Effective Implementation Process Research Articles

Prevalence and genotype distribution of potential high-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus among women attending selected reproductive health clinics in lake victoria basin-kenya: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPersistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered the primary etiological factor for invasive cervical cancer. Understanding the epidemiology of circulating potential high-risk (HR) and HR HPV strains is essential in updating epidemiological knowledge and recommendations on genotype-specific vaccination development. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with Potential HR/HR HPV among women attending selected reproductive health clinics in Lake Victoria Basin.MethodsA cross-sectional facility-based survey made up of 434 women aged 16–68 years was carried out in two selected facilities. Structured questionnaires were administered to collect participant clinical and social characteristics. Cervical specimens were collected and HPV genotyping was carried out using RIATOL HPV genotyping qPCR assay. Descriptive statistics followed by logistic binary regression was done using R version 4.3.2.ResultsThe overall prevalence of potential HR/HR HPV among women attending the selected reproductive health clinics was reported at 36.5% (158/434). Specifically, in the rural setting, Gobei Health Center, the prevalence was 41.4% (41/99) while in the urban setting-JOOTRH, it was 34.6% (117/335). The most prevalent potential HR/HR HPV are 52, 67, 16, 31, 39, 45, and 31 among women. Age was the main factor associated with HPV infection with women between the age of 30–39 having the highest risk (AOR = 0.3, CI:0.2–0.7, p < 0.001).ConclusionIn both rural and urban regions, potential HR/HR HPV infection among women attending reproductive health clinics at the selected facilities remains common. The study identifies the need for effective implementation and clinical follow-up process of cervical cancer control program in the LVB.

Mind the gap: Facilitating early design stage building life cycle assessment through a co-production approach

Despite the transition towards a circular economy (CE) being a significant element in achieving the decarbonisation of the built environment, a clear and common pathway to applying CE principles to building design is still lacking in both industry practice and academia. The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has the potential to enable the identification of feasible pathways to increase circularity. This study aims to investigate its practical use to facilitate the application of circular economy principles at the early stage of building design via using LCA-based BIM plugins. Within this aim, the paper centres on a co-production approach and presents a gap analysis by identifying gaps in knowledge and implementation as well as addressing the pressing needs of the current practice in the UK. A series of semi-structured interviews with expert practitioners in the field were conducted for data collection, contributing to the following phases of the co-production by allowing for an in-depth investigation and reflection of the practice. The findings have revealed that: (a) there is still an insufficient level of contextual awareness and readiness in the implementation of CE principles in the built environment and LCA understanding and (b) the adoption of BIM at the early stages of building design is still limited in the current practice; BIM models with sufficient level of data details and quality to enable circularity assessment are rarely produced. Thus, the paper highlights the need for enabling mechanisms, including the introduction of legislative instruments, the involvement and commitment of the industry and key stakeholders, the support for training and skills improvement, and the establishment of effective communication and implementation process management frameworks. Future research agenda points to the need of formulation of a BIM protocol to enable integration of BIM and LCA to promote CE principles in the building design process.

Memahami Dinamika Administrasi Publik dan Implementasi Kebijakan

Abstract. This study aims to explore and analyze the factors that lead to the persistent discrepancy between policy formulation and effective implementation in public administration.&#x0D; By utilizing secondary data obtained from various scientific sources, this study uses qualitative research methods to provide insight into the complex dynamics that influence the outcome of policy implementation.&#x0D; The findings of this study emphasize several key factors influencing policy implementation. First, bureaucratic structure and organizational processes are identified as elements that significantly affect implementation results. This study reveals that inefficient bureaucratic practices and systemic barriers often hinder effective policy translation into practice. Moreover, the role of leadership in ensuring the successful implementation of policies in public administration emerges as another important factor. Effective leadership, with its ability to mobilize resources and inspire commitment, plays a critical role in driving successful policy implementation. Furthermore, political factors were found to greatly influence the dynamics of policy implementation. Research shows that political instability, self-interest, and ideological conflict can hinder effective policy implementation, leading to sub-optimal outcomes. To bridge the gap between policy formulation and implementation, this study outlines the main strategies. This strategy includes improving communication channels, stakeholder engagement, capacity building, and cultivating a culture of accountability and transparency within the administrative system.&#x0D; In conclusion, this research sheds light on the complexities surrounding policy implementation in public administration. By understanding the multifaceted nature of the problem and adopting strategic interventions, policymakers can work towards achieving a more effective and efficient policy implementation process.&#x0D; Keywords: Bureaucratic structure; Organizational processes; Policy implementation; Political factors, Public administration

