Background: The prevalence of drug abuse in Indonesia reaches approximately 2.40% of the population aged 15–64, or approximately 4.5 million people. Of this number, approximately 2.3 million are school and college students. This high figure is due to the limited access and exposure to information about the dangers of drugs among adolescents. Due to the limited information available to students, education is needed to increase adolescent knowledge about drugs. Providing health education is an important effort in preventing drug abuse from an early age. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of providing health education on the level of knowledge of adolescents about drugs at MA Bina Negara Arjasari, West Java, Indonesia Method: Quantitative research with Quasy Experimental Design One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample technique used total sampling technique with 89 students in grades X and XI. The instruments used in this study were video, power point and knowledge questionnaire with 20 questions. Data analysis used univariate analysis, namely frequency distribution and bivariate analysis using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Result: The results of the study showed that the pre-test scores of most respondents had a low level of knowledge (66.3%) and the post-test scores of almost all respondents had a good level of knowledge (93.9%). The results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test obtained a p-value of 0.000 < 0.05, which means that there is an effect of health education on preventing drug abuse on the level of knowledge of adolescents at MA Bina Negara Arjasari, West Java, Indonesia. Conclusion: The results of this study support the importance of health education programs in schools as a primary strategy in preventing drug abuse among adolescents. Schools are advised to regularly hold interactive and engaging educational programs to equip adolescents with sufficient knowledge to recognize the dangers of drugs and adopt effective preventive measures.

To evaluate the role of orthodontic and craniofacial orthopaedic interventions in the prevention and management of otitis media with effusion (OME), focusing particularly on rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and its implications for Eustachian tube function. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using a structured combination of MeSH terms by two expert researchers from inception to December 2024. Randomised and non-randomised prospective studies involving pediatric patients (2-18 years) with chronic OME were included. The effectiveness of preventive measures was compared with alternative treatments or no interventions. Study quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I v2 tool. RME emerges as a promising preventive option for managing OME particularly in patients with orthodontic indications. By addressing structural contributors to Eustachian tube dysfunction, RME improves middle ear health and complements otolaryngological interventions. Integrating orthodontic and otolaryngological strategies represents an effective multidisciplinary approach to reducing OME incidence and recurrence. Further studies are needed to confirm the long-term stability and the generalisability of these observed benefits.

Pestiviruses are the primary causes of bovine viral diarrhea. Bovine viral diarrhea is a highly prevalent disease that is characterized by diarrhea and immunosuppression, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases among cattle and other ruminants worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence of pestivirus infection in cattle and the associated factors in selected farms in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 202 serum samples were collected from eight farms and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect pestivirus antibodies. Information on farm management and animal characteristics was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The overall seroprevalence of pestivirus infection was 28.2% (57/202; 95% CI: 22.0–35.0%) and was significantly different between farms (p < .01, χ2 = 67), ranging from 10.0% to 61.8%. Two of the eight farms were seronegative. The risk factors for pestivirus infection were lactating animals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–4.3), intensive system (OR = 5.9, 95% CI: 2.2–16.0), the use of AI (OR= 18.0, 95% CI: 7.1–44.0), presence of a milking parlor (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–4.2), sharing feeding pen (OR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.1–29.0), and lack of separate vehicle drop-off area (OR = 6.0, 95% CI =1.9–18.0). This study reflects the presence of pestiviruses in cattle farms in Selangor, Malaysia, highlighting the need to improve farm biosecurity and implement effective preventive and control measures. Cite this article as: Khalid, N., Arshad, S. S., Degu, N.Y., Ramanoon, S. Z., & Sadiq, M. B. (2026). Pestivirus infection in cattle in Selangor, Malaysia: Animal and farm level seroprevalence and its risk factors. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0052, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25052.

Design a multi-epitope vaccine targeting Chlamydia psittaci plasmid proteins through reverse vaccinology.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women, with cases increasingly found in younger populations. Early detection through breast self-examination (BSE) is an effective preventive measure, yet knowledge among Indonesian adolescents remains limited. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of audiovisual and leaflet-based education in improving knowledge of BSE among adolescent girls. Method: A quasi-experimental two-group pretest–posttest design was conducted among seventh- and eighth-grade female students at SMP Negeri 1 Peterongan, Jombang, Indonesia. From a population of 264 students, the sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan formula, yielding 157 participants. To balance the groups, 160 students (80 per group) were recruited. Proportional random sampling was applied. Knowledge levels were measured using a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and One-Way ANOVA. Result: Before intervention, most students in the audiovisual group demonstrated poor knowledge (52.5%), while most in the leaflet group had moderate knowledge (50%). After intervention, knowledge levels significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.001). In the audiovisual group, 90% achieved good knowledge, whereas in the leaflet group, 60% maintained moderate knowledge. One-Way ANOVA confirmed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001), with audiovisual media showing greater effectiveness. Conclusion: Audiovisual education proved more effective than leaflet-based education in enhancing adolescent girls’ knowledge of BSE. Integrating audiovisual methods into school health programs may strengthen early breast cancer awareness and prevention efforts among young populations. Keywords: Breast self-examination, adolescent girls, audiovisual media, leaflet, health education.

