Effect Of Triton X-100 Research Articles

Effect of Triton X-100 on electron transfer kinetics at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions: a scanning electrochemical microscopy study

Adsorption of the nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) and its effect on the oxidation of decamethyl ferrocene in 1,2-dichloroethane by aqueous Ru(CN)63− has been investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy. As the concentration of Triton X-100 in the aqueous phase was increased from 0 to 2.5×10−4 M, the rate constant for electron transfer (ET) across the ITIES decreased in a manner consistent with the surfactant blocking the area available for the reaction. The decrease in rate constant with increasing surfactant concentration was successfully analyzed in terms of Langmuirian adsorption of the surfactant, with an equilibrium constant of (2.72±0.06)×104 M−1. The overall behavior observed indicates that the ET reaction occurs primarily at the portion of the ITIES free from surfactant.

Complex Formation between Chromatium vinosum Ferric Cytochrome c′ and Bromophenol Blue

An unusual complex has been observed between the common electrophoresis tracer bromophenol blue (BPB) and the cytochrome c′ from Chromatium vinosum during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Complex formation results in a shift and increase in the intensity of the visible absorption band of BPB. Differential spectrophotometric titration of BPB with cytochrome c′ indicates that one BPB binds to each of the two subunits of cytochrome c′ with a binding constant of 4.2(0.5) × 105. The absence of a significant effect of ionic strength on the binding constant and the effect of Triton X-100 on the spectrum of BPB suggest that hydrophobic interactions are important to binding. An analysis of the structure of C. vinosum cytochrome c′ shows the presence of a surface hydrophobic patch which may participate in the binding interaction. Many of the hydrophobic amino acids in the patch are well conserved by type among all known sequences of cytochrome c′ and are found in loop elements of the 3D structure, suggesting a functional basis for conservation. It is proposed that the binding of BPB may mimic a relevant interaction involving the cytochrome c′ biological function.

Slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for steelmaking flue dust analysis

A commercial atomic absorption graphite furnace (AAGF), with a self-made adapter and valve system, was used as a slurry sampling cell for electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS). The system was applied to the determination of As, Sn, Sb, Se, Te, Bi, Cd, V, Ti and Mo in steelmaking flue dusts. Experimental conditions with respect to ETV and ICP-MS operating parameters were optimized. Compared to aqueous solutions, slurry samples were found to present better analyte transport. Microgram amounts of Rh were used to reduce the difference in analyte response in sensitivity for aqueous solutions of the tested analytes. No such increasing effect was observed for slurry samples and aqueous standards. An added quantity of Rh acting as modifier/carrier resulted in an increase for the same analytes in matrix-slurry solutions, even the addition of an extra Rh quantity has resulted in a decrease in the signals. The effect of Triton X-100 (used as a dispersant agent) on analyte intensity and precision was also studied. External calibration from aqueous standards spiked with 100 μg ml −1 Rh was performed to quantified 0.010 g/100 ml slurry samples. Results are presented for a certified reference electrical arc furnace flue dust (EAF): CRM-876-1 (Bureau of Analysis Samples Ltd., Cleveland, UK), a reference sample of coke ashes X-3705 (from AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke, Germany), and a representative sample of EAF flue dust from a Spanish steelmaking company (CENIM-1). For the two reference materials an acceptable agreement with certificate values was achieved, and the results for the CENIM sample matched with those obtained from conventional nebulization solution.

Activation and deactivation of F0F1-ATPase in yeast mitochondria.

The regulation of membrane-bound proton F0F1 ATPase by the protonmotive force and nucleotides was studied in yeast mitochondria. Activation occurred in whole mitochondria and the ATPase activity was measured just after disrupting the membranes with Triton X-100. Deactivation occurred either in whole mitochondria uncoupled with FCCP, or in disrupted membranes. No effect of Triton X-100 on the ATPase was observed, except a slow reactivation observed only in the absence of MgADP. Both AMPPNP and ATP increased the ATPase deactivation rate, thus indicating that occupancy of nucleotidic sites by ATP is more decisive than catalytic turnover for this process. ADP was found to stimulate the energy-dependent ATPase activation. ATPase deactivated at the same rate in uncoupled and disrupted mitochondria This suggests that deactivation is not controlled by rebinding of some soluble factor, like IF1, but rather by the conversion of the F1.IF1 complex into an inactive form.