Understanding women’s roles, experiences and barriers to participation in ocean science education in Kenya: recommendations for better gender equality policy

Gender equality is critical to achieving transformative action, policies and change towards sustainable ocean management. However, historically women have been largely excluded from ocean science and management programmes, including education. Recent commitment to promoting gender equality in ocean science, notably in the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, aims to ensure women have equal opportunity to engage in ocean science education, research, management and decision-making. This paper investigates the roles of women in ocean science education, the challenges they face, the root causes of these inequalities, and the existing interventions to advance gender equality in ocean science. Focusing on Kenya as a case study, the paper uses a feminist political ecology lens to explore staff experiences and perceptions of gender (in)equality in public universities. The data gathered through in-depth interviews revealed that women's participation in ocean science were limited by perceptions of their male colleagues who did not believe that women can do certain technical jobs. In addition, career progression of women was found to be slower than men's, women were more likely to be discriminated against during promotions and denied opportunities to develop their careers, faced sexual harassment and bullying, and experienced work-family conflicts. These factors adversely impacted women's participation and career advancement and thus their potential contribution to a sustainable ocean. This research also revealed some good practices that the universities had in place to tackle gender inequalities such as gender equality policies and staff given a specific gender equality role (gender focal points). In conclusion, we stress the importance of having gender-transformative policies, an effective implementation process, having women-specific support structures and having women in leadership positions as crucial for promoting gender equality and ocean sustainability.

ORGANIZATION OF SAFETY CULTURE FORMATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS IN THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM

Universities are of strategic importance in National Defense and Disaster Risk Management (DRM). The formation of a system for coping with the Risk of Disasters is important to increase the confrontation of the Country from the Disasters. Disaster Risk Management is the development of “Distress Risk Management Plans”, as a tool for the formation and distribution of Safety Culture. These strategies can significantly aid in hazard prevention, consequence mitigation, and situational management. The study of Disaster Risk Management processes in the article is based on the DRM plan of the Armenian State University of Economics. The plan presents the university's DRM priorities, emphasizes the main hazards, the most vulnerable elements, material and non-material capacities of the University. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the Disaster Risks in the University and to select the recommended measures resulting from this. The process of effective planning and implementation of DRM is an important part of the university management system.

Insights on the Current State and Future Outlook of AI in Health Care: Expert Interview Study.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is often promoted as a potential solution for many challenges health care systems face worldwide. However, its implementation in clinical practice lags behind its technological development. This study aims to gain insights into the current state and prospects of AI technology from the stakeholders most directly involved in its adoption in the health care sector whose perspectives have received limited attention in research to date. For this purpose, the perspectives of AI researchers and health care IT professionals in North America and Western Europe were collected and compared for profession-specific and regional differences. In this preregistered, mixed methods, cross-sectional study, 23 experts were interviewed using a semistructured guide. Data from the interviews were analyzed using deductive and inductive qualitative methods for the thematic analysis along with topic modeling to identify latent topics. Through our thematic analysis, four major categories emerged: (1) the current state of AI systems in health care, (2) the criteria and requirements for implementing AI systems in health care, (3) the challenges in implementing AI systems in health care, and (4) the prospects of the technology. Experts discussed the capabilities and limitations of current AI systems in health care in addition to their prevalence and regional differences. Several criteria and requirements deemed necessary for the successful implementation of AI systems were identified, including the technology's performance and security, smooth system integration and human-AI interaction, costs, stakeholder involvement, and employee training. However, regulatory, logistical, and technical issues were identified as the most critical barriers to an effective technology implementation process. In the future, our experts predicted both various threats and many opportunities related to AI technology in the health care sector. Our work provides new insights into the current state, criteria, challenges, and outlook for implementing AI technology in health care from the perspective of AI researchers and IT professionals in North America and Western Europe. For the full potential of AI-enabled technologies to be exploited and for them to contribute to solving current health care challenges, critical implementation criteria must be met, and all groups involved in the process must work together.

