Effects Of Various Doses Research Articles

Variable Doses of Nigella sativa in Isoniazid Induced Liver Toxicity in Rabbits

Objective: To evaluate the effect of various doses of Nigella sativa in isoniazid induced liver biochemical changes in Rabbits.
 Study design: Animal study
 Place of study: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration of Animal house BMSI, JPMC Karachi.
 Method:
 In this animal study, 48 (N) healthy rabbits of either sex were randomly selected and equally divided in four groups (12 in each). Group I, was given only healthy diet. Group II, given Isoniazid at 50mg/kg body weight per day orally. Group III, was given Isoniazid 50mg plus Nigella sativa 500 mg/kg body weight/day orally and Group IV, given Isoniazid 50mg plus Nigella sativa 1gm/kg body weight/day orally. Treatment duration was 20 days. Liver biochemical changes i-e, Serum Total Bilirubin, ALT and AST were investigated on 00 and 21 days respectively. The data was collected on designed proforma and assessed statistically using SPSS version 16 and paired T- Test was applied.
 Results:
 In Group I the liver biochemical changes were non-significant on 00 and 21 days. (S. Total Bilirubin, p value = 0.06, ALT, p = 0.09 & AST, p = 0.74). Group II the parameters were significantly raised, when 00 and 21 days were compared. (S. Total Bilirubin p = 0.00, ALT p = 0.00 & AST p = 0.00). In Group III the liver biochemical changes noted both significant and non-significant when compared between 00 and 21 days. (S. Total Bilirubin p = 0.06, ALT p = 0.00 & AST p = 0.74). Group IV the liver biochemical changes were non-significant when compared between 00 and 21 days. (S. Total Bilirubin p = 0.06, ALT p = 0.09 & AST p = 0.74)
 Conclusion:
 Nigella sativa showed protective role on isoniazid induced liver toxicity in rabbits.

FIBRE FLAX YIELD AND QUALITY DEPENDING ON INCREASED DOSES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

The article presents results of a three-year study (from 2019 to 2021) on evaluation of application of various doses of complete mineral fertilizer on fiber flax. The soil of the experimental plot is soddy-podzolic, medium loamy, with a low content of humus, with slightly acidic reaction of the soil medium, a high content of phosphorus and an average content of potassium. The object of the study was a new promising fiber flax variety Phoenix of Smolensk breeding. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of various doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers on yield and quality of seeds and fiber of a new variety of fiber flax. It was established that application of mineral fertilizers for fiber flax significantly increased the yield of seeds (by 80%) and flax straw (by 76%). Maximum yield was observed on variants 333 and 444 (48 - 64 kg a.r./ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The crop structure and the quality parametres of the obtained products improved under the influence of mineral fertilizers. In particular, a tendency of increase of plant height and the weight of 1000 seeds by 15% in relation to the control up to appropriate variant (N64P64K64 inclusive) was revealed. The number of capsules formed on the plant directly depended on the dose of mineral fertilizer and was maximum when nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied at 112 kg a.r./ha and amounted to 78% compared to the variant without fertilizer. The yield of long flax fiber increased by 112.5% and its yield by 28% in case of increase of the dose of mineral fertilizers (from 90 kg a.r./ha). When using medium and high doses of mineral fertilizers, the fiber had high strength values up to 32.3 kg/s, but its flexibility decreased.

Changes in agrochemical indicators of light gray forest soil and productivity of meadow clover depending on the level of mineral nutrition against the background of the aftereffect of liming in the conditions of the South-East of the Volga-Vyatka region