Effects of Triton X-100 and Quillaya Saponin on the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil

The possibility of enhancing the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil by using Triton X-100 or Quillaya Saponin, a synthetic and a biogenic surfactant, respectively, was studied. The soil, which contained about 350 mg/kg of PCBs and indigenous aerobic bacteria capable of growing on biphenyl or on monochlorobenzoic acids, was amended with inorganic nutrients and biphenyl, saturated with water and treated in aerobic batch slurry- and fixed-phase reactors. Triton X-100 and Quillaya Saponin were added to the reactors at a final concentration of 10 g/l at the 42nd day of treatment, and at the 43rd and 100th day, respectively. Triton X-100 was not metabolised by the soil microflora and it exerted inhibitory effects on the indigenous bacteria. Quillaya Saponin, on the contrary, was readily metabolised by the soil microflora. Under slurry-phase conditions, Triton X-100 negatively influenced the soil bioremediation process by affecting the availability of the chlorobenzoic acid degrading indigenous bacteria, whereas Quillaya Saponin slightly enhanced the biological degradation and dechlorination of the soil PCBs. In the fixed-phase reactors, where both the surfactant availability and the mixing of the soil were lower, Triton X-100 did not exert inhibitory effects on the soil biomass and enhanced significantly the soil PCB depletion, whereas Quillaya Saponin did not influence the bioremediation process.

Surfactant-Enhanced Penetration of Benzyladenine through Isolated Tomato Fruit Cuticular Membranes

The effect of Triton X-100 (TX-100) on the penetration of benzyladenine (BA) through isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit cuticular membranes was studied using finite and infinite dose diffusion and sorption/desorption systems. Finite dose penetration of BA (18 and 160 μM, pH 2 and 6) from donor droplets (3 μL) was characterized by an initial time lag, a maximum rate of penetration, and total penetration. TX-100 (0.1% w/v) increased maximum BA penetration rates 1.5−40-fold (pH 6, 18 and 160 μM) and total penetration 1.5−3-fold (pH 2 and 6, 18 and 160 μM BA). In infinite dose studies, rates of BA penetration (20 μM, pH 6.0) were increased ∼2-fold by TX-100. Surfactant effects were greatest when the surfactant was presented to the outer morphological surface of the cuticle (both native and dewaxed) regardless of whether TX-100 was penetrating in the same or opposite direction to BA. Sorption/desorption of BA was not affected by TX-100. Keywords: Cuticle; cytokinin; diffusion; Triton X-100; sorption; Lycopersicon esculentum

Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of a Trichloroethene-Contaminated Aquifer. 2. Transport of TCE

Field studies were conducted under an induced gradient in a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, to study (a) the rate-limited desorption of TCE from aquifer sediments to water and (b) the effect of a surfactant (Triton X-100) on the desorption and transport of TCE. Clean water was injected into the contaminated aquifer for 206 day. Triton X-100 was added for a 36-day period (days 36−71 from the start of clean water injection). The effect of Triton X-100 on the desorption and transport of TCE in the field was examined by observing the concentrations of these two solutes in four monitoring wells 3−9 m from the injection wells. These data show a small but discernible increase in the TCE concentration in two of the wells corresponding approximately to the time when surfactant reaches the wells; in the other two monitoring wells, the increase in TCE concentration is negligible. A solute transport model that assumes local sorption equilibrium and used a laboratory-derived distribution coefficient could not adequately describe TCE desorption and transport observed in the aquifer. Two model formulations that accounted for rate-limited sorptiontwo-site and multisite modelsfit the data well. TCE concentrations after surfactant injection were underpredicted by the models unless mass transfer rate was increased to account for the effect of surfactant on the rate of TCE desorption. The concentration data from the two wells and the model analysis suggest that the rate of TCE desorption is increased (by approximately 30%) as a result of Triton X-100 injection.

Effect of ionic and neutral surfactants on the properties of phospholipid vesicles: investigation using fluorescent probes

The effect of triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulphate and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide on the physical properties of dimytistoyl phosphatidyl choline liposome was studied in the sublytic concentration range of the detergent, using the different fluorescence probes 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonate, 1,6-diphenylhexatriene and 1-naphthol. Depending on the nature and concentration of the detergent, and the position of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of different detergent in liposomes, the fluidity and permeability of the bilayers were affected. The fluidity decreases at very low concentrations of detergent owing to an improvement in the packing density of phospholipid molecules. The extent of changes in these properties was found to be dependent on the phase state of liposomes, being greater in the solid gel phase than in the fluid liquid crystalline phase. Also, the thermotropic phase transitions of the phospholipid bilayers are affected moderately by neutral surfactants and greatly by charged surfactants owing to an alteration in the water of hydration of the lipid molecules.

Effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on sorption and micellar solubilization of monocyclic aromatic compounds

The effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on the sorption and micellar solubilization of monocyclic aromatic compounds in soil-free and soil-water systems was investigated at 25 °C to examine the feasibility of in situ remediation. Benzene, chlorobenzene and styrene (BCS) were selected as the target compounds due to their suspected carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 were used to represent the anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. The addition of Triton X-100 had little effect on the micellar solubilization of BCS. However, the solubilization of aromatic compounds increased significantly with the increase of SDS concentration. A 20% to 43% enhancement of the solubilization in SDS-amended systems was demonstrated. The adsorption isotherms of BCS with Triton X-100 can conveniently be fitted by Langmuirian expression. However, multilayer adsorption of chlorobenzene and styrene was observed in SDS-amended systems. The values of maximum adsorption capacity ranged from 323 to 736 μg/g. Also, the effect of Triton X-100 on maximum adsorption capacity was greater than that of SDS. Moreover, a correlation between the maximum sorption capacity and partition coefficient was established. The results of this study demonstrate that surfactants can be effectively used as chemical amendments to minimize the volatilities of monocyclic aromatic compounds and enhance sorption and solubilization in soil environments contaminated by proper selection of surfactant type and concentration.

Effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on sorption and micellar solubilization of monocyclic aromatic compounds

The effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on the sorption and micellar solubilization of monocyclic aromatic compounds in soil-free and soil-water systems was investigated at 25°C to examine the feasibility of in situ remediation. Benzene, chlorobenzene and styrene (BCS) were selected as the target compounds due to their suspected carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 were used to represent the anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. The addition of Triton X-100 had little effect on the micellar solubilization of BCS. However, the solubilization of aromatic compounds increased significantly with the increase of SDS concentration. A 20% to 43% enhancement of the solubilization in SDS-amended systems was demonstrated. The adsorption isotherms of BCS with Triton X-100 can conveniently be fitted by Langmuirian expression. However, multilayer adsorption of chlorobenzene and styrene was observed in SDS-amended systems. The values ofmaximum adsorption capacity ranged from 323 to 736 μg/g. Also, the effect ofTriton X100 on maximum adsorption capacity was greater than that of SDS. Moreover, a correlation between the maximum sorption capacity and partition coefficient was established. The results of this study demonstrate that surfactants can be effectively used as chemical amendments to minimize the volatilities of monocydic aromatic compounds and enhance sorption and solubilization in soil environments contaminated by proper selection of surfactant type and concentration.

Effect of Triton X100 on Tetramethylammonium Ion Transport Kinetics Through the Water/Nitrobenzene Interface

The tetramethylammonium cation (TMA+) transport through the water/nitrobenzene interface modified by the Triton X100 (TX100) adsorption has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry and interfacial tension measurements. Obtained results indicate the strong adsorption of TX100 and its responsible effect on the TMA+ ion transfer. Adsorption data have been fitted to six theoretical adsorption isotherm equations with the best fitting for the Frumkin isotherm. The mechanism of facilitating effect of TX100 on the TMA+ transfer has been proposed. The suggested mechanism is different from that developed by other authors.

Comparison of the phosphate-repressible and-constitutive acid phosphatases of Yarrowia lipolytica

The phosphate-repressible acid phosphatase from Yarrowia lipolytica cells was more thermostable but more sensitive to urea denaturation and to the effect of Triton X-100 than the constitutive counterpart. The K m values of the repressible and constitutive enzymes for p-nitrophenyl phosphate were 3.6 mM and 7.4 mM, respectively. They are judged to be distinct proteins.