Newborn screening (NBS) is an effective measure of secondary prevention. The application of genomic sequencing in population-based screening would enable further expansions of the NBS disease panel and a genomic NBS (gNBS). The selection of NBS target diseases is still based on the Wilson and Jungner screening principles from 1968, which are considered incomplete, particularly for an extension towards gNBS. The present work aims to establish a multi-dimensional framework for future gNBS programs. An interdisciplinary expert panel comprising researchers from pediatric and adolescent medicine, human genetics, ethics, medical psychology, law, and patient representatives used a nominal group technique-like multi-stage consensus process to define criteria for gNBS, considering ethical, legal, and social implications, medical aspects, and patient perspectives. Overall, 18 criteria were developed, clustered into four subcategories: I. Clinical criteria (characteristics of the target disease); II. Diagnostic criteria (requirements of the test); III. Therapeutic-interventional criteria (prerequisites of the intervention); IV. Program management criteria (requirements of the program). Subcategories I-III define selection criteria for target diseases, subcategory IV defines criteria for how to establish and manage the program. In conclusion, this multi-dimensional framework serves as a well-balanced basis for developing thoroughly revised and internationally accepted consensus screening criteria.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of endometritis on the calving-to-conception interval (CCI) in Holstein cows in a dairy farm in the Lima basin, Peru, between February and August 2016. Ninety-two cows were evaluated at 35 days postpartum and classified as having or not having endometritis. The diagnosis of subclinical endometritis was made using endometrial cytology with the Metricheck® technique. The CCI was analysed in relation to the presence of endometritis and the number of calvings. In total, 65.2% of the cows presented with endometritis. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the overall CCI (p=0.127) or in the CCI stratified by number of calvings (p=0.209) in relation to the presence of endometritis. In conclusion, endometritis did not prolong the CCI in Holstein cows, nor was it influenced by the number of calvings. However, the findings suggest deficiencies in the farm’s health programme, highlighting the importance of implementing effective preventive measures and timely treatments to avoid repercussions on herd productivity.

Stunting is still a major public health issue. Effective prevention and control measures require a comprehensive strategy that includes community participation and health system support. The UPN Veteran Jakarta Community Territory (UCT) initiative has identified Integrated Service Post (Posyandu) Apel as its partner for community service activities. This community service uses a variety of methodologies, including field observations, focus group discussions, health screenings, and parental counseling in Posyandu Apel. The results showed that 2.6% children had severely wasted, 10.52% had stunted, and 5.3% had severely stunted. The study found a significant improvement in mother knowledge levels, with 44.8% of participants scoring above the median before counseling and 100% passing the median after counseling. The study suggests that building cadre capacity, integrating mother and child health care, and increasing access to community-based children health management is an effective and sustainable method for reducing stunting prevalence.

This article provides an analysis of current issues in youth policy implemented in the Russian Federationand the Republic of Belarus within the framework of the existing Youth Policy Strategies until 2030. Specialattention is paid to the problems of juvenile delinquency and criminalization, which require close scrutinyfrom specialists across various fields and the development of effective preventive measures. The key parametersof general social crime prevention measures targeting minors are investigated, along with their strengths,weaknesses, and potential for further development. A significant part of the research is dedicated to the impactof digitalization processes on the social, psychological, and pedagogical aspects of the developing personalityof the younger generation. The influence of information technologies on value orientations, social behavior,and susceptibility to destructive content among youth is analyzed. Concrete proposals aimed at strengtheningthe role of educational organizations in the ideological and patriotic upbringing of youth are formulated.The proposed recommendations are intended to promote the creation of a favorable environment for theharmonious personal development and prevention of juvenile offenses.