The research was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment, launched in 1978 on light gray forest soil in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In 2020-2021, the effectiveness of various doses of mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0, N15P40K60, N30P80K120, N45P120K180) was studied against the background of liming when laying the experiment (in doses 0; 0.5;1.0;1.5; 2.0; 2.5 of hydrolytic acidity) on the yield of meadow clover Martum of the 1st and 2nd years of use. It has been established that the studied lime doses introduced in 1978, by August 2021 had not affected the change in agrochemical parameters of light gray forest soil (acidity, content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, humus) and the yield of meadow clover of the 1st and 2nd year of use. A long-term use (1978-2021) of single and double doses of mineral fertilizers did not provide the accumulation of humus, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium as compared to their initial content in arable layer of light gray forest soil. Increased content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium (Р2О5 per 34.1 mg/kg, К2О per 22.3 mg/kg) was observed by long-term application of three-fold doses of mineral fertilizers. Application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N45P120K180 enabled to obtain 36.5 and 37.9 t/ha of green mass during the 1st and the 2nd year of use and the highest total yield of 74.4 t/ha that is 12.0-22.2 t/ha higher than the control and all the rest variants of mineral fertilizers application.

Influence of crops mineral nutrition on the biometric indicators of grain sorghum formation

The study of the elements of grain sorghum cultivation technology, in particular, the application of mineral fertilizers, is one of the main promising tasks, which will contribute to the formation of high crop productivity. The article shows the results of studies on the effect of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the the growing season duration, feld germination and biometric indicators of sorghum plants of grain varieties Dniprovsky 39 and Vinets in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The studies were carried out in 2016–2020 in the conditions of the Bila Tserkva Experimental Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Sciences – the zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It was found that the use of fertilizers at a dose of N30P30K30 and N60P60K60 increased the duration of the growing season of grain sorghum plants by 1–2 days compared to the control, and at a dose of N90P90K90 and N120P120K120 by 2–3. At the calculated dose of fertilizers, the growing season was the shortest and amounted to 114 days for the Dniprovsky variety 39 and 112 days for the Vinets variety. The greatest influence on the feld germination of seeds in the years of research was exerted by weather conditions – 27.1 % and fertilizers – 13.2 %, and the degree of influence of varieties was much less 9.5 %. The results of the correlation-regression analysis reveal a strong relationship between the stem diameter and plant height, as well as between the leaf surface area and plant height. It was found out that with the application of maximum doses of fertilizers (N90P90K90 and N120P120K120) and the estimated (N50P40K70) received the maximum growth and development of plants, so it is advisable to apply the estimated dose of fertilizers below the planned yield, which will reduce production costs. Key words: varieties, fertilizers, feld similarity, plant height, leaf area.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Ilex latifolia Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity.

The polyphenolic extract of Ilex latifolia (PEIL) exhibits a variety of biological activities. An evaluation of the parameters influencing the ultrasonic extraction process and the assessment of PEIL antioxidant activity are presented herein. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the experimental conditions for the polyphenols ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) from the leaves of Ilex latifolia. We identified the following optimal conditions of PEIL: ethanol concentration of 53%, extraction temperature of 60 °C, extraction time of 26 min and liquid–solid ratio of 60 mL/g. Using these parameters, the UAE had a yield of 35.77 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g, similar to the value we predicted using RSM (35.864 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity of PEIL was assessed in vitro, using various assays, as well as in vivo. We tested the effects of various doses of PEIL on D-galactose induced aging. Vitamin C (Vc) was used as positive control. After 21 days of administration, we measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mouse serum and liver tissue. The results demonstrated that the PEIL exhibits potent radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrythydrazyl (DPPH∙), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+), and hydroxyl (∙OH) radicals. The serum concentrations of SOD and GSH-Px were higher, and MDA levels were lower, in the medium- and high-dose PEIL-treated groups than those in the aging group (p < 0.01), and the activity of MDA was lower than those of the model group (p < 0.01). The liver concentrations of SOD and GSH-Px were higher (p < 0.05), and MDA levels were lower, in the medium- and high-dose PEIL-treated groups than those in the aging control group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that optimizing the conditions of UAE using RSM could significantly increase the yield of PEIL extraction. PEIL possesses strong antioxidant activity and use as a medicine or functional food could be further investigated.

