, have become important means for developing smart agriculture and improving the efficiency of vegetable production management. Nevertheless, traditional manual detection is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive but also faces accuracy limitations, while existing computer vision detection methods still encounter a series of challenges when confronting complex backgrounds, diverse disease manifestations, and varying degrees of occlusion in real cultivation environments, including insufficient anti-interference capabilities, limited detection precision, and suboptimal real-time performance. This research addresses the practical challenges of limited data acquisition and sample scarcity for protected vegetable diseases by proposing an innovative strategy that implements differentiated data augmentation technique combinations for different categories of samples, significantly enhancing the model's resistance to environmental interference. Based on the integrated concepts of machine vision and deep learning, we developed a lightweight vegetable disease detection network named VegetableDet. This network innovatively combines Deformable Attention Transformer (DAT) with YOLOv8n backbone architecture, enhancing perception capabilities for long-range feature dependencies. Simultaneously, a Channel-Spatial Adaptive Attention Mechanism (CSAAM) is integrated into the Neck network, achieving precise localization and enhancement of key features. To address the issue of low model convergence efficiency, we further designed a hierarchical progressive transfer learning training strategy, effectively accelerating the model adaptation process and improving detection accuracy. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that on our custom comprehensive protected vegetable disease dataset, the VegetableDet model exhibits excellent performance in detecting 30 diseases and healthy samples across 5 vegetable types, with precision (P), recall (R), and average precision (AP) all exceeding 90%, and an overall mean Average Precision (mAP) reaching 94.31%. The model demonstrates powerful adaptability under complex environmental conditions, providing reliable technical support for real-time monitoring and precise prevention and control of protected vegetable diseases, with broad application prospects.

The Sociology of Suicide After COVID-19: Assessment of the Spanish Case

The phenomenon of suicide has become a significant global concern, claiming over 800,000 lives annually and resulting in millions of suicide attempts worldwide. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, these troubling statistics have worsened, with notable increases in suicidal behavior, especially among vulnerable populations such as the youth, the elderly, and those in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. This paper aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates in Spain, using a theoretical ex post facto analysis. Spain has witnessed an alarming rise in suicide rates, particularly among young people, and a disturbing trend of increased suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviors. While some studies report no significant change in suicide rates during the pandemic, others point to the exacerbating effects of social isolation, economic instability, and public health measures. This study provides an in-depth examination of the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic on mental health in Spain, emphasizing the urgency of the need to address pre-existing inequalities and implement effective suicide prevention measures. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of gender-sensitive strategies and the need for systemic reforms to ensure better mental healthcare access for all segments of society. To achieve this goal, this paper uses a narrative literature review combined with a theoretical ex post facto analysis to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide patterns in Spain.

Strategic approach to combat Kyasanur Forest Disease in India: insights into the transmission dynamics, effective preventive, and mitigation measures

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a zoonotic disease primarily found in India, spread by Haemaphysalis ticks and caused by the Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) from the Flavivirus genus. Signs and symptoms of the KFD are high body temperature, muscle pain, gastrointestinal issues, and hemorrhages, with a mortality rate of 3% to 5%. Changes in the environment, such as deforestation and climate change, have resulted in further spread of KFDV to different regions in India. The spread of the virus occurs through ticks and different vertebrates, with humans being occasional hosts in the transmission cycle. The current method of prevention relies on a vaccine that has been inactivated with formalin, but its effectiveness is still a concern. This indicates the pressing need for vaccinations, tick management, and study on the molecular biology of KFDV, specifically focusing on the involvement of bats as potential hosts. These approaches could improve the overall effectiveness of containment and preventive programme of the disease in areas where it is common or increasingly present.

Intimate partner violence in southernouthern Tunisia: A retrospective study of the sociodemographic and medicolegal clinical profile.

Intimate partner violence in southernouthern Tunisia: A retrospective study of the sociodemographic and medicolegal clinical profile.