Developing a Framework for Professional Teacher Technical Identity Development through Mobile Learning

Teacher identity development is an ongoing and dynamic process whereby individuals negotiate external and internal expectations as they make sense of themselves and their work as educators. With the advancements in technology education and the many studies being done to understand and provide a simplified yet effective implementation process, the role of teacher identity development is of crucial importance. This is due to the close connection between identity and practice. Numerous studies have focused on the contributing factors that influence technology integration and implementation in teaching. Several models have been created to understand technology acceptance amongst teachers and learners, but the identity development that takes place within a teacher has not been explored. This article provides a framework that can be used to evaluate professional teacher technical identity development (PTTID) using three existing models related to technology integration. The Technological. Pedagogical, Content Knowledge (originally TPCK) now known as Technology, Pedagogy, and Content Knowledge (TPACK), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition (SAMR) models were investigated to identify plausible links. An action research approach was applied to explore and identify common themes and trends that would lead to the development of a PTTID framework. This framework will provide a holistic approach to technology implementation and a logical understanding of the drivers for technology adoption amongst in-service teachers.

Mediating effect of industry dynamics, absorptive capacity and resource commitment in new digital technology adoption and effective implementation processes

PurposeDrawing upon a systematic literature review in new technology, innovation transfer and diffusion theories, and from interviews with technology leaders in digital transformation programs in the US Oil & Gas (O&G) industry, the authors explore the relationships among O&G industry dynamics, organization's absorptive capacity and resource commitment for new digital technology adoption-implementation process.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed the empirical survey method to gather the data (a sample size of 172) in the US O&G industry and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the measurement model for validity and reliability and the conceptual model for hypothesized structural relationships.FindingsThe results provide support for the study’s causal model of adoption and implementation with positive and direct relationships between the initiation and trial stages, between the trial stages and the evaluation of effective outcomes and between the effective outcomes and the effective implementation stages of digital technologies. The results also reveal partial mediating relationships of industry dynamics, absorptive capacity and resource commitment between respective stages.Practical implicationsBased on the current study's findings, managers are recommended to pay attention to the evolving industry dynamics during the initiation stage of new digital technology adoption, to utilize the organization's knowledge-based absorptive capacity during digital technology trial and selection stages and to support the digital technology implementation project when the adoption decision of a particular digital technology has been made.Originality/valueThe empirical research contributes literature on digital technology adoption and implementation by identifying and demonstrating the importance of industry dynamics, absorptive capacity and resource commitment factors as mediating variables at various stages of the adoption-implementation process and empirically validating a process-based causal model of digital technology adoption and a successful implementation project that has been missing in the current body of literature on digital transformation.

Vocational Students' Perception toward the Use of Online Instructional Media

This study aims to provide an overview of the use of instructional media during online learning from vocational higher education students' perspectives. The education system in the vocational institution focuses on practical activities, so the use of instructional media during online learning faces various problems. Online learning is believed to be effective if there is a two-way interaction between lecturers and students in class using effective instructional media. This research was conducted to look into the students' perception of using online instructional media. With a sample of 181 students, this study employed a descriptive quantitative method. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires through Google Forms consisting of 17 questions with a Likert scale. In addition, semi-structured interviews with students were carried out for data triangulation. The results showed that the student perception of using instructional media during online learning is good, with an average score of 3.15 (Scale of 1- 4). The students perceived that instructional media during online learning increases their confidence and competence in learning, and their awareness of mastering a subject matter increased slightly, primarily in theoretical subjects. However, in practical classes, students still experienced problems due to the need for hands-on training. Therefore, the institution must provide a technological trend for lecturers and students, improve the teachers' competence in online instructional media, and improve software and equipment facilities that encourage and support the online learning process for more effective implementation.

Contexts for developing of national essential diagnostics lists. Lessons from a mixed-methods study of existing documents, stakeholders and decision making on tier-specific essential in-vitro diagnostics in African countries.