Thyroid and Extrathyroid Effects of Methimazole in Modeling Hypothyroidism with Different Doses of Antithyroid Drug: Morfofunctional Study

Aims: Methimazole (MMI) is widely used in experimental thyroidology. However, the effect on thyroid function can vary widely depending on the route of administration and doses of the antithyroid drug. In some cases, it is difficult to determine whether the results obtained are a manifestation of thyroid dysfunction or a direct toxic effect of xenobiotic. The aim of the study was to establish the optimal dose of methimazole for the induction of hypothyroidism with minimal toxic effects on tissues.&#x0D; Study Design: The effect of various doses of methimazole administered intragastrically to rats on thyroid status, histological structure of thyroid, liver and kidney was studied.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Bashkir institute of Technology and Management (branch) of Moscow State University of Technology and Management n.a. K. G. Razumovsky, city of Meleuz, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia, 2018-2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Experiments were conducted on 60 nonlinear white male rats intragastrically administered different doses of methimazole. To assess the thyroid status, the concentration of circulating thyroid hormones in blood plasma and body temperature rhythms were determined. Along with the indicators of thyroid status, morphological changes in the thyroid gland, liver and kidneys were compared in rats that were administered different doses of MMI.&#x0D; Results: Hormonal profile of rats received MMI in the dose 2,5 mg/100 g of body weight. for 3 weeks revealed decrease in mean free T4 (10,8±2,14 against 16,2±0,57 in control, P&lt;0,001), total T3 (3,12±0,57 against 2,36±0,19, P&lt;0,001 with the increase of TSH (0, 12±0,01 against 1,96±0,18, P&lt;0,001). The hypothyroid state in this group of animals is also confirmed by decrease in the arithmetic mean values of body temperature.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that a dose of 2.5 mg/100 g of b. w. for 3 w. leads to the development of symptoms characteristic of endemic thyroid dysfunction, and is accompanied by minimal toxic effects on tissues.

The effect of a mixture of iron and nickel nanopowders of various concentrations on the growth and yield of corn

This paper shows the effect of various doses of a mixture of nanopowders of metals-microelements of iron and nickel (Fe + Ni) on the growth of corn, yield and its structure. Various doses of a mixture of Fe+Ni nanopowders were studied in the range of 0.5-2.0 g/t for corn ROSS 145 MB (grain hybrid). A mixture of iron and nickel nanopowders is effective in dressing corn before sowing. When using a dose of NP Fe + Ni 1.0 g/t, the height of plants in the phase of 5-6 leaves increased by 7.1%, in the flowering phase the leaf area increased by 18.4% higher than the control. It is shown that a mixture of Fe+Ni nanopowders 1.0 g/t increased the yield of green mass with cobs by 12.6%, cobs without a wrapper - by 14.3%, the weight of 10 cobs - by 185 g or 10.9% higher than the control. Under the influence of the optimal dose of nanopowders NP Fe + Ni 1.0 g/t in corn grain, the ash level increased by 0.18%, crude protein - by 1.4%, the amount of fat practically did not change. The content of vitamins has changed significantly, for example, vitamin C in the experiment is almost 2 times higher than the control, vitamin A - by 48%, vitamin E - lower than the control by 20%.

МУКА ЗАРОДЫШЕЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ МУЧНЫХ КОНДИТЕРСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ

The article considers the use of wheat germ flour (WGF) to increase the nutritional value and im-prove the quality of butter biscuits. Wheat germ is a by-product of flour milling. Wheat germ flour contains vitamins B, A, E, magnesium, potassium, manganese, phosphorus, phospholipids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids. Studies have been carried out on the effect of various dosages of wheat germ flour on the water absorption capacity of wheat flour, on the rheological properties of shortcrust pastry and finished products, on the organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters of butter biscuits, as well as on the mass fraction of fiber in the fin-ished biscuits. The introduction of wheat germ flour into the biscuit recipe increases the water ab-sorption capacity of wheat flour, and the rheological properties of the dough change towards an increase in elastic properties. A recipe for butter biscuits has been developed with the addition of 9% wheat germ flour to the mass of flour due to the dry matter of all raw materials. This sample has the best commercial and consumer properties. The physicochemical parameters of such a product differ from the control sample by increased by 2.0% mass fraction of total sugar, 1.3% mass fraction of fat, 0.1% mass fraction of total ash, 1.0% mass fraction of fiber and 6.0% wetta-bility. The optimal sample has twice the maximum static and dynamic stresses compared to the control, which leads to less brittleness and brittleness during transportation of products.