Introduction – Viral hepatitis, transmitted via fecal-oral or parenteral routes, is a global and national public health problem in Brazil. Despite advances in prevention, mortality from these diseases remains high. The North region, especially Tocantins, has specific characteristics that influence the dynamics of viral hepatitis, with few studies focusing on the pediatric population. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological profile of viral hepatitis in children and adolescents in Tocantins between 2015 and 2024, seeking to identify prevalence, risk factors, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results may support the implementation of more effective prevention and control measures, contributing to the improvement of the health of the child and adolescent population in the region. Methods – This was an ecological observational study, retrospective, descriptive, and quantitative in nature, which analyzed reported cases of viral hepatitis in the pediatric population that occurred between 2015 and 2024, relating the data found to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020 and ended in 2023. Results and Discussion – Viral hepatitis in children, such as Hepatitis C, frequently becomes chronic (70%-85%), requiring early diagnosis and antiviral therapies. Hepatitis A has a high seroprevalence in Brazil (60.7%) and is associated with low socioeconomic status and the North/Northeast regions, where Tocantins is located. Vaccination against HAV is effective in reducing incidence. HCV treatment aims for viral eradication, but management is complex in children with comorbidities.Conclusion – The investigation of viral hepatitis in children in Tocantins confirms the predominance of Hepatitis A, reflecting socioeconomic inequities and lack of sanitation. The highest incidence is among mixed-race (Parda) individuals, boys aged 5 to 9 years. The high chronicity of Hepatitis C requires early diagnosis and therapy. It is crucial to invest in vaccination, sanitation, and equitable surveillance.

Oxaliplatin, a key drug in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), can cause oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in a dose-dependent manner. These symptoms can severely affect daily life, and chronic OIPN often limits treatment continuation because of its correlation with the cumulative dose of oxaliplatin. Currently, effective preventive measures are unavailable. However, surgical glove compression therapy may reduce paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, suggesting its potential in preventing OIPN. This multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase II/III trial evaluates surgical glove compression therapy to investigate the possible preventive effects of OIPN in patients with CRC receiving adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Patients with stage III CRC undergoing curative surgery will be enrolled and randomised into two groups. The intervention group will wear two layers of tight-fitting surgical gloves from 30 min before to 30 min after oxaliplatin infusion, whereas the control group will receive standard care. The primary endpoint is the incidence of grade ≥2 chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events criteria. Secondary endpoints include quality of life assessments (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecological Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity-12 and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 20-item), duration and extent of OIPN as assessed using the Debiopharm Neurologic and Sensory Toxicity Criteria, chemotherapy completion rates, and adverse events. To detect a significant reduction in the incidence of CIPN, 170 patients will be enrolled (36% in the control group vs 15% in the intervention group). The planned case enrolment period is from 1 November 2024 to 31 October 2026. This trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hiroshima University, Japan (approval no. CRB2024-0008), and has been registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs062240066). The results of this study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and shared with the scientific community at international conferences. jRCTs062240066.

Studying prevalence and predictors of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and ocular surface disease symptoms among females can aid in identifying risk factors and developing effective preventive measures. This study aims to explore the prevalence and predictors of CVS and ocular surface disease symptoms among female adults in Jordan. This was an online cross-sectional survey study that was conducted in Jordan between July 8th, 2025 and October 01st, 2025 utilizing Qualtrics survey software. Female adults from the general public in Jordan formed the study population. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of the outcomes. The presence of CVS was determined based on participants’ responses to the CVS-questionnaire (CVS-Q), with total scores of ≥6 indicative of CVS. This investigation demonstrated a significant correlation between CVS and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) severity. This association may be due to overlaps between CVS and ocular surface-related behaviors and factors, specifically long screen times, wearing contact lenses, and the presence of chronic diseases, which increase both CVS and OSDI in the current study. Thus, preventive interventions, ongoing monitoring, and targeted interventions are necessary, particularly in high-risk groups. A total of 741 females were included. A significant association was found between CVS and OSDI severity (χ2 = 177.5, P < .001). Among participants with high OSDI scores, 56.7% had CVS, compared to only 10.1% among those with low OSDI scores. Participants with chronic diseases showed significantly increased odds of both CVS (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6–4.3; P < .001) and OSDI (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2–3.2; P = .008). Spending more than 6 hours daily on electronic devices for study or work was also strongly associated with both outcomes (CVS: AOR = 2.6, P < .001; OSDI: AOR = 2.5, P < .001). The use of corrective lenses significantly increased the odds of CVS (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.7–4.0, P < .001), OSDI (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9–4.5, P < .001). Taking regular breaks was slightly protective against CVS (AOR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–1.0, P = .04). Night mode or blue light filter use was associated with higher odds of CVS (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.2, P < .009).