Since 2019, the WHO recommends the development and implementation of National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL) to facilitate availability of In-Vitro Diagnostics (IVDs) across the various tiers of the healthcare pyramid, facilities with or without a laboratory on-site. To be effective, the development of NEDL should take into consideration the challenges and opportunities associated with current modalities for organization of tier specific testing services in-country. We conducted a mixed-methods analysis set out to explore available national policies, guidelines and decision-making processes that affect accessibility of diagnostics in African countries; 307 documents from 48 African countries were reviewed and 28 in-depth (group) interviews with 43 key-informants in seven countries were conducted between June and July 2022. Of the 48 countries, Nigeria was the only one with formal NEDL. Twenty-five countries had national test menus (63% outdated, from 2015 or earlier) all specifying tests by laboratory tier (5 including the "community tier"), with additional details on equipment (20), consumables (12), and personnel requirements (11). The most popular criteria to select essential IVDs in the quantitative analysis relate to specificities of the tests, whereas in the qualitative study most mentioned were health care and laboratory contextual factors. Quality assurance and waste management for tests at "community tier" were highlighted as concerns by all the respondents. Additional barriers to implementation included the low decision-making power of Laboratory Directorates within the Ministry of Health, as well as the chronic budgetary gaps for clinical laboratory services and policy and strategic plan development outside of vertical programmes. Four countries out of seven would rather revise their test menus by updating them and add ''community tier", than developing a separate NEDL, the former being considered more operational. This study provides a unique set of practical recommendations to the process of development and effective implementation on NEDL in Africa.

Flexible Manufacturing for the Promotion of Companies

There are companies that add a free souvenir to the sale of their products; they contribute to increase the satisfaction of their "heavy users" in their purchases by receiving an extra gift. A very good promotional strategy is to periodically update this souvenir, and generally this strategy is applied according to the results of a market research on the identified tastes of the customers, and then marketing should be used for the design of the gift products. The souvenir suppliers need to have processes that can be adapted to each change requested by their customers, they must have flexible manufacturing. A review of the literature on the promotion of products destined to customers through gifts was conducted, as well as the fundamental aspects to consider in flexible manufacturing for promotional purposes. It was found that it is necessary to have technology for information management that integrates the disciplines of flexible manufacturing, marketing, information technology, design, and costs for souvenir suppliers to effectively meet their commitments; they will have the information in real time; digital information management will involve innovation in the information systems of enterprises: supplier, customer, advertising, and souvenir designer; it will involve business-savvy CIOs; it will also involve digital twin simulation and automation of the production process for effective implementation of flexible manufacturing.

Infrared Small-Target Detection Based on Multi-level Local Contrast Measure

Infrared small target detection technology is one of the key technologies for reconnaissance, guidance, and early warning systems, and it has important theoretical and practical value to conduct in-depth research on it. However, there are several challenges in infrared small target detection. Firstly, infrared small targets have low signal-to-noise ratio, which makes them easily submerged in complex backgrounds. Secondly, since infrared small target detection is a long-distance imaging process, there is no shape or texture information available, which increases the difficulty of target detection. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a multi-level contrast enhancement method to suppress structural background, and develops a more effective detection algorithm. Based on the concept of local contrast measurement (LCM), a new contrast-based small target detection algorithm called Multi-Level Local Contrast Measurement (MLLCM) is constructed, and its effective implementation process is provided. Compared with LCM, MPCM (Multiscale Patch-based Contrast Measure), and other algorithms, this algorithm effectively enhances the target area and eliminates background clutter. The results on simulated images demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm.

АНАЛІТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙ У ВИРОБНИЦТВІ

The article examines the economic essence of innovations in production and their structure. The role of economic resources in the process of implementing innovations in production is determined. Implementation of such innovations is carried out through the implementation of relevant innovation and investment projects in all spheres and branches of the national economy. The process of systematic, planned and effective implementation of the mentioned projects will ensure the innovative recovery of the Ukrainian economy, which determines the relevance of the topic of the article. Innovation in production is the replacement of one or more economic resources by another, more efficient economic resource. The result of this kind of innovation is a reduction in production costs. The economic structure of innovation in production is formed by its two components. The component of innovation in production of the first type is aimed at replacing one traditional resource with another traditional resource. This refers to the replacement of labor resources with capital or the replacement of capital resources with other (cheaper) capital resources. The component of innovation in production of the second type is the replacement of both traditional production resources (both labor and capital) with a new economic resource – innovative. An innovative resource is a qualitatively new production factor. It is formed through the transformation of intellectual and informational resources (which are not economic resources due to their limited nature). This transformation takes place under the influence of entrepreneurial resources in the process of commercialization of innovations. Innovations in the production of a high specific gravity component of the second type are new or improved technologies. It is with the component of innovation in production of the second type that the prospect of social development based on innovation is primarily connected. Like all other factors of production, the innovation resource forms a factor income – innovation rent. The process of formation of innovative rent is associated with significant risks. However, in case of success, the amount of innovative rent per invested resource can significantly exceed traditional factor income (rent, interest, business income). It is this circumstance that drives the activation of innovative activities of business entities.

Features of the creation and development of organizations in the management of socio-cultural activities

The article substantiates and analyzes the peculiarities of the creation of organizations as a strategic tool that can ensure an effective implementation process in the activities of the manager of the socio-cultural sphere. The factors influencing the manager’s activity on the formation and promotion of the individual’s own socio-cultural experience are characterized. The principles of the organization, the philosophy of which corresponds to the institutional theory, the balance between the tasks determined by the specific internal socioeconomic policy and the public interests of the economic system in which this organization operates are emphasized and defined. The category “organization” serves as a fundamental basis for the formation of general explanatory principles, which are used to analyze the relationships between the subject and the object of management and other phenomena and processes. The structure, directions and forms of activity of the manager of the socio-cultural sphere, who carry out their activities while applying the principles of formation, functioning of the management system, professional experience, technologies, finances and legal components for the development of the organization, are characterized.

Sustainability-oriented technology adoption in Tonga: the impact of Government's incentives and internal factors

PurposeThe paper seeks to investigate the impacts of government's incentives and internal aspects (i.e. firms' ethics and firms' attitudes) on the implementation of sustainability-oriented technology (SOT) among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Tonga. Those aspects are imperative to examine as numerous enterprises in developing nations possess insufficient assets that suspend applying innovations, specifically SOT incorporated with enterprise management. Thus, it is unavoidable for an intermediary to intervene in technology implementation, and developing the more effective implementation process is reckoned. Meanwhile, governments possess the assets and authority to motivate the SOT implementation extensively. Therefore, this paper assesses governmental factors as influencing drivers for realizing cost-effective and well-organized implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique to assess the information collected from 266 Tongan SMEs.FindingsThe outcomes indicate that government's policy and subsidies positively and significantly shape firms' ethics and attitudes regarding SOT implementation in Tonga.Research limitations/implicationsThe research analyzes the SOT implementation in a single country of Tonga; thus, the findings cannot be generalized to other emerging countries. Besides, this study selects SMEs as the sample; hence, it cannot be used to explain the behaviors of large companies.Originality/valueThe research is the first attempt to assess such impacts in the SMEs of a South Pacific nation.

Enablers of Open Innovation in Software Development Micro-Organization

The implementation of the open innovation (OI) model is associated with a significant organizational change within the existing processes, business models, and prevailing customs. This change takes appropriate measures to prepare for and conduct an effective implementation process. Only a small number of research concerns software development micro-organizations using the OI model. Therefore, this article focuses on defining and systematizing the activities supporting the implementation of OI, which are initiated depending on the implementation process and the organizational level at which a given process is implemented. The research was carried out based on a case study in the Sandstream Development Sp. z o. o. (SSD) organization by analyzing the approach to the implementation of the Sandtime.io project. As a result of the undertaken research effort, the assumed research goal and a theoretical model of implementing open innovations in software development micro-organizations were developed. In addition, the importance of preparing the foundation for the OI model was also emphasized through the recommendations for managers regarding the implementation of individual implementation activities.