Урожайность и качество картофеля в зависимости от примeнения различных доз минеральных удобрений

Annotation. The quality indicators of potato tubers (dry matter content, starch, nitrates and heavy metals) are greatly influenced by varietal characteristics, agricultural practices, soil and climatic conditions and many other factors, among which the level of mineral nutrition is of great importance. The article presents experimental data on the study of the effect of various doses of mineral fertilizers on potatoes in the conditions of the foothill zone of North Ossetia. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in the agroecological conditions of North Ossetia on the soils of leached chernozem, the influence of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity and quality of potatoes was studied. The objectives of the study included studying the effect of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the height and number of potato stalks per bush, starch content, dry matter, and potato yield. Research methods. Records and observations were carried out according to the generally accepted methods described in the “Educational and Methodological Guide for Conducting Research in Agronomy”. The experience was laid in threefold sequence. Determination of the quantitative content of vitamin C in potato tubers was carried out by the Tillmans method. According to the results of experimental data, the use of mineral fertilizers made it possible to obtain a high yield of potatoes, so the yield on the Sadon variety was 27.9, 28.2, 30.3 t/ha, and in the control variant – 27.7 t/ha. It has been established that mineral fertilizers under the same soil and weather conditions contributed to the different development of plants, so the height of the stems of potato plants of the Farn variety is by – 2.2, 11.5, 9.4 cm higher than in the control variant. The nutritional backgrounds of the zone did not have a significant effect on the number of years of stems, pieces, but contribute to the accumulation of starch. Mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the content of vitamin C in potato tubers from 11.2–12.5 mg/100 g. The highest accumulation of dry matter was noted in the Background 3 (N120P120K120) variant – 18.3 and 18.8 %.

Photosynthetic activity of narrow-leaved lupine plants with various options for fertilization and seed treatment

Target. Intensification of photosynthetic activity of narrow-leaved lupine plants in order to increase the level of crop grain yield by creating optimal conditions for their growth and development due to the combination in the technological process of the dose of mineral fertilizers calculated for the planned yield and foliar top dressing with fertilizers during critical periods of crop development, as well as seed treatment before sowing by inoculant with a fungicide. Ways. Field (to study the interaction of the research object with biotic and abiotic factors); morphophysiological (for biological control over the development of performance elements at the stages of organogenesis); weight (to establish the parameters of indicators of the elements of the structure of the crop and determine the yield of grain); statistical (statistical processing of research results). Results. The basis for increasing the yield of narrow-leaved lupine is the intensification of photosynthetic processes in plant organims. Strengthening these processes is impossible without optimizing the nutrition system at each of the corresponding stages of the life cycle of a plant organism. One of the ways to solve the problem of optimizing the balance of nutrients in agrocenosis is a complex combination in a single technological cycle of such elements as the main fertilizer, foliar fertilizing with microelements in an accessible form and sowing with seeds treated with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in combination with a biofungicide. The results of studies of the effect of various doses of mineral fertilizers, a bioinoculant and a disinfectant, as well as foliar fertilization with a fertilizer in a chelate form at different stages of organogenesis on the photosynthetic activity of narrow-leaved lupine cultivar Peremozhets plants are presented. The optimal dose of mineral fertilizers and the timing of foliar feeding of plants, as well as the need for pre-sowing treatment of seeds with an inoculant and a biofungicide, were determined. Conclusions. Such a complex of agrotechnical measures (applying a dose of mineral fertilizers (N68P48K66) calculated for the planned grain yield of narrow-leaved lupine variety Peremozhets 3.5 t/ha, sowing with seeds treated with a bioinoculant (1 l/t) in combination with biofungicide 3 kg/ha) on II stage of organogenesis of lupine plants) contributed to the intensification of photosynthetic activity of plants (the maximum leaf surface area (659.9 cm2/growth) was formed at the VIII stage of organogenesis, most of the dry matter (13.1 g/growth) accumulated at the X stage of organogenesis, which exceeded the absolute control values ​​by 138.8% and 61.7%, respectively.