Measles remains a global epidemiological problem, which is associated with an increase in the incidence and mortality of this infection worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the ten countries most affected by measles. The aim of the study is to evaluate the epidemiological features of measles incidence in Osh city and identify the factors influencing the formation of the epidemic process and the effectiveness of preventive measures. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of measles in the city of Osh in the Kyrgyz Republic for the period 2009–2024 was carried out. The presence of long — term and intraannual cyclical morbidity was revealed, the characteristics of the last rise in measles incidence in 2023–2025 were determined. It has been shown that the main risk group for morbidity is children of younger age groups who have not been vaccinated against measles. An analysis of measles vaccination and revaccination coverage for children at prescribed ages has found that the increase in measles incidence is facilitated by a decrease in the coverage of routine vaccination of children against this infection. The steady increase in vaccination refusals in recent years has become one of the key problems in the field of public health in Osh, Kyrgyz Republic. A similar situation is typical for other regions and States and can be adjusted by implementing a set of measures to restore routine immunization coverage, including catch-up vaccination, increased epidemiological surveillance of this infection and awareness-raising among the population.

The fire service plays a key role in ensuring public safety. The working environment of a firefighter isa burden on health due to numerous risk factors: terrain, weather, chemical, radiological, andbiological factors, as well as mental stress. This narrative review aims to analyse the health risks facedby Polish firefighters, with particular emphasis on psychophysical factors, and to assess theeffectiveness of the protective measures in place. A review of the literature available in PubMed,Google Scholar, Research Gate, Scopus databases was conducted, including publications from 2020to 2025. The selection was made in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The review included55 publications, exclusively peer-reviewed scientific articles (Polish and foreign). Firefighters areexposed to many non-obvious, immediate, and long-term health risks that require a systematicapproach and the implementation of more effective prevention measures.

Immunization is an effective preventive measure that protects children from various infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, the completeness of immunization in children remains a public health problem in several areas, including the working area of ​​the Payung Sekaki Community Health Center. A factor that influences the completeness of immunization is the level of maternal knowledge. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of maternal knowledge and the completeness of immunization in children in the Payung Sekaki Community Health Center area. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The number of respondents was 15 mothers with children aged 12–23 months, using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires to measure the level of maternal knowledge and KIA book records to determine the status of completeness of children's immunization. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the Chi-Square test. The study showed that most mothers had a good level of knowledge (46.7%) and most children had received complete basic immunization (60.0%). The results of the Chi-Square test showed a significant relationship between the level of maternal knowledge and the completeness of children's immunization with a p value of 0.041 (p &lt; 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the completeness of immunizations in children in the Payung Sekaki Community Health Center area. Therefore, improving health education for mothers is necessary to increase the coverage of complete basic immunizations.

Complete basic immunization is an effective preventive measure to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, many infants and toddlers still miss complete immunization, often due to a lack of knowledge and awareness among parents. This community service activity aims to enhance the knowledge and understanding of pregnant women, mothers with infants and toddlers, and caregivers about the importance of complete basic immunization. The activity was carried out at the Mitra Ananda Clinic in Palembang through education methods such as counseling, interactive discussions, and the distribution of educational media. A total of 33 participants, consisting of pregnant women and mothers with infants and toddlers, attended the session. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test questionnaires to assess changes in the participants' knowledge. The results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge about the types, schedule, and benefits of complete basic immunization. Participants also demonstrated a positive attitude and commitment to ensuring that their children receive immunization according to the schedule. This activity is expected to contribute to the improvement of complete immunization coverage and help prevent diseases that can be avoided through vaccination.

Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted by tick bites. Vaccination represents the only effective preventive measure, yet data on TBE vaccine effectiveness in Italy are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate TBE vaccine effectiveness and vaccination coverage in the province of Udine, an endemic area in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of Northern Italy. Methods: We conducted a case-control study using linked anonymized health databases of the region, including vaccination, laboratory, and hospital admission records from 2017 to 2025. Cases were defined as residents hospitalized with a diagnosis of TBE (ICD-9-CM 063.x or 321.2) and a positive anti-TBE IgM result in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Controls were residents tested for anti-TBE IgM during the same period but not hospitalized for TBE. Vaccination history was retrieved from the regional vaccination registry. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated through logistic regression models comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Results: Between 2017 and 2025, 21 confirmed TBE hospitalizations were recorded (mean annual incidence: 0.45/100,000 inhabitants). The mean hospital stay was 13.8. Among 6065 individuals tested for anti-TBE IgM, 95.2% of cases and 81.8% of controls were unvaccinated. The estimated odds ratio of TBE hospitalization for individuals with ≥3 vaccine doses versus unvaccinated was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.02-0.88). Vaccination coverage in 2025 reached about 10% of the provincial population, with markedly higher coverage (up to 34%) in mountain districts compared with lowland areas (<5%). Conclusions: Although limited by small sample size, this study provides the first real-world evidence of TBE vaccine effectiveness in an Italian endemic area. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure. Given the regional epidemiology and expected increase in tick activity due to climate change, strengthening vaccination uptake and public awareness in endemic districts is strongly recommended.