Smart Farming: An Integrated Approach Using IoT and AI

Smart farming is a paradigmatic change in agri- cultural practice through the application of state-of-the-art technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) towards productivity, efficiency, and sustain- ability. In this research study, an intelligent farm system is exemplified that aims to address some of the most significant challenges in conventional agriculture, like water shortage, pest control, and unforeseen climatic conditions. The system uses IoT sensors such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture sensors through a NodeMCU microcontroller to obtain real- time environmental and soil conditions. The information is sent to a cloud platform and displayed on a responsive web applica- tion developed using the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js), allowing farmers to monitor field conditions remotely from anywhere. To further complement crop health management, the system includes AI-based predictive models that examine past and real-time sensor data to predict future plant diseases. Additionally, image processing is used for early blight and late blight detection in plant leaves so that farmers can implement effective preventive measures at the right time. An automated irrigation system is utilized to ensure maximum use of the available water, which only switches on when the water level in the soil drops below a set limit, thus conserving water. The system also gives computerized advice on the maximum application of fertilizers and pesticides, aimed at the precise needs of specific crops. Besides on-field monitoring and automation, the system also comprises an AI-driven market price analysis module through which farmers are able to make well-decided choices about selling crops so as to bring maxi- mum profitability. Through IoT-based automation, AI-driven analytics, and cloud-based monitoring, the system promotes precision farming, minimizes the reliance on human resources, and saves resources. The paper thoroughly discusses the system architecture, implementation issues, and major advantages like increased crop yield, minimizing cost, and encouraging sustainable agricultural practices. Future expansion of the system includes drone field monitoring for bulk monitoring, blockchain for supply traceability, and extending AI models to include other crops. This project shows how applications of smart farming technologies can transform conventional farming to provide scalable and efficient solutions to farming challenges today with environmental sustainability and economic viability to farmers.

Effects of D-alanine analog on muscle atrophy through regulation of myostatin expression.

Effects of D-alanine analog on muscle atrophy through regulation of myostatin expression.

Operation of autonomous electromechanical converters of low and medium power

Purpose. To assess the reliability of operation of low and medium power electromechanical converters based on real experience in operating such systems. Methodology. Statistical analysis methods, classical calculation methods for synchronous salient pole generators with electromagnetic excitation. Findings. An analysis of failure statistics of autonomous electromechanical converters of small and medium power was carried out. The results obtained emphasize the need to implement generator condition monitoring systems for early detection of malfunctions. Regular diagnostics and load control will help prevent critical breakdowns and increase the service life of the equipment. The collected statistical data can be used to develop effective preventive measures, improve maintenance instructions and optimize generator operating modes. Further research can be aimed at developing algorithms for automatic load distribution between phases, improving protection systems and increasing the reliability of insulating materials. An analysis of the failure statistics of diesel and gasoline generators showed that electrical breakdowns account for 51% of cases, and mechanical ones - 49%. This indicates an approximately even distribution between the two categories of failures, which indicates the need for a comprehensive approach to maintenance and diagnostics. When using these installations for military purposes, the balance of failures shifts: mechanical failures: 75-85%, electrical failures: 15-25%. Among electrical failures, the most common are damage to the stator windings due to load asymmetry, failure of voltage regulators, malfunctions of the battery system and violations of the insulation of the electrical wiring. Mechanical failures are most often associated with wear of the piston group, insufficient lubrication, engine overheating due to malfunctions of the cooling system and malfunctions in the fuel system. Originality. A detailed generalization of the experience of operating autonomous electromechanical converters in real conditions was carried out, which allowed us to establish the regularities of their operation, identify typical problems and develop recommendations for their elimination. The methods for assessing the efficiency of autonomous electromechanical converters proposed in the study can be used for further modernization of existing systems, as well as for creating new highly efficient autonomous power generating units. Practical value. The results of the study have practical value for engineers, users and manufacturers of electromechanical equipment. The results obtained can be used to improve the efficiency and reliability of autonomous power systems operating in various conditions. In particular, it is possible to reduce maintenance costs, improve energy efficiency and extend the service life of the equipment. The results obtained can be used in the development of recommendations for the selection, modernization and diagnostics of autonomous electromechanical installations.