Efficacy of Metribuzin Doses on Physiological, Growth, and Yield Characteristics of Wheat and Its Associated Weeds.

Weeds cause a serious constraint to wheat productivity. Chemical weed control is considered the most effective method to control weeds; however, a suitable dose and combination of herbicide with adjuvants play a vital role in controlling weeds and producing maximum wheat production. A field study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of various doses of metribuzin alone or in combination with adjuvants [Bio-power (alkyl ether sulfates and sodium salts) and Ad-500 (fatty alcohol ethoxylate)] on the growth and yield of wheat and its associated weeds. Metribuzin at 175, 140, and 105 g a.i ha–1, each in combination with adjuvants (Bio-power or Ad-500) at 400 ml ha–1, were sprayed. A weedy check was also included as a control treatment. The wheat crop was infested with Fumaria indica, Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, and Phalaris minor, and metribuzin with or without adjuvant was sprayed at two- to four-leaf stage of the weeds. The photosynthetic activity, weed population of each weed, and biomass of each weed was significantly affected by all herbicides along with the adjuvant. However, maximum inhibition of tested weeds was observed where metribuzin at 175 g a.i ha–1 + Bio-power at 400 ml ha–1 were sprayed. Metribuzin sprayed at 175 g a.i ha–1 with or without Bio-power recorded a maximum 1,000-grain weight, biological yield, and grain yield. Conclusively, metribuzin sprayed at 175 g a.i ha–1 + Bio-power at 400 at ml ha–1 have the potential to improve wheat yield by inhibiting weed growth, and Bio-power was superior to Ad-500 in improving the efficacy of metribuzin against weeds of wheat crop.

Optimization of Renal Delivery of an MMP2‐inhibitory Peptide Delivered Using the Elastin‐like Polypeptide Carrier

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue associated with the development of renal fibrosis. Renal fibrosis is caused by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to organ failure and is the final common pathway in CKD. ECM homeostasis and degradation are mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Imbalances in MMP activity exacerbate renal damage and fibrosis. While increased expression of some MMPs can be anti‐fibrotic, other MMPs, such as MMP2, activate pro‐inflammatory and fibrotic chemokines and cytokines. Our group has developed an MMP2 inhibitory biologic by fusing an MMP2 inhibitory peptide to a protein biopolymer (ELP‐MMP2i). We hypothesize that ELP‐MMP2i will accumulate in the kidney after systemic administration and reduce or reverse the effects of renal fibrosis. ELP‐MMP2i has potent MMP2 inhibitory activity in vitro (IC50 = 1.1 mM). A pilot study utilizing continuous infusion of ELP‐MMP2i demonstrated reduced proteinuria and albuminuria in a hypertension induced glomerulosclerosis rat model (Dahl Salt Sensitive Rat). The aim of the current study was to optimize the renal delivery of ELP‐MMP2i. Three ELP‐MMP2i proteins using ELP domains of varying molecular weights (26 kDa, 50 kDa, and 99 kDa) were constructed. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of these proteins were determined following iv or sc injections (600 nmol/kg) in Sprague Dawley Rats (n= 4/group). The plasma clearance following an iv injection was inversely proportional to the molecular weight, and half‐lives were 0.4, 0.6, and 1.1 hours for the 26, 50, and 99 kDa proteins respectively (Figure A3). Similar results were observed with sc administration, with the smallest protein exhibiting the fastest absorption and the highest peak plasma levels (400 nM, 240 nM, and 180 nM peak plasma, respectively; Figure B2). Bioavailability was 55.3, 25.1, and 16.7% for 26, 50, and 99 kDa proteins respectively following sc administration. Both iv and sc injections exhibited significant deposition in the kidney (Figures A1 &amp; B1), and an inverse correlation between protein size and renal tissue concentrations of 6.2 ± 1.9, 3.6 ± 0.2, and 2.5 ± 0.4 mM renal concentrations for the 26, 50, and 99 kDa proteins, respectively, following iv administration (two‐way ANOVA p&lt;0.0001 Figure A2), and 2.0 ± 0.7, 0.6 ± 0.1, and 0.5 ± 0.1 mM renal concentrations following sc injections (two‐way ANOVA p&lt;0.0001, Figure B2). To further elucidate the pharmacokinetic properties of the protein in a model with renal injury and to test the effects of various doses, Dahl Salt Sensitive rats on an 8% NaCl diet were given a daily sc injections of 300 nmol/kg, 600 nmol/kg or 1,200 nmol/kg of the smallest ELP‐MMP2i peptide (n=3/group) for 7 days. ELP‐MMP2i accumulated almost exclusively in the kidneys with renal concentrations of 7.1 ± 0.3, 12.9 ± 1.2, and 25.0 ± 2.8 mM (p&lt;0.0001, two‐way ANOVA) following doses of 300, 600, and 1,200 nmol/kg/day respectively). These studies revealed that the smallest 26 kDa ELP‐MMP2i protein achieved the best balance of bioavailability and renal deposition. The results indicate that therapeutic doses of ELP‐MMP2i above the IC50can be achieved by daily sc administration.