Green Belt Implementation in Arid Lands through Soil Reconditioning and Landscape Design: The Case of Hermosillo, Mexico

Green belts are an urban planning approach meant to address urban sprawl and enhance resilience. Many Latin American cities located in arid lands would benefit from the green belt; however, little is known about the factors that determine green belt implementation in these regions. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by examining the case of Hermosillo, Mexico, a rapidly growing city located in a desert environment with an envisioned green belt. A cross-disciplinary team worked with city officials and NGOs to implement a portion of the green belt by identifying suitable soils to locate and design a park within strategic segments of the green belt. However, rapid urbanization and the urgent need for recreational spaces led to the destruction of the landscape. A reflection on lessons learned stress the need for engagement with local communities and real estate developers to integrate social needs and market forces into the planning process for effective green belt implementation. Recommendations include a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches, with efforts centered around housing development that provides the needed infrastructure and public space and is fully integrated to the rest of the city. For cities in arid lands, it becomes critical to adopt soft-path approaches for water resources management, assessment of soil conditions, and reconditioning of poor or polluted soils. To maintain the ecological functions of the protected land, efforts must be accompanied by policies that support the vision for the green belt, means to regulate gentrification, and resources allocated for enforcement.

Managerial Competencies and Firm Performance in the Furniture Manufacturing Sector in Kenya

Purpose: The study aims to examine the contribution of managerial competencies with indicators, namely leadership, employee development, decision making, succession planning and governance to the performance of the furniture manufacturing sector with firm size and firm age as a moderating variable.&#x0D; Design / Method / Approach: The study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design of which a sample of 280 licensed firms was randomly selected. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the managers and a factor analysis was used to reduce the number of variables and find out the underlying constructs while the analysis of moments of structures was applied to develop a theory.&#x0D; Findings: The study found that managerial competencies and firm performance had a positive and statistically significant contribution. The moderating effect of firm size and age on firm performance was found negative predicting that the variable had no moderating influence on firm performance.&#x0D; Theoretical Implications: This study concludes that to enhance firm performance measured in terms of profitability and growth there is need to manage and sustain firm performance based on leadership, employee development, decision-making, succession planning and governance to create competitive advantages through an effective strategy implementation process.&#x0D; Practical Implications: This study will not only add value to the existing body of knowledge in strategic management practice but also point out that while implementing the strategy, CEOs and senior managers should consider these factors in order to improve firm performance.&#x0D; Originality / Value: This study is unique since it provides an expansion of the conceptualization of a managerial competency framework.&#x0D; Research Limitations / Future Research: The study findings are solely based on the views of managers/owners and therefore, the results are prone to managers’ bias. Thus, more studies should incorporate other stakeholders, namely consumers, suppliers and dealers. The study is only based on furniture manufacturing firms in eight counties and therefore, generalizability of the findings could be limited to only the eight counties. Thus, more studies should be carried out to include other counties making the study more national.&#x0D; Paper type: Empirical

Roles and actions of managers in circular supply chain implementation: A resource orchestration perspective

Managers play an integral part in the effective transition to circular supply chain (CSC) because of their ability to influence the environmental sustainability in their supply chain. However, limited studies focus on the varied roles and actions of supply chain managers in the transition to CSC. Drawing on the resource orchestration perspective (ROP), the study develops a framework to give insights on how managers in construction and demolition (C&D) can orchestrate resources for strategic CE implementation. Findings from this study identified specific roles and related actions of managers that should be prioritized for transition to CSC in the Ghanaian C&D industry. The study explicitly emphasizes the need to characterize and prioritize the resource orchestration process for effective strategic implementation in the entire supply chain. Many of the identified significant roles and related actions by managers are related to mobilization. The study may be the first to focus on the varied roles and related actions of managers in CE implementation from ROP.

Soil governance: The case of implementation and enforcement

This chapter focuses on how sustainable soil management provisions could be implemented and enforced. It discusses first how institutional arrangements have to be built up in order to establish effective implementation and enforcement processes. One basic question is which management tasks for soil governance have to be dealt with by governmental entities. Secondly, the chapter outlines how science could contribute to effective legal implementation and enforcement. Thirdly, the involvement of the general public, stakeholders and experts is elucidated. These aspects need to be stressed as being essential and important as reasonable substantive provisions are only “ink on paper” as long as they are not fully implemented and enforced.