Although the incidence rate of exertional heat stroke (EHS) in the U.S. military decreased from 2018 to 2022, a resurgence in 2024 highlights the importance of continued refinement of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to describe the burden of exertional heat illness (EHI) in the U.S. Air Force Special Warfare Training Wing (SWTW) from FY19 to FY24 and assess changes in annual external heat exhaustion (EHE) and EHS risk following implementation of mitigation strategies in 2019. This descriptive epidemiology study analyzed 195 EHI cases among SWTW trainees from FY19 to FY24. Data on EHE and EHS were extracted from Military Health System records. Cumulative incidence (proportion of affected trainees per year) was calculated using the annual trainee population as the denominator. Mitigation strategies implemented in 2019 were assessed. Chi-square testing indicated that the distribution of EHS and EHE differed by fiscal year (χ2 = 12.92, P = .0241), reflecting year-to-year variation in case proportions. Historical weather data were reviewed to descriptively contextualize seasonal environmental conditions during periods of elevated EHI proportions. During FY19 to FY24, there were 195 reported cases of EHI: 135 EHE and 60 EHS. EHE exceeded EHS annually from FY19 to FY23, with EHI peaking in FY22 (n = 45), declining in FY23 (n = 19), and resurging in FY24 (n = 36), driven by increased EHS (n = 19). EHE cumulative incidence (0.91%-1.90%) outpaced EHS (0.28%-0.79%) until FY24, when EHS rose to 1.80%, surpassing EHE (1.61%). A significant association was identified between EHI type and fiscal year (χ2 = 12.92, P = .0241) with an increased EHS rate in FY24 versus FY20 (P = .012) and FY23 (P = .045); FY22 versus FY20 (P = .039). No significant year-over-year variation in EHE was observed. The SWTW implemented various measures to mitigate heat injury. Despite interventions at the SWTW, EHI remained prevalent to include an EHS proportion surge (1.80%) in FY24, indicating potential limitations and need for improved training adaptations, early detection, and risk management in high-intensity environments. Achieving zero EHI may not be feasible, thus, leadership must make decisions that acknowledge risk and apply evidence-based strategies to meet mission objectives. Seasonal patterns suggest tailored interventions may be necessary. Future studies should assess morbidity metrics, trainee fitness, and acclimatization to further evaluate and refine prevention strategies.

It is significantly important to develop effective measures for surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications. In this paper, considering the delay influence of external sugar source input on blood glucose level, we propose a novel blood glucose regulation model with time-delay. Based on this, we present a delay optimal control problem, where the control variables include the rates of glucagon release and insulin release, and the cost function aims to achieve stable blood glucose levels. To solve this problem, we then develop an improved reinforce learning algorithm combining deep Q-network with soft update mechanism. Finally, numerical results show that the proposed algorithm is highly effective in solving blood glucose level control problem, which provides a new paradigm to manage the blood glucose for diabetes patients.

In duck breeding production, the incidence of infection of Riemerella anatipestifer (RA), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), and novel duck reovirus (NDRV) is gradually increasing. Because the clinical symptoms caused by these three pathogens are relatively similar, it is quite difficult to distinguish and diagnose. This study aims to establish a TaqMan-based triplex qPCR detection assay that can detect the above three pathogens at the same time. Specifically designed, optimized and verified specific primers and probes, targeting the dtxr gene of RA and the σB protein coding gene of MDRV and NDRV, respectively. The results show that the assay has good specificity, sensitivity and stability. The linear detection range of the three pathogens is 102~109 copies/μL and the minimum detection limit can reach 101copies. In this study, 99 clinical on-site samples were tested, and positive samples were detected. In addition, through the analysis of the drug-resistant gene spectrum of the RA isolate, it was found that it carries aminoglycosides (RanA, RanB, aadS), macrocyclic esters [EreD, Erm(35), ErmF], chloramphenicol (floR) and tetracyclines [Tet(X3), Tet(X6), TetX] drug resistance genes of antibacterial drugs. In summary, the TaqMan-based triplex qPCR detection assay established in this study can be used as a fast, sensitive and reliable technical means for large-scale monitoring of RA, MDRV and NDRV infection; at the same time, the analysis of the supporting drug-resistant gene detection assay can provide reference for the rational use of antibacterial drugs in duck breeding production. Test the basis, and then help the breeding link to take scientific and effective prevention and control intervention measures in a timely manner.