RESPON PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI DOSIS PUPUK BOKASHI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) LOKAL KONAWE

This study aims to determine the effect of various doses of bokashi fertilizer on the growth response and production of local Konawe corn plants and to determine which treatment has the best effect on the application of various doses of bokashi fertilizer on the growth response and production of local corn plants in Konawe. This research took place at the Field Laboratory of Experimental Gardens II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. From January to March 2021. This study used a randomized block design consisting of 5 levels of treatment, namely control without bokashi fertilizer (B0), bokashi fertilizer 5 t ha-1(B1), bokashi fertilizer 10 t ha-1 (B2), bokashi fertilizer 15 t ha-1 (B3), bokashi fertilizer 20 t ha-1 (B4). Each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 15 experimental units. The results showed that the observed variables had a very significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, cob weight, ear length (cm), wind-dried shell weight, weight of 100 seeds and productivity. The best treatment was obtained at doses of bokashi fertilizer of 20 t ha-1 (B4) and 15 t ha-1 (B3).

Biomol Potential from Vegetable Market and Tofu Factory Waste for Cleared Land Crops

This research was conducted in Cialam Caya Village, Konda Subdistrict, South Konawe Regency, in July - September 2021. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of various doses of Biomol on the growth and yield of mustard greens. This study was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RAK) which consisted of 7 treatments with biomol doses, namely: control (without biomol), P1 50 ml, P2 100 ml, P3 150 ml, P4 200 ml, P5 250 ml, P6 300 ml, 3-time treatment repetition to produce 21 experimental units. The results of this study concluded that the administration of biomol had a very significant effect on the growth and yield of mustard greens (plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight) and the best dose of biomol for mustard greens (Brassica Juncea L.) was at a dose of 200 ml.

Evaluation of anti-gastric ulcer activity of aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts of Urtica simensis in rats