Considerations in the Use of an Infinite-Dose System for Studying Surfactant Effects on Diffusion in Isolated Cuticles

The effect of Triton X-100 [TX-100, α-[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-ω-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)] at concentrations below and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc, cmc=0.029% w/w) on diffusion of 2-(1-[ 14 C]naphthyl)acetic acid (NAA, 1 μM) through isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Pik Red) fruit cuticular (CM) and dewaxed cuticular membranes (DCM) was studied using an infinite-dose system. TX-100 significantly increased time lags of NAA diffusion from 5 h (NAA only) and 5.8 h (0.01% w/v TX-100) to 7.4 h (0.1% TX-100) and 7.1 h (1% TX-100) when averaged over CM and DCM

Anodic stripping voltammetry with a Triton X-100 modified mercury film electrode using flow injection

The effect of Triton X-100 on anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury film electrode (MFE) depends on the concentration of the Triton X-100 solution. At concentrations below the critical micellization concentration (c.m.c.), the effect that is seen is a decline in the stripping peak current and corresponding decline in sensitivity. This is due to the adsorption of surfactant on the MFE surface. At Triton X-100 concentrations above the c.m.c., however, the deactivation of the electrode is reversed and enhanced sensitivity and lower background currents are obtained. This work suggests the use of surfactants to modify advantageously electrode surfaces.

Purification and properties of a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus autolyticus 11149 and selective formation of β-cyclodextrin

A cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) (CGTase) from Bacillus autolyticus was purified to homogeneous, and its properties were investigated. The molecular weight was estimated to be 68,000 by gel chromatography and 70,000 by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5.0–6.0. The optimum reaction temperature was 60°C. HgCl 2 inhibited the enzyme activity completely. The enzyme formed mainly β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with a small amount of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) from potato starch. Ethanol and Triton X-100 enhanced the specificity and yield of β-CD production. Especially, the effect of Triton X-100 was remarkable. With 4% (v/v) Triton X-100, β-CD was formed in a maximum yield of 56% from 10% (w/v) potato starch with negligible amounts of α-CD and γ-CD (both yields were less than 1%) at a later stage of the reaction.

Effect of Triton X-100 on catalase production by Aspergillus terreus IFO6123

The addition of Triton X-100 during the growth of Aspergillus terreus IFO6123 caused a gradual release of catalase activity into the culture medium without any decrease in intracellular activity. The final amount of catalase activity reached almost five-fold of that found within the cell before the Triton addition. The excretion of catalase activity from the cells was inhibited by cycloheximide.

Action of Triton X-100 on the biochemical and functional properties of hake ( Merluccius hubbsi) myofibrils

1. 1. The effects of Triton X-100 on the kinetic of Mg 2+-ATPase and the functional properties of hake myofibrils were investigated. 2. 2. Triton X-100 increased the Hill coefficient to 1.5 in an allosteric type of reaction for the myofibrillar Mg 2+-ATPase. 3. 3. Triton X-100 reduced the viscosity and the ATP response of myosin B and changed the contractile response of myofibrils. 4. 4. These changes would be due to the action of Triton X-100 on actin-myosin interacting sites.

Effect of Triton X-100 on Solubility of a LacZ-Rtn Hybrid Protein Expressed in Escherichia coli

Effect of Triton X-100 on Solubility of a LacZ-Rtn Hybrid Protein Expressed in Escherichia coli

In vitro effect of synthetic progestogens on estrone sulfatase activity in human breast carcinoma

The effect of progesterone and nine synthetic progestogens on the activity rate of microsome estrone sulfatase obtained from human breast carcinoma tissues was studied. The progestogens were classified into three groups: group I with a strict inhibitor effect: demegestone and chlormadinone acetate; group II with a strict activator effect: medroxyprogesterone acetate, quingestanol acetate, lynestrenol and progesterone and group III with a nonsignificant effect: dydrogesterone, promegestone, norgestrel and danazol. Demegestone was the most potent inhibitor and medroxyprogesterone acetate and quingestanol acetate had the highest activator effect. The effect of Triton X-100, a nonionic detergent, was also tested. This detergent consistently increased the microsome estrone sulfatase activity. A comparison was made between the effects of demegestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and danazol on estrone sulfatase activity measured with or without Triton X-100 in the incubation medium. The presence of the detergent modified the progestogen action. Our results suggest that synthetic progestogens can influence the estrone sulfatase activity measured in human breast carcinoma tissues. However, the effect of progestogens was dependent on experimental conditions. Progestogens such as demegestone and chlormadinone acetate which inhibited estrone sulfatase activity in intact preparations, can reduce the intracellular production of biological active estrogen via the sulfatase pathway.

Effect of Triton X-100 on accumulation and therapeutic action of doxorubicin in mice with leukemia P-388 and with induced resistance to the cytostatic

Effect of Triton X-100 on accumulation and therapeutic action of doxorubicin in mice with leukemia P-388 and with induced resistance to the cytostatic