BackgroundGastric ulcer is a major public health problem globally and associated with severe complications including hemorrhages, perforations, gastrointestinal obstruction, and malignancy. Urtica simensis is widely used for traditional management of gastric ulcer in different parts of Ethiopia. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-gastric ulcer activity of aqueous and 80% methanol extracts of U.simensis in rats. MethodsThe leaf extracts were prepared using decoction (aqueous) and maceration (80% methanol) techniques and in vivo anti-gastric ulcer effects of various doses of U. simensis extracts and the effect were determined using the pylorus ligation, indomethacin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer models. ResultsIn pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer model, both aqueous and 80% methanol extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were exhibited significant reduction in total acidity, volume of gastric secretion (p < 0.001) and substansial rise in pH (p˂0.05) of the gastric secretion. In indomethacin induced ulcer model, both aqueous and methanol extracts were exhibited dose dependent increment in gastric wall mucus compared to control (p < 0.001). In ethanol induced ulcer model, all doses of extract produced significant increment in gastric wall mucus from 46.66 ± 0.96 (AQ100) to 75.87 ± 1.52 (ME 400) μg alcian blue/g wet stomach. Five days pre-treatment with 200 mg/kg of both and aqueous and methanolic extracts exhibited significant (P < 0.001) ulcer inhibition in both indomethacin and ethanol-induced ulcer models. ConclusionBoth extracts of U.simensis exhibited a promising anti-gastric ulcer activity in all of the three models and this findings supports for traditional claimed use of the leaf of U. simensis.

Apelin and Apelin Receptor in Follicular Granulosa Cells of Buffalo Ovaries: Expression and Regulation of Steroidogenesis.

Apelin (APLN), as a ligand for APJ (an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor), is an adipokine with pleiotropic effects in many physiological processes of the body. It has an important role in the control of reproduction particularly in females (mainly in control of ovarian function). This study was carried out to investigate the mRNA and protein amounts of APLN/APJ in granulose cells (GCs) of ovarian follicles with small (SF), medium (MF), and large (LF) sizes of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the effect of IGF1 and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the expression levels of APLN/APJ. In addition, we evaluated the effect of various doses of APLN (isoforms -13 and -17) singly or in combination with IGF1 and FSH on estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) secretion in GCs. The mRNA and protein abundance of APLN was the highest in GCs of LF while the APJ expression enhanced with follicle enlargement in GCs (p-value <0.01). IGF1 and FSH elevated the mRNA and protein amounts of APLN and FSH, and IGF1 increased the expression of APJ in buffalo GCs (p-value <0.01). Both isoforms of APLN (-13/-17) singly or in the presence of IGF1 or FSH increased the secretion of E2 and P4 with or without preincubation of cells with APJ antagonist (ML221 10 µM), although we had some variation in the effects. Concurrently, APLN-13/-17 significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of CYP19A1 and StAR (p-value <0.01). ML221 substantially diminished the secretion of E2 and P4 and also the expression of CY19A1 and StAR in buffalo GCs (p-value <0.01). We also revealed that APLN-13/-17 (10-9 M), singly or in response to IGF1 and FSH, increased the production of E2 and P4 in different times of stimulation. In conclusion, APLN may play a crucial role in steroidogenesis and follicular development in ovarian GCs of buffalo.

The impact of radiation on the morphological, structural properties, linear and nonlinear optical parameters of gallium phthalocyanine chloride thin films for optoelectronic devices

The effects of various doses of gamma rays (GR) in the range of 1–10 kGy on thermally evaporated gallium phthalocyanine chloride (GaPcCl) thin films were investigated in this work. According to the results, GR has a significant influence on the structural and optical characteristics of GaPcCl thin films. The structure of GR was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). After 10 KGy irradiation, the optical band gap shrank from 1.98 eV to 1.60 eV. The irradiation has a great impact on optical characteristics such as the refractive index n, absorption coefficient (α), Conductivity (Optical, σOpt and Electrical, σElect.), and complex dielectric constant (ϵ). The ratio of carrier concentration to effective mass N/m*, lattice (ϵL), infinity (ϵ∞) dielectric constants, oscillator energy (Eo) and dispersion energy Ed were all analyzed as dispersion parameters. The optical moments (M-3 and M-1) were computed and observed to reduce with irradiation at suggested doses. Also, some of nonlinear optical parameters such as third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) were determined.

The Impact of Using Salt on Drying Rate of Fish

Fish drying by using additional salt as a preservative and adding flavor to the fish. This study aims to determine the effect of various doses of salt on the quality of tilapia, motan, dried salted lemongrass and the difference that does not use salt on the quality of fish. This type of research is quantitative research with experimental methods. The independent variable in this study was the concentration of NaCl salt as a treatment, namely 10%, 20%, 30% of the total fish weight. The controlled variables of this study were the type of fish, weather conditions, and materials used. The research process begins with weeding motan, tilapia, and lemongrass fish, namely motan fish, tilapia, and lemongrass fish, weighing 100 grams. Then the fish are weeded with running water, removed all the contents of the fish's stomach, and drained until the fish does not contain too much water. Then the addition of salt to the motan fish, tilapia, and lemongrass fish has been given, namely, 27%, 34%, and 41%. The duration of soaking or salting is 24 hours. After the salting time has been completed, the fish drying process is continued. The fish dried at a temperature of 30C to 35C for 2 to 3 days to obtain the desired characteristics of salted fish. Data was collected by testing the salt content in fish with different concentrations. The results showed a difference between salted fish and unsalted fish. Salted fish has a harder texture, taste better, and have a longer shelf life.

Evaluating the cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of multi-walled carbon nanotube through weighted gene co-expression network analysis: a nanotoxicogenomics study

BackgroundMulti-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) is one of the most momentous carbonaceous nanoparticles which is widely used for various applications such as electronics, vehicles, and therapeutics. However, their possible toxicity and adverse effects convert them into a major health threat for humans and animals.ResultsIn this study, we employed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the co-expressed gene groups and dysregulated pathways due to the MWCNT exposure. For this purpose, three weighted gene co-expression networks for the microarray gene expression profiles of the mouse after 1, 6, and 12-month post-exposure to MWCNT were constructed. The module-trait analysis specified the significant modules related to different doses (1, 10, 40, and 80 µg) of MWCNT. Afterward, common genes between co-regulated and differentially expressed genes were determined. The further pathway analysis highlighted the enrichment of genes including Actb, Ube2b, Psme3, Ezh2, Alas2, S100a10, Ypel5, Rhoa, Rac1, Ube2l6, Prdx2, Ctsb, Bnip3l, Gp6, Myh9, Ube2k, Mbnl1, Kbtbd8, Riok3, Itgb1, Rap1a, and Atp5h in immune-, inflammation-, and protein metabolism-related pathways.ConclusionsThis study discloses the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects of various doses of MWCNT which also affect the metabolism system. The identified genes can serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic candidates. However, further studies should be performed to validate them in human cells.

IL-2 complex recovers steroid-induced inhibition in immunochemotherapy for head and neck cancer

Background: A combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and platinum-based chemotherapy has become the first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC). Although steroids are often used as anti-emetic medications during chemotherapy, their adverse effects on immune-combined chemotherapy are unclear in HNSCC.Methods: The effects of dexamethasone on tumor growth and immune cell population were evaluated in a mouse HNSCC model treated with PD-1 blockade combined with cisplatin. The effect of various doses of dexamethasone on cell proliferation, survival, surface markers, IFN-γ production, and antitumor effects in antigen-specific T cells was examined in vitro. The recovery of T cell dysfunction by IL-2 was assessed in vitro and in vivo.Results: In a mouse HNSCC model, dexamethasone showed limited antitumor effects on immunochemotherapy. Dexamethasone decreased the number of T cells and inhibited T cell differentiation into effector and central memory T cells. In the in vitro assessment, dexamethasone induced cell death, limited proliferation, and reduced the reactivity against HNSCC cell lines of antigen-specific T cells in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of inhibitory receptors on T cells was not affected by steroids. This inhibition was recovered by IL-2 and IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes (IL-2 Cx) in vitro and in vivo, respectively.Conclusion: Our preclinical data indicate that dexamethasone diminishes the antitumor effects of immunochemotherapy in patients with HNSCC. IL-2 Cx recovered the inhibition of antitumor immunity by steroids and might be a potent immune adjuvant for patients who require steroids during PD-1 blockade and chemotherapy.